Conference Session

Seeking Resilience and Learning to Thrive Through Engineering Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julianna Sun Ge, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Edward J. Berger, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

, Engineering, and Medicine echo Guilford et al.’s claim in their 2017report, stating that “there is a paucity of evidence on the possible relationships between intra- andinterpersonal competencies and the success of students intending to major in science, technology,engineering, and mathematics fields” (p. 72). Overall, the largely underexplored studies onthriving competencies for engineering education populations conceal the relationships betweencompetencies that support engineering students to thrive.Consistent with the underexplored nature of thriving in undergraduate engineering studentpopulations, uniting previously disparate lines of research would offer insights into the bigpicture of engineering thriving. For example, we know that students who

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin David Lutz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Nathan E. Canney, CYS Structural Engineers Inc.; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Conference Session

DISTINGUISHED LECTURE: 2018 Best PIC and Zone Paper Presentations

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane Constance Aloisio, Indiana-Purdue University

Tagged Topics

ASEE Board of Directors

Systems Engineering Failures Finding(s) Causal Action Discussion/Explanation The mine operator Pike River Mine explosion: “The original mine plan specified decided to change an two main fans located on the mountainside next to a ventilation aspect of the ventilation shaft. Two planning changes were made. Pike decided to relocate system design

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kimberly Ren, University of Toronto; Alison Olechowski, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

N. Cristianini, "Automating News Content Analysis: An Application to Gender Bias and Readability," 2010.[6] D. Citron and F. Pasquale, "The Scored Society: Due Process for Automated Predictions," Faculty Scholarship, 1 1 2014.[7] T. Bolukbasi, K.-W. Chang, J. Zou, V. Saligrama and A. Kalai, "Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings," in Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings, 2016.[8] S. Leavy, "Gender bias in artificial intelligence: The need for diversity and gender theory in machine learning," in Proceedings - International Conference on Software Engineering, 2018.[9] "Global Gender Gap

Conference Session

Best In DEED

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Eunhye Kim, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Carolina Vivas-Valencia, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Lindsey B. Payne, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Nan Kong, Purdue University at West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Conference Session

Teaching Communication I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brad Jerald Henderson, University of California, Davis

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

engineering student learns how language code translates into math code, the studentcan further develop his or her sentence-level skill set, learning how to combine, invert,manipulate basic sentence units into advanced sentences.The following is an illustration of sentence algebra being taught using engineeringcontent/context: Consider the sentence-algebra equation for a basic sentence (B2) … B2 = (Ns * Mn) + (Vt) + (No * Mn) where: Ns = subject noun word(s) Vt = transfer action verb word(s) No = object noun word(s) Mn = noun modifier word(s) Now, as complement to

Conference Session

Potpouri - A Mix

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oai Ha, Utah State University; Ning Fang, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

11 cases, or 82%) employed a One-Shot Case Study design in which only a single group of students were involved (that is with no comparison group).9) The data collection methods used in the 11 studies included questionnaires (100%, n = 11), content analysis of students’ comments (36%), and scores of performance tests (quizzes) (21%).AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.DUE 1122654.Bibliography[1] Michau F., Gentil S., & Barrault M., 2001, “Expected Benefits of Web-Based Learning for Engineering Education: Examples in Control Engineering,” European Journal of Engineering Education, 26 (2), pp. 151- 168.[2] Cornwell, P. J

Conference Session

Student Teams and Active Learning

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Helen Qammr; H. Michael Cheung; Edward Evans; Rex Ramsier; Francis Broadway

Session 2330 Reflective Journals: An Assessment of a Vertically Integrated Design Team Project Francis S. Broadway Department of Curricular and Instructional Studies Edward A. Evans, H. Michael Cheung, Helen K. Qammar Department of Chemical Engineering Rex D. Ramsier Departments of Physics, Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering The University of Akron Akron, Ohio 44325Abstract: The use of affective/associative reflective journals and skill

Conference Session

FPD XI: Tidbits and Cookies

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Thomas Tkacik, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Jae Hoon Lim, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Patricia A. Tolley P.E., University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Kimberly Warren, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, which are two engineering-specific social engagement variables. Amelink andCreamer’s30 multi-institutional research with female engineering students also demonstrated thattwo survey items associated with peer-oriented social engagement (“getting along with otherstudents in the engineering major” and “feeling as though they are treated with respect by malestudents” in their program) were significantly correlated with their intent to pursue anengineering-related career. Espinosa’s study31 reported that some categories of socialengagement are positively related to the persistence of female students as a whole while othersonly have a meaningful association with women of color. Brown et al.’s study32 conducted withAfrican-American engineering

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Opening General Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qu Jin, Stanford University; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, Stanford University; Sheri D. Sheppard, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

was measured on a five-point Likert scale with responses rangingfrom 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important). On the survey instrument, participants self-reported their “sex” (female and male), whichiidenotes biological and physical differences between the two groups. However, we refer to“gender” (women and men) in our discussion of results, as we propose that the characteristics Page 24.295.5measured in this study are more related to the social roles of the two groups 9 Scutt, H. I.,Gilmartin, S. K., Sheppard, S. & Brunhaver, S. in ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition..Career ValuesCareer values are defined as the

