Asee peer logo
Displaying results 601 - 630 of 678 in total
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship Education: Crossdisciplinary Programs
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
sasikumar naidu, University of Tennessee; Prasanna Venkateswara Rao, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Paul Frymier, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Spivey Douglas, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Gary Smith, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Masood Parang, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Rapinder Sawhney, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
. Page 14.1234.19Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………….. SAMPLE PROGRAM TEMPLATEDUAL MS-MBAAugust – First Year Credit HoursBusiness Administration 511 (MBA Core I)……………………………....3Fall – First YearBusiness Administration 501 (MBA Career Development)……………....1Business Administration 512 (MBA Core II)……………………………..15SpringBusiness Administration 513 (MBA Core III)…………………………….9MBA Hub Elective………………………………………………………...3Engineering Major…………………………………………………………3SummerEngineering Major/Math…………………………………………………..6Fall – Second YearEngineering Major …………………………………………………..........6MBA Innovative & Entrepreneurship Elective …………………….……..6SpringEngineering Major………………………………………………………...9Total Hours
Conference Session
Beyond the Engineering Classroom
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cindy Veenstra, Engineering education consultant
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
admitted to and matriculated into the College of Engineering.Pre-Med: this sector includes students who indicate in the CIRP survey that their most probable career choice was a physician, exclusive of the College of Engineering.STM: this sector includes all science, math and technology majors exclusive of the engineering and pre-med groups using the CIRP variable, “most probably major”.Non-STEM: this sector includes art, music, social science, business and humanities majors, using the CIRP variable, “most probable major”.Two GPAs are defined as:Overall GPA: This is referred to as the GPA (grade point average) and is the grade point average for all courses taken
Conference Session
Professional Issues in Civil Engineering Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven Hart, United States Military Academy; Joseph Hanus, United States Military Academy; Adam Chalmers, United States Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
AC 2009-168: F6H=CEESteven Hart, United States Military AcademyJoseph Hanus, United States Military AcademyAdam Chalmers, United States Military Academy Page 14.617.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 F6H=CEE Fake Firms & Funny Funds For Four-H=Civil Engineering EnlightenmentIntroduction Senioritis. Believe it or not, it is actually in the dictionary. Well, www.dictionary.comanyway, where it is defined as “decreased motivation toward studies displayed by students whoare nearing the end of their [college] careers.” Its causes are attributed to a variety of factorswhich revolve around the student’s desire to be
Conference Session
Issues and Opportunities in IE Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marlin Thomas, Air Force Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
. This also presents the greatest challenge for IE educators tomaintain a curricula core for the discipline and profession.End NotesThe views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the official positionof the Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.References1. ALDRICH, J.G., 1912. “The Present State of the Art of Industrial Management,” Trans. of the ASME, Vol. 34, Paper 1378, pp. 1182-11872. BILLINGS, C., J.J. Junguzza, D.F. Poirier, and S. Saeed, 2001. “The Role and Career of the Industrial Engineer in the Modern Organization,” Ch. 1.2, Maynard’s Industrial Engineering Handbook, Ed. K.B. Zandin, Ch. 1.2, pp. 1.21-1.373. EMERSON, H.P. and D.C.E. Naehring, 1988 , Orgins of
Conference Session
OMCED Topics
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William Simpson, United States Coast Guard Academy
Tagged Divisions
Ocean and Marine
, presence of a final exam (the complementary design courses did notinclude a final exam), etc. However, for at least some students, it would appear the barge projectmay have been the “petunia in the onion patch”.Positive student comments include:“I really enjoyed the barge project, the more hands on things the better.”“I think designing an icebreaker made this class particularly difficult. IACS is not nice. I reallylike the barge project. Overall, I thought it was a great course.”“Class was very difficult to follow. Text was not very good. Barge project was the best project Ihave done my whole academy career. I learned a lot from it.”“Testing the barges was the highlight of the semester. I enjoyed the hands on experience andeverything we learned in
Conference Session
Learning about Power Systems and Power Consumption
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kala Meah, York College of Pennsylvania; Wayne Blanding, York College of Pennsylvania
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
Conference Session
Knowing Our Students, Faculty, and Profession
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Janel Sutkus, Carnegie Mellon University; Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University; Cynthia Finelli, University of Michigan; Trevor Harding
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
