Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eunice Yang, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown; Beverly W. Withiam P.E., University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

better when I write things out myself.” were notuncommon in students’ responses. Based upon these comments the lecture worksheets have beenmodified and many of the fill-in-the blank items deleted to allow students to reflect and write intheir own words the concept being learned.SummaryApproximately 72 students at the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown participated in thisresearch to determine the effectiveness of lecture worksheet. Learning of Statics concepts for anExperimental group consisting of 38 students and 24 students in a Control group was measuredusing the SCI. Furthermore, students’ spatial visualization skills as well as their academic GPAswere correlated to their SCI scores. Results showed that statistically, there is a

Conference Session

Professional Development and Scholarship

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandy W. Feola, Sinclair Community College; Steven Wendel, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Page 22.626.5Companies that participate with the student can expect to spend more effort during the overallshadow process, primarily to make sure the final CareerME.org reports are accurate, completeand reflect facts about the organization as they would expect. The mycareerme applicationprovides an electronic method to enable communication through the complete process withoutusing E-mail. Although the job shadow’s primary method to exchange communication would bethrough phone and E-mail, high school technology departments (IT) generally block studentaccess to electronic communication or social networking applications during the school day.The mycareerme.org educational social networking site enables resource exchange betweenteachers, the

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea M. Ogilvie, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Page 22.634.6 12 Building Community: Study Break Proceedings of the 2011 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2011, American Society for Engineering Education 13 Engineering Scholarships, Financial Aid, Jobs On-Campus 14 End of Semester CelebrationTable 5. EOE First Year Interests Groups – Weekly Seminar Topics for Spring Semester.Week Seminar Topic 1 Welcome Back, Reflections, & Setting Goals 2 How to Prepare for a Career Fair 3 Study Session for: Calculus II, Physics or Programming Course 4 Resume 101 Workshop 5 Intro to Study Abroad, Undergraduate Research, Business Foundations

Conference Session

Integration of Liberal Education into Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K.L. Jordan, Michigan Technological University; Anahita Pakzad, Michigan Technological University; Renee Oats, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

implications the authors would liketo address. Are students who take courses via internet-based learning technologies moreprone to cheating and plagiarism than those in traditional learning environments? Dostudents feel they are gaining the required knowledge in their courses and laboratorysessions to become successful engineers? Do their expectations of what will be asked ofthem on homework and exams reflect what is seen in industry? Are instructors of internetbased learning courses satisfied with the quality of work being submitted by theirstudents?This paper will discuss the opinions of undergraduate students, graduate students, andfaculty members regarding the ethical and societal implications of internet-basedengineering education. By discussing

Conference Session

Curriculum Innovations in Architectural Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gouranga Banik, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

to teach ethics as a new instructor. The National Society of ProfessionalEngineers has case material available under the title, “Professional Engineers in Education(NSPE-PEE).” An electronic disc containing eight cases with guidelines is available from theMurdough Center for Engineering Professionalism and Ethics at Texas Tech University, directedby Dr. Jimmie Smith. Dr. Michael S. Pritchard and others.The emphasis of the course will be on promoting thoughtful reflection and problem solvingrather than on role behavior or instilling specific norms. The course can provide the practicalsource of support for engineers in a real world setting providing more guidance than traditionalexercises emphasizing a choice between external whistle blowing

Conference Session

EM Program Design

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn D. Abel, Stevens Institute of Technology; Anirban Ganguly, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

from the research results and recommendations provided alongwith posssible directio ons for futurre research. Engineering E managemennt program directors d anddcourse deevelopers caan utilize the findings of this study too help orientt and restructture theirquality/process manaagement couurses to betteer reflect currrent trends inn graduate engineering emanagem ment program ms, with partticular emphhasis on certaain topics ovver others.Importaance of Quallity / Processs Managem

