Conference Session

Modern Software Measurement Techniques

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gurinder Singh, Future Technology Devices International Ltd. (USA); Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

. # = 0 - CR = CR, LF = LF, FF = FFFont Selection by ID # (EC ( # X or EC ) # X): Selects a soft font using its specific ID #. EC (# X - Designates soft font as primary. EC ) # X - Designates soft font as secondary. # = FontIdentification numberSpacing (EC ( s # P – Primary, EC ) s # P – Secondary): Designates either a fixed orproportionally spaced font. # =0 means Fixed spacing, # - 1 means Proportional spacingPitch (EC ( s # H – Primary, EC ) s # H – Secondary): Designates the horizontal spacing of afixed spaced font in terms of the number of characters per inch. # = Pitch in characters/inchStroke Weight (EC ( s # B – Primary, EC) s # B – Secondary): Designates the thickness orweight of the stroke that composes the characters of a font. 6. HC

Conference Session

IT-based Instructional Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Miertschin, University of Houston; Cheryl Willis, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

and how this technique may be useful for making complex learningenvironments more navigable. The author believes advances in technology are poised tomake huge differences in the way we teach and the way students learn. Future work willinclude implementation of such tools in courses taught and comparative assessment ofstudent learning outcomes.References1. Novak, J. D.; Cañas, A. J. The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct Them. cmap.ihmc.us/Publications/ResearchPapers/TheoryUnderlyingConceptMaps.pdf (November 20, 2008),2. Novak, J. D.; Gowin, D. B., Learning how to learn. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984.3. Milam, J. H., Jr.; Santo, S. A.; Heaton, L. A. Concept maps for web-based

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles

/sequential circuit design, but also collectivelyfostered the student’s ability to conduct real-world design project. Preliminary assessment resultsshows that the impact of the course redesign on students’ learning outcomes is very promising.In our future work, more comprehensive assessment data will be collected and analyzed, and thefindings will be used to further improve the course redesign.AcknowledgmentThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.0737130. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation (NSF).Reference[1] A. J. Dutson, R. H. Todd, S. P. Magleby

Conference Session

Integrating Design into the BME Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amit Nimunkar, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Silas Bernardoni, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Tyler Lark, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Willis Tompkins, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

BME Department forproviding their continuous support, resources and encouragement. We would also like to thankfaculty members affiliated with the DELTA program, the College of Engineering and theCIRTL11 group at our university for their continued support (NSF Grant No. 0227592).References1.Biomedical Engineering Design, http://www.engr.wisc.edu/bme/courses/bme200.html2. K. Sanders, P. V. Farrell, and S. K. A. Pfatteicher, "Curriculum Innovation Using Job Design Theory," HumanFactors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Proceedings, vol. 50, pp. 779-783, 2006.3. Introduction to Engineering, http://www.engr.wisc.edu/interegr/courses/interegr160.html4. Bernardoni S., Nimunkar A. J., Murphy J. and Courter S., “Student-initiated design and

Conference Session

Student Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Parikh, Stanford University; Helen Chen, Stanford University; Krista Donaldson, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

of the engineeringdisciplines by addressing the motivational factors that are specific to each group.AcknowledgementsThe Academic Pathways Study (APS) is supported by the National Science Foundation underGrant No. ESI-0227558 which funds the Center for the Advancement of Engineering Education(CAEE). CAEE is a collaboration of five partner universities. We would like to thank MicahLande and George Toye for all of their support from helping to develop the research question toencouraging us to think more deeply. One of the authors (SP) received support from the NSFGraduate Research Fellowship and the Stanford Graduate Fellowship.References1. S. Sheppard, Atman, C., Stevens, R., Fleming, F., Streveler, R., Adams, R., & Barker, T. (2004

Conference Session

Teaching Statics

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sue Rosser, Georgia Institute of Technology; Laurence Jacobs, Georgia Institute of Technology; Janet Murray, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wendy Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Christine Valle, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