through this and then when they leave, throughout the rest of their careers, that this is, you know, these are our statement of values. So, they get this actually before they even start classes and I think that helps to impress upon them that this is something we hold Page 14.189.11 valuable and that it is important. Showing them from the first day that it is important, you know, that the chancellor and the vice-provosts and the faculty that are attending convocation are all standing there stating the same values, I think that starts them on the right foot.”When
Conference Session
Instructional Innovations in AEC Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary Ann Frank, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; David Cowan, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Michael Boyles, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Jeffrey Rogers, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Keith Goreham, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Jatmika Suryabrata, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia; Yulyta Kodrat, Indonesian Institute of the Arts
Tagged Divisions
Architectural
quickly & being able to comparethem.""I liked that you could see how the lighting in a space would look & feel before the installation.""I liked the design of the room and how you could navigate."Through the virtual simulation, we are able to provide a much greater variety in lighting effectsand illuminance scenarios than students would otherwise be able to experience in the semester-timeframe of each course. A practicing lighting designer relies on years of experience to knowwhat illuminance levels are appropriate and we hope to give students an edge toward thisadvantage by having early experiences before embarking on their professional careers. By usingthe virtual simulation and utilizing current products with their available data and
Conference Session
Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace & Successful Graduates for a Flat World: What Does It Take?
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aisling O'Sullivan, University of Canterbury; Thomas Cochrane, University of Canterbury
Tagged Divisions
International
Funding) score - a New Zealand government policy thatdistributes funding to universities based on measured research performance.Conclusions and RecommendationsThe compulsory research project model we developed in partnership with industry provides Page 14.973.10instruction to better prepare students for the complex challenges they will encounter in theirengineering career. In particular, essential professional skills are fostered in a contextual learningenvironment, building on a comprehensive technical curriculum. These project partnerships alsofacilitated and nurtured a wealth of benefits to both university and the engineering profession
Conference Session
Best Practices in IE Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Matthew Elam, Texas A&M University, Commerce; E. Delbert Horton, Texas A&M University, Commerce; Sukwon Kim, Texas A&M University, Commerce; Bob Wilkins, Texas A&M University, Commerce
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
stated that the federal government and its agenciesmust step forward to ensure the adequacy of the U.S. STEM workforce, and that all stakeholdersmust mobilize and initiate efforts that increase the number of U.S. citizens pursuing STEMstudies and careers.2In response to this, many efforts have been established to recruit students into the engineeringportion of STEM and to prepare students to successfully study engineering. These efforts haveincluded the development and implementation of freshman-level introductory engineeringcourses and programs at colleges and universities. The freshman year is very critical forengineering students. Less than half of the students who start in engineering as freshmeneventually obtain an undergraduate degree in
Conference Session
Best Zone Paper Competition
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kristi Shryock, Texas A&M University; Helen Reed, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Council of Sections
what students learn through the program.1 This criterion has brought aboutterminology that programs are not accustomed to utilizing in their day to day business. Theseterms included objectives and outcomes. In addition, continuous improvement has become soimportant to ABET that a separate criterion has been devoted to it in the latest update fromABET.2 Defining Objectives and OutcomesProgram objectives are long-range goals of what a program envisions their graduates willachieve. ABET regards objectives as being obtained by graduates a few years after graduation.Program objectives will usually focus on successful careers or being skilled practitioners. Theyare much longer range attributes a graduate accomplishes. One
Collection
2009 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Shannon G. Davis; Bryan W. Hill; Carol S. Gattis; Bradley M. Dearing; Christa N. Hestekin; Edgar C. Clausen
follow-up activities. This paper highlightsprogram developments and their impacts throughout the three year history of UASPP, andpresents the format for new activities as the program moves into its next three years.IntroductionThe National Science Foundation has recognized the need to introduce engineering and scienceto students at an early age in order to increase the number of students entering engineeringdisciplines. However, most students in the middle level grades (6th, 7th and 8th) are unaware ofopportunities in engineering and do not recognize engineering as a rewarding career option.Furthermore, research tells us that women and minority students are drastically underrepresentedin the engineering fields.1 To more effectively prepare
Collection
2009 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Ray A. Luechtefeld; Steve E. Watkins