Conference Session

Broadening Participation of Minority Students in and with K-12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine C. Chen, California Polytechnic State University; Lizabeth T. Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University; Heather Scott Smith, California Polytechnic State University; Teana Fredeen, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Minorities in Engineering

similar in terms of gender, ethnicity, and year in school.Table 1 gives the percentages of gender and ethnicity of the students. A significant number chosenot to specify their ethnicity, and thus percentages in the other ethnic groups could changedramatically. The “total number” of participants in the Table also reflects the number of campparticipants that completed both the pre and post-surveys, and might be smaller than the totalnumber of students that actually attended the camp.Table 1. Demographics of the EPIC participants for 2009 and 2010.Camp participants 2009 2010Total number (n) 124 136Female 43% 42%Male 57% 58%White/Caucasian 46% 37

Conference Session

Myths About Gender and Race

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jordana Hoegh, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering

this metaphor’spredominance, including: 1) what theoretical or methodological advantages and disadvantagesdoes this metaphor afford researchers? and 2) how does it highlight or mask the livedexperiences of women working in engineering academic contexts? In addition, we ask perhapsmore controversially how the reluctance to release pipeline theory from its hegemonic strongholdmight reflect engineering education’s larger disciplinary reluctance to review their currentstructure and reconstruct themselves into institutions that are more egalitarian? Page 22.684.2This paper critically explores the discourse of “pipeline” as an aim to (re)introduce

Conference Session

Broadening Participation of Minority Students in and with K-12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine A Broom, University of British Columbia, Okanagan; Wendy Lynn Klassen, University of British Columbia, Okanagan ; Carolyn Labun, Ph.D., University of British Columbia

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Minorities in Engineering

engineering itself may both reflect as well as continue toperpetuate the perception and reality of engineering as a male career. A simple and effectivefirst step to counter stereotypes of engineering as a male field appears to be, from this study, towork towards presenting equal numbers of male and female engineers to students.Bibliography1. AAUW: American Association of University Women (2010). Why so few? Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Available at: http://www.aauw.org/learn/ research/whysofew.cfm. Last accessed November 19th, 2010.2. Baker, D., & Leary, R. (1995). Letting girls speak out about science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 32(1), 3-273. Brotman, J.S., & Moore

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brianno Coller, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

. Page 22.717.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 First Look at a Video Game for Teaching DynamicsIntroductionFor decades, education scholars have been studying video games1-5. What they have found is thatthe most successful games often “teach” their players how to solve complex problems. Theproblems within a game typically start off rather easy and then progressively get more difficultas players’ skills develop. Players are motivated to learn within video games because it is clearthat knowledge is powerful. The learning is situated, and occurs through a process ofhypothesizing, probing, and reflecting upon the simulated world within the game. The goals areclear. Games provide players

Conference Session

Evolving Engineering Libraries: Services, Spaces, and Collections

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adriana Popescu, Princeton University, Engineering Library

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

evolution is reflected inthe departmental affiliation noted for each publication in the collection. Many of the centers,departments or laboratories that issued reports during that period of time are no longer inexistence, either due to consolidations or due to completion of projects. SEAS reports wereproduced mainly as a record of publicly funded research undertaken at the University. Whileresults of the research were often published in peer-reviewed literature, the reports frequentlycontain results of experiments, computations and primary data that are not included in thepublished literature. Some reports, especially those in high demand, have been catalogedindividually and holdings information has been accurately maintained for retrieval purposes

Conference Session

Research and Assessment

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Borchers, Kettering University; Sung Hee Park, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, Page 22.243.8allowing one to analyze variance in the dependent variable at multiple levels without artificiallyflattening the levels, and thereby allowing the variables to be more accurately reflective of the 7multilevel phenomenon. HLM originated in the mid-1980s in the fields of educationalmeasurement and sociology and has been applied to other domains as the idea of individuals orobjects, nested in groups, can explain additional variability of a phenomenon [9]. HLM is aregression-based approach that allows a hierarchical partitioning of variance. HLM provides away for examining higher-level effects on lower-level relationships. Researchers

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane F. Cotter, Union College