6% of the S&Eworkforce, and women make up 25%. These percentages contrast sharply with thedemographics of these groups in the current overall population and workforce; by 2020 over Page 14.779.240% of college-aged students will be racially/ethnically diverse3.Currently, the U.S. engineering workforce remains 90% white and male; engineering, inparticular, has not attracted women and URMs. Baccalaureate degrees received by both URMsand women in engineering peaked in 1999-2000 and have trended downward since then 5. Arecent study conducted by Engineers Dedicated to a Better Tomorrow used the NSFWebCASPAR database to document that although

Conference Session

Develop Course / Materials / Topics for a Global Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asad Azemi, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

International

distance learning and help to change passive delivery toa more active and flexible delivery methodology. It is also a very effective means for deliveringquality distance-workshops and collaborative research-projects where participants are not fromthe same geographical area.   References 1. Amirian, S., “Pedagogy &Video conferencing: A Review of Recent Literature,” First NJEDge.NET Conference, 2003. 2. Owen, R. and Bosede A., “Return on Investment in Traditional Versus Distributed Learning,” 10th Annual Distance Education Conference, 2003. 3. Kriger, T. J., “A Virtual Revolution: Trends in the Expansion of Distance Education,” American Federation of Teachers, May 2001. 4. Patcha, A. and G. Scales

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

H. Paul Haiduk; Donald J. Bagert; Ben A. Calloni

Page 1.241.3 1996 ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings 7of Computing Curricula 1991 . C S 1462 is a four-semester hour course with a "partially closed" laboratorywhich currently uses BACCII, and has recently switched to C++ as the programming language taught. Both computer science and electrical engineering students are required to take this course. The experimentwas designed to divide the students into two groups: one which would use only Pascal (C++ became the CS1language in 1994) and the other which used both Pascal and BACCII for development. The BACCII studentswere required to use BACCII for main programming assignments and submit BACCII files for evaluation, inaddition to

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Judith E. Miller; James E. Groccia; David DiBiasio

Education has recently summarized notable developments in addressing this probleml. Most of the programs cited are limited to training of graduate students for jobs as teaching assistants, and few describe effective teaching programs for engineering graduate students. Thus, most engineering Ph.D.’s who enter academia are very well trained for research, but have little or no training in teaching. Colleges are continually being challenged to increase productivity and reduce costs. Downsizing of faculty and severe budget cuts are an all-too-common scenario in American institutions of higher learning2’3 . Retention of the global pre-eminence of American higher education system must come from the rethinking of how teaching and learning take

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

John T. Berry; Gregory L. Ferguson

their studies use more appropriate analysis skills. The connectionbetween design and manufacture is solidified by teaming the engineering students with their technology student-mentor to complete the design and build as a “team” effort. Collaboration between the two disciplines; i.e.,engineering and skilled trades, is continually stressed. During part(s) fabrication, the engineering student isrestricted from participating in the actual production. Rather, they only monitor and direct the technologystudent to insure the project stays on schedule. This course teaches manufacturing processes from a designperspective while developing a team mentality to insure the project’s successful completion. It also instills inthe students that they must work

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Stanley N. Onggowijaya; Ing-Chang Jong

singularities.REM *** MAIN PROGRAM ******************************************************CLS : START = TIMER: SCREEN 12COLOR 15: PRINT "ANIMATION OF A FOUR-BAR LINKAGE MECHANISM &"COLOR 15: PRINT "PLOTTING OF THE SPACE CENTRODE OF THE COUPLER"DM = CINT(720 / IN) + 1: IF CINT(720 / IN) < 720 / IN THEN DM = DM + 1DIM TS1(DM), TS2(DM), TS3(DM), XS(DM), YS(DM)REM === Initial Values for Iterative Solutions ============================Bx = 50: By = 50: Dx = 50: Dy = 50: X = 50: Y = 50: S = 1PI = 3.14159265#: DC = 180 / PI: INR = IN / DC: GPA = INR / 10T1 = 0: T2 = 1.5 * PI: T3 = .2 * PIREM === Iterative Solutions and printing of output on the screen ==========FOR I = 1 TO DM: X0 = T2: Y0 = T3: CC = 1: MC = 1 GOSUB SOLVE: LOCATE 28, 38: COLOR 12