Conference Session

Student Learning and Teamwork

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan H. Sarapin M.A., Purdue University; Marilyn A. Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology; Marvin I. Sarapin, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

) is “characterized by relationships with manygroups and individuals (‘stakeholders’), each with (a) the power to affect the firm’s performanceand/or (b) a stake in the firm’s performance.” The stakeholders in the scholarly publishingenterprise are the academic community and institutions, the editor, the publisher, the readershipof the journal(s), the authors, the reviewers, the journal(s), the company’s staff and officers, andany share- or stockholders in the firm, who stand to gain or lose as the value of the firmfluctuates.51A social contract is established between the stakeholders and the firm. Embedded within it arethe duties referred to in deontology. Jones summarized the third assumption of the theory bystating, “Firms exist in markets

Conference Session

Potpurri Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Daniel Jensen

explained. Step 1 Step 4 C SPECS… Step 3 N Relate CN Customer Form#1 Form#2 Form#3 Form#4 C.V. C.V. C.V. to Specs Needs FCN. #1 • s FCN. #2 • # # # FCN. #3

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Susan Etheredge; Glenn Ellis; Thomas Gralinski; Domenico Grasso; Baaba Andam

the engineering design process in both business and the classroom. Page 9.1197.5 Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright À 2004, American Society for Engineering Education1. Identify the need or problem2. Research the need or problem ‚" Examine current state of the issue and current solutions ‚" Explore other options via the internet, library, interviews, etc.3. Develop possible solution(s) ‚" Brainstorm possible solutions ‚" Draw on mathematics and science

Conference Session

Retaining and Developing Women Faculty in STEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ziyu Long, Purdue University; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Klod Kokini, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robyn F Wilson, Purdue University; Jennifer C Batra, Purdue University ; Lindsey B. Anderson, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Conference Session

Contextual Competencies

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan E. Canney, University of Colorado, Boulder; Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

incorporating social parameters into thescientific process, and the third is Delve et al.’s service learning model. Page 25.70.3Schwartz’s model describes the cognitive development towards engaging in altruistic behaviorthrough five unique phases11, 12. The first phase is the Attention Phase and describes theindividual’s recognition of needs, perceptions about potential action and recognition of one’sown ability to engage in these actions. The Motivation Phase categorizes the activation of theindividual’s value system through feelings of moral obligation to act or not act. The activationof moral obligations could come from internal personal norms

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles David Whitlatch, Arizona State University; Qiao Wang, Arizona State University; Brian J. Skromme, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

(other than an independent voltage source, of course!), which we term branch voltages.Alternatively, they are sometimes voltages between nodes that are not directly connected by acircuit element, which we call non-branch voltages. The currents may be either currents througha specific branch that is not an independent current source (termed branch currents), or rarely,currents through specific wires that are internal to a node (and are therefore dependent on aspecific layout), which we term non-branch currents. The power(s) may be that either absorbed Page 25.242.12or supplied by an independent or dependent source or by a passive element. These

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 21

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelsey Scalaro, University of Nevada, Reno; Indira Chatterjee, University of Nevada, Reno; Ann-Marie Vollstedt, University of Nevada, Reno; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

, outcome expectations, physics identity, and physics career choice: A gender study,” J. Res. Sci. Teach., p. n/a-n/a, 2010, doi: 10.1002/tea.20363.[8] R. Friedensen, E. Doran, and S. Rodriguez, “Documenting engineering identity: Electrical and computer engineering departmental documents and student identity,” in 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings, Salt Lake City, Utah: ASEE Conferences, Jun. 2018, p. 30343. doi: 10.18260/1-2--30343.[9] A. Godwin and G. Potvin, “Fostering female belongingness in engineering through the lens of critical engineering agency

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jay Patrick McCormack, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University; Patrick D. Pedrow P.E., Washington State University; Edwin R. Schmeckpeper, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

current by referencing something recentlyin the news, and (3) add novelty to the prompt through unexpected information or an ethicaldilemma. These principles lie at the heart of EPSA scenario construction. EPSA scenario designis further scaffolded by the EPSA discussion instructions given in Table 2. The instructions inTable 2 are given to student groups along with a scenario in preparation for an EPSA discussion.From the discussion instructions, questions 1, 2, and 3 relate to ABET 3f, question 4 relates toABET 3h, and questions 5 and 6 relate to both ABET 3i and 3j.Table 2. EPSA discussion instructionsImagine that you are a team of engineers working together for a company or organization on theproblem/s raised in the scenario. 1. Identify the

Conference Session

Homer's Epiphany: Making STEM Elementary Woo-hoo!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gina Navoa Svarovsky, University of Notre Dame; Catherine Wagner, University of Notre Dame; Mia Lettau, University of Notre Dame; Kimberly Marfo, University of Notre Dame; Scott Pattison; Smirla Ramos-Montañez; Viviana López Burgos; Amy R Corbett; Maria D. Quijano; Diana Contreras