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

category where our categorization largely follows the original paper4 although we haveupdated the categories to reflect the questions given on the newest version 5.0 of the DT-SSCItest. Category # Questions Mathematical Background (B) 5 Linearity and Time Invariance (LTI) 4 Convolution (C) 3 Transform Representations (T) 5 Filtering (F) 2 Sampling (S) 2 Pole Zero Plots

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anca L. Sala, Baker College; Tom Spendlove, Baker College, Flint; James Riddell, Baker College, Flint

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

students with the wider view of the program, and make the PEO’s andPO’s very familiar to students early on in their program.The fact that the senior group responded more positively to the contemporary issues assignmentsand assessment than the sophomore group can be seen as a reflection of the overall progressstudents have undergone as they moved through the program. However, the study needs tocontinue into the future in order to derive reliable conclusions, as the number of studentsincluded so far has been small.ConclusionsThe newly developed assessment tools seem effective in bringing ABET PO (j) to the attentionof students and helping them develop their knowledge in this area. We will continue using theseassessments in upcoming years. The tools

Conference Session

Design Tools & Methodology II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kendra Crider, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kristin L. Wood, University of Texas, Austin; John J. Wood, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Reduction Agency as well as a grant from the NIST/TIP program, a NationalScience Foundation under Grant No. CMMI-0555851, and, in part, by the University of Texas atAustin Cockrell School of Engineering and the Cullen Trust Endowed Professorship inEngineering No. 1. In addition, we acknowledge the support of the Department of EngineeringMechanics at the U.S. Air Force Academy. Any opinions, findings, or recommendations arethose of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. Page 22.292.126. References1. Ulrich, K., Eppinger, S., Product Design and Development, McGraw Hill, 2000.2. Jensen, D., Weaver, J., Wood, K., Wood, J

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Methods and Learning Models

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rupa Purasinghe, California State University, Los Angeles; Peter Dusicka, Portland State University; Jeffrey W Berman, University of Washington; Edgar Bautista, California State University, Los Angeles; Michael Noddings, Portland State University; Linda My Hanh Nguyen; San Yu Aung, California State University of Los Angeles; Lang Anh Dam

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Earthquake Engineering SimulationResearch (NEESR) Program of the National Science Foundation under NSF Award NumberCMMI 0830414. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National ScienceFoundation. Help from H. Lum, M. Mester, A. Bhaumik, K. Gebhart, and K. Wadia are greatlyacknowledged.References1. Einde, L., Deng W., Wilson P., Elgamal A, Hubbard P, “NEESit MacBook Accelerometer and Video SensorPlatform for Education and Research,” 38th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, NY, 2008.2. Dusicka, P. and Iwai, R., “Development of Linked Column Frame System for Seismic Lateral Loads”, SEIStructures Congress, American Society of Civil

Conference Session

IE Technical Session II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose F. Espiritu, University of Texas, El Paso; Heidi A. Taboada, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

period. The main components (Education,Research, Outreach and Connections) will be evaluated using different formative and summativeevaluations. The results obtained will be documented and presented in forthcoming educationalrelated conferences.AcknowledgementsThis project is funded by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) award # 2010-38422-21210. The findings reported and the views expressed in this work are those of theauthors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the United States Department ofAgriculture.References 1. Elder, J. L. (2009) Higher Education and the Clean Energy, Green Economy. EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 44, no. 6 (November/December 2009): 108–109 2. Fitzpatrick, J.L., Sanders, J.R. and Worthen, B.R

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in Silico

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erick J. Nefcy, Oregon State University; Philip H. Harding, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

technology into effective educational practices and in promoting the use of higher level cognitive skills in engineering problem solving. Dr. Koretsky is a six-time Intel Faculty Fellow and has won awards for his work in engineering education at the university and national levels. Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful for support provided by the National Science Foundation’s Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement Program, under Phase 2 grant DUE-0717905. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation