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Elmer A. Grubbs

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Lenox; Stephen J. Ressler; Robert J. O'Neill; C. Conley

subsequently changed to Quattro and thenQuattro Pro, and is currently Microsoft Excel.In the late 1980's, the Department of Mathematical Sciences articulated a requirement for amathematical assistant for the personal computer which freed cadets from the tedious andcomplex calculations which presumably hindered the mastery of key mathematical concepts.Beginning in 1989, students purchased software called DERIVE from Soft Warehouse at thebeginning of their freshman year. This DOS-based symbolic manipulator program intelligentlyapplied the rules of algebra, trigonometry, calculus, and matrix algebra to solve a wide range ofproblems using a non-numerical approach rather than approximate numerical techniques. Thisprogram has symbolic capabilities

Conference Session

Assessment and Continuous Improvement in Electronics and Electrical ET Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Min-Sung Koh, Eastern Washington University; Esteban Rodriguez-Marek, Eastern Washington University; Claudio Talarico, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. With this slightmodification, course learning objectives can now be measured much more accurately.Note that it is not necessary to use all assignment problems as an assessment tool, but it isimportant to always specify course learning objective corresponding to a given problem.This has proven to provide the student a sense of ownership of the problem, therebyencouraging and motivating the student. Once the format is set for each homework, theinstructor can change problems from year to year, however maintaining thecorresponding related course learning objective. This way, the Excel spreadsheet neednot be modified further. HOMEWORK #1 The next question(s) addresses the following course learning objective(s): • Convert any number between

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Leopold, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Daniel Tauritz, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

atMissouri University of Science and Technology. The principal conclusion is that it is imperativeto the success of this type of program to provide a mechanism for frequently collecting feedbackin order to prioritize and schedule activities to best meet the needs of participants.IntroductionThe National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded project “A Program to Facilitate ScholasticAchievement in Computer Science, Engineering, and Mathematics” at Missouri University ofScience and Technology (Missouri S&T) ran from August 15, 2004 through July 31, 2009. Thegoals of this program were to address: (1) the decline in the number of students pursuing degreesin mathematics, computer science, and engineering, and (2) the minimal rate of low-incomestudents

Conference Session

On Pedagogy of Lab Courses and Their Design

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Euan Lindsay, Curtin University of Technology; Malcolm Good, University of Melbourne

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

for the means of each mode are shown in Figure 3. 5.8 5.6 4.5 5.4 95% CI Crit_1 95% CI Crit_2 5.2 4 5 4.8 3.5 4.6 4.4 P R S P R S Mode

Conference Session

Energy Laboratory Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Tebbe, Minnesota State University-Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

(4) * h exit ? h inlet / j s h inlet / h exit , s + (5) Ã 1 ÔÃ 60 Ô Torque ? m% r *h inlet / h exit +Ä ÕÄ Õ (6) Å N ÖÅ 2r ÖThe pressure loss through the condenser was specified at a constant value and the exit pressurewas found by subtracting the loss from the inlet pressure. In the actual condenser there is apossibility for the refrigerant exiting to still be superheated, saturated, or liquid. At this stage itwas assumed that the exit enthalpy of the

Conference Session

Digital Communications Systems

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Border, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

68HC11 processors. TheMC9S12DT256 features the core cpu along with a variety of ancillary components on the chip,such as: ADC(s), asynchronous serial port(s) (SCI), Motorola sponsored synchronous serialperipheral interface(s) (SPI), Pulse Wide Modulation interface (PWM) plus others.One of the Bluetooth3 devices used to define the communications channel of the project was theConnectBlue OEMSPA 13i serial module. It is mounted on a development kit board that allowsfor convenient prototype wiring. The module supports RS232 signal interfacing (TxD, RxD,plus handshaking) and direct UART signal interfacing (TxD, RxD, plus handshaking). Themodule has 64KB of SRAM and 512KB of flash. Resident on the device is a Bluetoothembedded host stack. The other

Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamid Shahnasser, San Francisco State University; Wenshen Pong