Missouri S & T. His research interests include approaches to organizationallearning and effectiveness, action research and Action Science, and facilitating group learning. He is asenior member of the IEEE and a recipient of a National Science Foundation CAREER award.STEVE WATKINSDr. Watkins is Director of the Applied Optics Laboratory and Professor in the departments of Electrical andComputer Engineering at the Missouri University of Science & Technology. His research interests includeeducational improvements and innovation. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE) and a 2004 IEEE-USA Congressional Fellow, Proceedings of the 2009 ASEE Midwest Section Conference of the American Society for
Collection
2009 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
David Lanning
Pacific Southwest Regional Conference 220classes at Embry-Riddle (perhaps unfortunately), although students are encouraged to repeatclasses in which they receive a grade of D.Students with such transcripts are clearly at-risk. While only one of these students from theAutumn 2008 semester is currently on probation, the author knows enough about the rest of thesestudents to predict that at least three or four are rapidly nearing serious academic trouble, or arelikely to be leaving the degree program shortly. There are additional students from the othersemesters who also appear to be nearing the end of their academic career. However, we
Conference Session
Develop Course / Materials / Topics for a Global Engineering Education / International Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University
Tagged Divisions
International
technicalwriting/ research methods course offered at Virginia Tech, the author notes that his department’sapproach to successfully preparing graduate students for their graduate student career and futureprofessional career is not common and initially met much resistance from faculty. In general,faculty considered the teaching of writing in the discipline at the graduate level unnecessarysince a writing course is decidedly un-technical and that students typically have had sixteen yearsof writing instruction prior to entering graduate school. Yet, his department could not ignore thatnative English speaking students and ESL students alike were not equipped to conduct researchand communicate that research in writing at what they considered to be graduate
Conference Session
Think Outside the Box! K-12 Engineering Curriculum
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Adam Kirsch, Crescent Valley High School
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
culture couples the abilityto learn with the ability to use knowledge in a practical context. Through this activity, they arealso presented with the opportunity to consider engineering as a future career. They often Page 14.539.3become more motivated as they feel the work they do makes a difference or has applicability inthe real world. These aspects are especially effective for students with non-conventional learningstyles.Virtual CVD LaboratoryThe instructional design of the Virtual CVD Laboratory is based on a cognitive apprenticeshipmodel where students are provided a problem in the similar context to an engineer in industry.Specifically
Conference Session
Engineering in the Middle Grades
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christine Schnittka, University of Virginia; Randy Bell, University of Virginia; Larry Richards, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
classes were statistically equivalent in termsof engineering attitudes with F (2, 68) = 2.271, p = .111, with an effect size r = .18.The students in all three classes generally recognized engineering as a profession where peopledesign things that are practical and useful, however the entrance interviews revealed that somestudents had very different ideas about what engineers actually design. Generally, all classesperceived engineering to be important to the United States’ economic success and useful ineveryday life. Overall, the differences as a whole were not significant between classes.Students were asked about their perceptions of engineering as a career and of engineers as peoplein their entrance interviews. Students categorized the tasks
Conference Session
Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tony Jones, United States Army; Daisie Boettner, United States Military Academy; Joel Dillon, United States Military Academy; Stephanie Ivey; Anna Lambert, University of Memphis; Brian Novoselich, United States Military Academy; Stephen Suhr, United States Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
… because I will be in charge of a group of my peers and need to motivate them to accomplish a task. …as a leader in the Army, I will use this knowledge to get the best out of everyone and get the mission done as best as it can be. Also, I 2 learned time management skills I think it will be the same way in the Follower Army. All things need to be done but some things are crucial and need to get done and be done well for the mission to be a success. The project was very beneficial to my future engineering an officer career because it presented a problem with constraints that could be 3 solved in many different ways. Like the real world, there
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Design in the Classroom