Conference Session

Research Related to Learning and Teaching Engineering in Elementary Classrooms

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue, Towson University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Teacher Pairs: Co-Teaching as a Means to Implement Elementary Engineering EducationAbstract Co-teaching is when teachers work together to prepare to teach, teach, and reflect onteaching and learning. This paper describes the extent and nature of co-teaching by 28 classroomand 8 enrichment teachers from 7 elementary schools as they taught integrated science-technology-engineering units (STE units) of instruction for the first time. Quantitative andqualitative research methods were utilized to explore teacher perspectives on their co-teachingexperiences, and to examine how elementary engineering implementation may be enhancedwhen classroom teachers co-teach with enrichment teachers. Participation in co-teaching variedacross

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; Anna Pereira, University of California, Berkeley; Benjamin Mitchell, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

engineering attitude survey (EAS1), inaddition to the MAT and PEQ1. In the following spring, students completed an altered attitudesurvey, EAS2, and the MAT. EAS1 was the Pittsburgh Freshmen Engineering AttitudeSurvey.15 EAS2 was a modified shorter version of EAS1. EAS1 questions with low correlation toMAT were removed. Six questions were added from a tinkering self-efficacy questionnaire tobetter capture differences in hands-on self-efficacy.16 In total the EAS2 was shortened to 35questions. Table 11 shows the attitude questions with the most significant differences betweenmale and female students. Note that the male student responses on average reflect moreconfidence in and enjoyment of hands-on activities

Conference Session

Innovations in Design within BME Curricula

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gail Baura, Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences; Tiffany Berry, Ph.D., Claremont Graduate University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

were culled from an earlier survey.Six categories were assessed with highest assessment percentages of “Weak”. These categorieswere practical experience, oral/written communication, overall systems perspective, engineeringcodes and standards, project management, and business processes. 9 These categories were usedas skills knowledge categories in the medical device industry survey.Vital signs medical devices, appropriate physiology, and biocompatibility were added as skillsknowledge categories. These additions reflect the ABET bioengineering program criteria topics Page 22.359.6of “measurements on and interpret data from living systems

Conference Session

Pedagogical Issues in Computing

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chia-Lin Ho, North Carolina State University; Dianne Raubenheimer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, influence their career and academic options, as wellas their persistence and success in their chosen majors 1.Self-efficacy and GenderGender differences in students’ beliefs about their computer/technology abilities have receivedmuch attention in education because they provide a potential interpretation of females’ lowparticipation in computer-related fields 9. Females tend to have less confidence in theircomputer-related skills than males, and this pattern has been found from elementary school 10 tocollege 11, 12. The gender inequity on computer-related self-efficacy can be attributed to differentsocialization experiences of females and males, and was found to be a reflection of gender biasedsocial expectations as expressed by parents 13. With an

Conference Session

International Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fakhteh Nakhavali, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Tagged Divisions

International

like) (ET: to work like a dog), yet to praise people inthe form of proverbs. Hsieh (2006, p. 2216) believed that names of domestic animals and pets are used for women,and names of wild animals for men. Traditional notions show themselves in the form of proverbs. In other words, proverbs like other linguisticvehicles are the reflection of speakers’ views, cultures, believes, social behaviors and roles, So animal expressionscan reveal the individual or social thoughts.References:Abrishami, A.. 1996. Multilingual dictionary of proverbs. Tehran: Negarestan publication. (in Persian)Collis, H.. 1994. 101 American English proverbs. Illinois: Passport Books, a division Of NTC Publishing Group.Davies, E. E. & Bentahila, A.. 1989. Familiar &

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in Silico

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles J. Coronella, University of Nevada, Reno; Victor R. Vasquez, University of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Contributed nothing, or contributed only poor quality work.GradeYou have 100 points to divide among your team members. Distribute the points in an fair manner, where each score reflects both effort and contribution (which aren't always the same.) The sum must equal 100.Assessment of the group as a whole10 Best group I’ve ever worked with; the project was fun as a result5 Group sometimes worked well together, with occasional problems0 Worst group I’ve ever worked in; this was a miserable experienceAny group problems I need to know about? Figure 2 Group assessment Page 22.384.7Figure 3