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

found that only 61% of the students who took ourfirst semester engineering course (ENGR 101) continued as an engineering major in thesubsequent year. We believe that many of those who left engineering after the first year wouldhave continued in engineering if they had a more encouraging, helpful, personal, and stimulatingfirst year experience. Many other universities have recognized the importance of the first yearexperience as well and have revamped their first year introductory engineering course(s) [1-5].The goals of this introductory course are to provide students with basic skills for success, toenhance their interest in engineering and to cultivate their sense of belonging. Because of therecent decline in engineering enrollments [6], this

Collection

2021 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Meeting

Authors

Kiril Alexandrov Nikolov, The University of Texas at Tyler; Mohammad Abu Rafe Biswas, The University of Texas at Tyler; Xuan Nguyen, The University of Texas at Tyler; Victor Eduardo Ortiz, The University of Texas at Tyler

temperature response for the two fluids which areinvolved in the process. Moreover, the response of the system is analyzed in real-time with the useof MATLAB® and Simulink® software, including the Simulink S-Function block. This block isused to generate real-time solutions for nonlinear systems which can be modified and updated bythe user as the simulation is being conducted, similar to a physical system.The virtual crossflow heat exchanger simulation software incorporates three MATLAB ® scriptsincluding an initialization script, a calculation script, and an S-Function script, in addition to aSimulink® data file containing the user interface and the block diagram of the system. As shownin Figure 2, the simulation sequence is performed beginning with

Conference Session

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Instruction

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Foley, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

concepts explained the following application of Reynolds transport equation is effectively the formulation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics :- Page 11.227.7 S%in / S%out - (m% s ) in / (m% s ) out - S% gen ? S%CV Second Law of ThermodynamicsNet Direct Entropy Transferred in(i.e. Via heat conduction) Net Energy accumulated in the control volume

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Germysha Emily Little, Tennessee State University; Lesia L. Crumpton-Young, Tennessee State University; Shabnam Etemadi Brady; T'Shana DeShai Carter, Tennessee State University ; Lydia Davis, Tennessee State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

failed to benefit from their mentor. The selection processused to pick mentors and mentees was also investigated with the research questionnaire to furtherunderstand student preferences and specific needs of those majoring in STEM fields.The sixty-four (N=64) participants represents a diverse sample of graduate students who pursueundergraduate STEM degrees. Students reported their mentors helped with the following: 1) providingfunding, setting goals, providing positive and constructive feedback on their work, and being supportiveof ideas which allowed the mentee to follow his/her own ideas for their work. Alternatively, someparticipants reported unmet expectations by their mentor(s), such as wishing the mentor had: 1)provided more exposure to

Conference Session

The Philosophy of Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado, Denver; Jean Hertzberg, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

(2005).7. National Academy of Engineering. The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century. (National Academies Press, 2004).8. Page, S. E. The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies. (Princeton UP, 2007).9. Seymour, E. & Hewitt, N. M. Talking about Leaving: Why Undergraduates Leave the Sciences. Contemporary Sociology 26, (Westview Press, 1997).10. Moller-Wong, C. & Eide, A. An engineering student retention study. J. Eng. Educ. 86, 7– 15 (1997).11. Imbrie, P. K., Lin, J. J.-J. & Reid, K. Comparison of four methodologies for modeling student retention in engineering. in ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Its Impact on Faculty and Students

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julia F. Kerst, University of Michigan; Hanna Pfershy, University of Michigan, Engineering Education Research; Robert Matthew DeMonbrun, University of Michigan; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

support faculty in their attempt toimprove teaching. Next steps for this research is to use continuing data from courses taught thispast year to see if the trends do indeed continue, or analyzing additional evaluation questions.References1. Anderson, O. S., & Finelli, C. J. (2014). A faculty learning community to improve teaching practices in large engineering courses: Lasting impacts. Proceedings of 2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN.2. Barr, J., Benton, S., Li, D., & Ryalls, K. (2016). Response to bias against female instructors. IDEA Editorial Note No. 2. Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University, Center for Faculty Evaluation and Development.3. Benton, S. L., & Ryalls, K. R. (2016). Challenging