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa McNair, Virginia Tech; Chad Newswander, Virginia Tech; Eloise Coupey, Virginia Tech; Ed Dorsa, Virginia Tech; Tom Martin, Virginia Tech; Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Committee for Wearable Information Systems and has served as general chair and program co-chair of the IEEE Computer Society's International Symposium on Wearable Computers.Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech Marie C. Paretti is an assistant professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she co-directs the Virginia Tech Engineering Communications Center. Her research focuses on communication in engineering design, interdisciplinary communication and collaboration, and design education. She was awarded a CAREER grant from NSF to study expert teaching practices in capstone design courses nationwide, and is co-PI on several NSF grants to explore interdisciplinary collaboration in engineering
Conference Session
Pedagogy and Assessment I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chris Smaill, University of Auckland; Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland; Elizabeth Godfrey, University of Auckland
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
institution. In 2004 he was awarded a (National) Tertiary Teaching Excellence Award in the Sustained Excellence in Teaching category and in 2005 he received the Australasian Association for Engineering Education award for excellence in Engineering Education in the Teaching and Learning category. Dr Rowe is a member of the IET, the IEEE, the Institution of Professional Engineers of New Zealand (IPENZ), ASEE, STLHE and AaeE.Elizabeth Godfrey, University of Auckland Dr Elizabeth Godfrey has just finished a 9 year term as the Associate Dean Undergraduate at the School of Engineering at the University of Auckland after a career that has included university lecturing, teaching and 10 years as an
Conference Session
New Learning Paradigms II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Jones, Purdue University; Peter Meckl, Purdue University; Michael Harris, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; Osman Cekic, Purdue University; Martin Okos, Purdue University; Osvaldo Campanella, Purdue University; Neal Houze, Purdue University; James Litster, Purdue University; Nathan Mosier; Bernard Tao, Purdue University; Daniel Delaurentis, Purdue University; David Radcliffe, Purdue University; Kathleen Howell, Purdue University; Masataka Okutsu, Purdue University; Sean Brophy, Purdue University; Amy Penner, Purdue University; Alice Wilson, Purdue University; Leah Jamieson, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Entrepreneur: Using Case-Driven, Problem-Based Learning to Develop Adaptive Expertise,” Joe Sinfield, Robin Adams, Aman Yadav, Civil Engineering, Engineering Education, Education ≠ “Student's Attitudes and Threshold Concepts Towards Engineering as an Environmental Career: Research by Participatory Design of an Educational Game,” Johannes Strobel, Inez Hua, Civil Enginering, Engineering Education, Environmental and Ecological EngineeringMore details about some of these projects and progress made to date will now be provided. Inthe first project by Monica Cox, the purpose of the research is to identify the observableoutcomes of Purdue’s Engineer of 2020 for three targeted attributes: (1) leadership, (2) ability
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship Education: Experiential Learning and Economic Development II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Moshe Barak, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Timothy VanEpps, Florida Atlantic University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
their own personality traits, become more motivated to develop a career plan, understandhow to best present themselves, and gain additional experience in making professional presentations withfeedback from fellow students.8. “Meetings Modules”: These modules will provide the participating students with the opportunityto participate in the College of Engineering and Computer Science student professional societies and beacquainted with University administrators as well as representatives from business and industry.Professional speakers will be invited to discuss trends in technologies, professional opportunities, and theworkplace. In addition, student participation will be facilitated through a variety of panel discussionswith representatives of
Conference Session
Best Practices in IE Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alister McLeod, Purdue University; April Savoy, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
Design, 148, 1.14. McIntosh, N. (1996). Why do we lecture? . Jhpiego Corporation.15. Merrill, D. M. (2002). First Principles of Instruction. ETR&D, 50(3), 17.16. Michaelson, L. K., & Black, R. H. (1994). Building learning teams: The key to harnessing the power of small groups in higher education. State College, PA: National Center for Teaching and Learning Assessment.17. Price, D. A., & Mitchell, C. A. (1993). A model for clinical teaching and learning. Medical Education, 27(1), 6.18. Putnam, A. R. (2001). Problem-Based Teaching and Learning in Technology Education. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for Career and Technical Education, New Orleans, LA.19. Ross, P. (2006
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacquelyn Kelly, Arizona State University; James Corkins, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Amaneh Tasooji, Arizona State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University
students tolearn. This encourages drawing connections between materials, their properties, their processing,and their selection. The team work and content negotiation mimics design teams and processesthat occur in engineering careers after graduation. Expression of content knowledge in multiplerepresentations allows for students to evaluate the fidelity of their mental model with respect tothe consensus model as well as revealing any possible inconsistencies and associatedmisconceptions in their mental model of a concept. By addressing and repairing misconceptionsin foundational content areas, such as bonding and solutions and solubility, students will be moreable to learn and understand complex topics such as dislocations, solid state diffusion