Conference Session

Novel Approaches to Teaching Materials

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Materials

that could have been one reason for achieving higher studentparticipation percentage.Evaluation process Several instruments are used to evaluate effectiveness of the CAT process. Thefirst and foremost is completion of the CAT form. Both students and instructorbenefitted from this process.Student benefits: • Quick recollection and reflection on the items discussed in the class. • Identified and provided feedback to the instructor what they did not understand in the class for clarification. • Promoted self-monitoring of their learning • Enhanced critical thinking skills by relating learned concept with a practical application. This process reinforced their understanding of a

Conference Session

Non-Technical Skills in ET

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald C. Richter, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

allow more time to explore the various options for an energy saving project.This also allows structured time with the instructor to interact and lead discussions on why oneoption might be advantageous over another without the press of trying to move on to quickly tocover the lecture topics scheduled for the day.Conclusions, Reflections and the FutureThe Students responses and interest in the course have been very positive. They are appreciativeof a course that “puts it all together” for energy savings calculations. Often students see coursesas separate “silos” and do not appreciate that the basic technical skills that they receive in a fouryear education will need to be used in concert with each other to accomplish an overall goal orproject

Conference Session

Laboratories and Projects in BME

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John D. Gassert, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Jeffrey A. Lamack, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Olga Imas, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Larry Fennigkoh, Milwaukee School of Engineering; NE Schlick, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Charles S. Tritt, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Ron Gerrits, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

systemscourse [6]. Those scores ranged between 50 and 60 percent in that study.It should be noted that in case of a lack of understanding of a concept underlying a givenquestion, one would expect a SSCI score of 25%, reflecting a random guess of the correctanswer. However, the SSCI scores were well below 25% for questions 17, 18, and 19 in bothstudent groups. This unexpected finding may potentially be attributed to the possibility that theconcepts represented in these questions were insufficiently covered in both curricula andtherefore, represented a significant challenge for students in both groups. Distribution of Scores by Concept Inventory Question (Solid bar

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Sarah Jane Grigg, Clemson University; David R. Bowman, Clemson University; Michelle Cook, Clemson University; Roy P. Pargas, Clemson University / U.S .Air Force Academy

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

reflect on their problem-solving strategies post-hoc. All students intwo sections of the course used MuseInk® to complete work in class on tablet computers, and aselected subset of students were invited to complete post-hoc audio commentaries within 24hours of completing the problems. Students were purposefully selected to represent a diversecross-section of gender, race and academic preparation. The Ink for this subset of students wascoded by three members of the research team. Inter-rater reliability was assessed continuouslythroughout the project by comparing codes for all three coders and calculating the frequency andpercentages of inter-rater agreement for every code used.Results and DiscussionTo date, worked solutions and audio commentary

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Zafrul Hasan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Page 22.456.2designing complex systems, they lack the skills of testing them effectively. Moreover, thedesigners may not be aware of the challenges of testing their design when it is used inconjunction with other devices. These issues are not addressed in most contemporary courses.This trend of overlooking the test activity in colleges is also reflected by the limited contributionof papers from the academia in recent test related conference 4. A case of test problem for acomplete processor is worth mentioning here. At Texas A&M University, engineeringtechnology students design a complete 8-bit processor with its datapath, arithmetic logic unit Figure 1: Trends in Test Cost(ALU) and the control sections 5

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratories

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nael Barakat, Grand Valley State University; Lihong (Heidi) Jiao, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

binding of biomolecules, such as DNA or antibodies that stick to one another or to other molecules?  How could these molecules be used to cause aggregation of the nanoparticles?Results were reported by the students within their lab reports for this activity.Figure 1 Gold nanoparticles synthesis and the different colors they reflect depending on the concentration ofelectrolyte in the mixture. b. Synthesis and application of silver nanoparticles: The objectives of this lab were tosynthesize yellow colloidal silver nanoparticles and to study their aggregation effects. Silvernanoparticles are on demand for several uses in medicine and technology. They can be used asan anti-microbe agent to effectively eliminate fungus, bacteria, and