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kanti Prasad, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

make sure that we continually connecthigher with the lower knowledge. This is the wayo Integration of Physics in the State-of-Art technology courses:• MMIC Design and Fabrication In this course, the author covers a variety of topics including connecting ABCD parameters ofcircuit theory, S-parameters in microwaves, Low noise, High power and broadband amplifiers, oscillatorsand connection of S-parameters with device physics parameters such as trans-conductance. However,examples are chosen from transmission line losses, input impedance and stability of amplifiers based onS-parameters.Example 1: A lossless transmission line is connected to a load with 𝑍! =0. The characteristic impedanceof the line is 50Ω. (a) Plot 𝑉 𝑥 as a function

Conference Session

Tips and Tricks for Actively Engaging Students

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria Gerasimova, George Mason University; Margret Hjalmarson, George Mason University; Jill K. Nelson, George Mason University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Press, 2007).5. Freeman, S. et al. Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. PNAS Early Ed. (2014). doi:10.1073/pnas.13190301116. Hake, R. R. Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses. Am. J. Phys. 66, 64–74 (1998).7. Hora, M. T., Ferrare, J. & Oleson, A. Findings from classroom observations of 58 math and science faculty. Madison WI Univ. Wis.-Madison Wis. Cent. Educ. Res. (2012).8. Fiore, L. & Rosenquest, B. Shifting the culture of higher education: Influences on students, teachers, and pedagogy. Theory Pract. 49, 14–20 (2009).9. Hjalmarson, M. et al. Developing interactive teaching

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruk T. Berhane, University of Maryland, College Park; Felicia James Onuma; Stephen Secules, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

, chemistry, and mathematics. Each respondent alsomet the following requirements: 1) The student identified his/her race/ethnicity as Black/AfricanAmerican on his/her application to Tech College; 2) The student stated that s/he was educated ina high school either in the U.S. or in a sub-Saharan African country; 3) The student enrolled atEC prior to transferring to Tech College; 4) The student was at least 18 years of age at the timethat s/he participated in the research study. A roster of Black transfer students was generated by the Admissions office at LandingUniversity (Landing University is the main campus on which Tech College of Engineering andseveral other academic colleges is housed). After obtaining this roster, undergraduates who

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 12

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander M. Wyglinski, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Travis Fredrick Collins, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Robin Getz, Analog Devices

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

) q[n] DCC s[n] RFFE A/D (N) q(t) q[n] s[n] t n nFigure 2: Illustration of the software defined radio receiver and its operation in converting an in-tercepted analog passband signal r(t) to a digital baseband signal s[n]. The analog-to-digital con-verter (A/D) identified in the illustration is emphasized at the beginning of the course to highlightthe importance of the translation between the analog and digital domains.Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet-of-Things (IoT).In

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seyed Mousavinezhad, Idaho State University; Cheryl Xu, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #18647ECE Teaching and Learning: Challenges in Teaching Digital Signal Process-ingDr. S. Hossein Mousavinezhad, Idaho State University is the principal investigator of the National Science Foundation’s research grant, National Wireless Re- search Collaboration Symposium 2014; he has published a book (with Dr. Hu of University of North Dakota) on mobile computing in 2013. Professor Mousavinezhad is an active member of IEEE and ASEE having chaired sessions in national and regional conferences. He has been an ABET Program Evaluator for Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering as well as Engineering Education

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 3: Spatial Visualization

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Rodriguez P.E., Western Michigan University; Luis Genaro Rodriguez, University of Wisconsin, Waukesha

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

visualizationskills, both, for development of imagination and creativity, as well as development ofcompetencies directly related to technical fields such as engineering graphics and design.In this field of graphics and design, which is more linked to STEM education, there are acceptedtest such as the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test - Rotations PSVT:R (Guay, 1977), the MentalCutting Test (MCT) (Sorby, 1999) and the Shepard-Metzler Rotation (S-M) Test (Shepard, 1971)and its modification (Vandenberg, 1978). All of these tests have been used to measure thevisualization skills in an individual at a given time, thus providing a reference for comparison. Theunderlying concept in these tests is the mental rotation of 3D given objects. PSVT:R is perhapsone of the