Conference Session
Aerospace Workspace: Current and Future 2
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa Guerra, NASA; John A. Christian, University of Texas, Austin; Wallace Fowler, University of Texas, Austin
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
undergraduate aerospace curriculum enables the fresh-out engineer to be moreeffective in the workforce. The benefits of this program extend beyond just graduates from theinstitution where the materials were first introduced, but help numerous graduates from otherinstitutions that adopt the systems engineering curriculum. Although it takes years of experienceand exposure to space missions and the relevant disciplines to truly be a competent systemsengineer, being aware of the discipline at the start in one’s career can only benefit the aerospaceworkforce in general. As the most recent NASA Administrator, Michael Griffin, stated in aspeech to engineering educators: “System engineering is a holistic, integrative discipline, wherein the
Conference Session
Laboratory Development in ECE Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adnaan Jiwaji, MIT; James Hardison, MIT; Kayode P. Ayodele, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sandy Stevens Tickodri-Togboa, Makerere University; Alfred Mwambela, University of Dar-es-Salaam; V. Judson Harward, MIT; Jesús A. del Alamo, MIT; Bryant Harrison, MIT; Samuel Gikandi, MIT
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
Conference Session
Computational Tools and Simulation III
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Krishna Madhavan, Purdue University; Jacob Schroeder, Clemson University; Hanjun Xian, Clemson University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
IEEE/ACM Supercomputing Education Program 2006 and was the curriculum director for the Supercomputing Education Program 2005. In January 2008, he was awarded the NSF CAREER for work on transforming engineering education through learner-centric, adaptive cyber-tools and cyber-environments.Jacob Schroeder, Clemson University Dr. Schroeder is a post-doctoral researcher at Clemson University. His work focuses on cyberinfrastructure in engineering education. He holds a Ph.D. in Chemistry Education from Iowa State University.Hanjun Xian, Clemson University Hanjun Xian is a Ph.D student working on issues of design of cyber-environments in engineering education at Clemson University
Conference Session
ERM Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dan Budny, University of Pittsburgh; Laura Lund, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
to encourage the students to pursue a career in science, engineering, or technology.J. Dept of Civil Engineering - Complete the government required report on damage caused by mining in Western Pennsylvania to comply with PA Law Act 54. We are to analyze data from a state database and enter the information in Excel spreadsheet format. After entering the data for a mine we will analyze said data to see if there are any correlations or irregularities in the data.Based on our previous experiences, we felt the one component missing during the projects wasthe use of computers and improving computer skills in the completion of the projects. Thus, thisyear with the aid of an HP grant we introduced 20 tablet PCs into the
Conference Session
Attracting Young Minds: Part II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ryan Smith, North Carolina State University; Karen Hollebrands, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth Parry, North Carolina State University; Althea Smith, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Lynn Albers, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
between ethnicities at the highschool level. Similar to findings of others, this study found that students’ views of mathematics as amale domain decreases as grade level increases (Kloosterman, Tassell, Ponniah, & Essex, 20015;McGraw & Lubienski, 20076). However, there is still this view at the lower grades, especially atthe middle school level. Because there is a need to increase the participation of females whopursue STEM majors in college and STEM careers beyond college, knowing that views ofmathematics as being a field for males is diminishing is encouraging.Teacher Perception To determine the location of the significance for the teacher perception variable,Bonferroni post-hoc tests were conducted. Table 7 presents the
Conference Session
Engineering Education in India, Central and Eastern Asia
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xia Wang, Oakland University; Gary Barber, Oakland University; Laila Guessous, Oakland University; LianXiang Yang, Oakland University; GuangZhi Qu, Oakland University; Ishwar Sethi, Oakland University
Tagged Divisions
International
become good friends. I think we will be able to help each other out in the future with our careers and we will be able to continue to learn from each other.” “I was impressed by Chinese culture and I find it very interesting. I was impressed with how friendly the Chinese students are as well as there strong work ethics.” “Sometimes it was very difficult to make decisions as a big group so I definitely think that breaking up into smaller groups is more effective and lets all the students really enjoy themselves more.”For the trip from Beijing to Shanghai, a train ride was arranged instead of a flight. The facultycoordinator intentionally arranged this train ride since it is the most common travel means inChina and was intended to give