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

Thinking,” in Early Engineering Learning, L. English and T. Moore, Eds., in Early Mathematics Learning and Development. , Singapore: Springer, 2018, pp. 9–18. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-8621-2_2.[2] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Science and Engineering in Preschool Through Elementary Grades: The Brilliance of Children and the Strengths of Educators. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2021. Accessed: Dec. 02, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.17226/26215[3] C. N. Lippard, M. H. Lamm, and K. L. Riley, “Engineering Thinking in Prekindergarten Children: A Systematic Literature Review,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 454–474, 2017, doi: 10.1002/jee.20174.[4] Z. S. Gold, J

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 8

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amirreza Mehrabi, Purdue Engineering Education; Jason Morphew, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA)

adaptive assessment modelsto account for these effects, such endeavors will contribute to the development of more equitableand effective educational testing methodologies.References[1] D. M. Olsson and L. S. Nelson, “The nelder-mead simplex procedure for functionminimization,” Technometrics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 45–51, 1975, doi:10.1080/00401706.1975.10489269.[2] D. B. Wilson and A. Borgmann, “Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life: APhilosophical Inquiry,” Technol Cult, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 907, Oct. 1986, doi: 10.2307/3105376.[3] S. Stark, “Using action learning for professional development,” Educ Action Res, vol. 14,no. 1, pp. 23–43, 2006, doi: 10.1080/09650790600585244.[4] P. Gbadago, S. N. Amedome, and B. Q. Honyenuga

Conference Session

PCEE Session 13: Equity in P-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mariam Manuel, University of Houston

project by Q4a. How do you define CRP in your classroom context? X XQ4b. How did the infusion of CRP change this project?Q4c. Do you see room for infusing CRP pedagogy in other curricular projects you are currently using?Q5. What connection/s have you made between EDP and CRP? Please describe the connections you see or lack X thereof.Source: Adapted from Castillo-Montoya [62] Teaching Philosophy Statements. In addition to interviews and reflection journals, theparticipants also provided their philosophy statements. These statements generated an additionalself-reported data source that gave insights

Conference Session

Changing How We Pursue Change

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Joseph Valle, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Corin L. Bowen, California State University, Los Angeles; Donna M. Riley, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education, Equity

methodology to tell thestory of the multitudinous factors in Chavonne Garza’s life that shaped her journey to and withinengineering. This methodology illuminated ways that many institutions, including academia,were designed and continue to operate without her well-being in mind.Researchers have investigated epistemological and ontological ways that marginalized peoplesengage with STEM. Wilson-Lopez et al.’s investigation of funds of knowledge in Latinxadolescent approaches to engineering demonstrated ways that “participants’ everyday skills andbodies of knowledge aligned with engineering practices” [16, p. 278]. Verdín, Smith, and Lucena[17] engaged the funds of knowledge framework to demonstrate ways that first-generationengineering college students

Conference Session

Reimagining Engineering Ethics

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jessica Koehler, Wake Forest University; Olga Pierrakos, Wake Forest University ; Michael Lamb, Wake Forest University; Alana Demaske, Wake Forest University; Carlos Santos, Wake Forest University; Michael D. Gross, Wake Forest University; Dylan Franklin Brown, Wake Forest University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Research to Practice: K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design (Part 1)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roxanne Moore, Georgia Institute of Technology; Meltem Alemdar, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeremy A. Lingle, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sunni Haag Newton, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeffrey H Rosen, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

. To circumvent this, educators oftenrequire at least three unique design concepts. Ideally, during iteration, additional concepts arebrainstormed based on initial test results. Figure 3: EDP Log, IdeateOn the Evaluate tab, the design descriptions auto-populate from the Ideate tab, along with thedesign requirements. Students are then asked to predict whether or not each concept is likely orunlikely to meet each of the requirements. These are just beliefs or predictions, but they shouldbe used to help the students to decide which concept(s) are most promising for furtherdevelopment and prototyping. When a student enters an ‘L’ for likely or a ‘U’ for unlikely, thegray cells turn green or red, respectively

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Design Methodology

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn W. Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Aditya Vora, Pennsylvania State University; Daniel Allen Henderson, Pennsylvania State University; Jennifer Bracken, Pennsylvania State University; Neeraj Sonalkar, Stanford University; Stephen Harris, Community College of the Air Force

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

interpret the combined graphs effectively. To address this issue,the handwritten key milestones were typed and arranged for legibility using Adobe Photoshoptools (Figure 6). In addition, to make each individual’s emotional state curve and key milestonesmore readily distinguishable from each other, and to enable us to explore the relationship betweencognitive style and emotional state, each individual curve was colorized based on the individual’scorresponding KAI score, as shown in Figure 6. The 10-point ranges were chosen based on the 10-point just-noticeable-difference for individual KAI scores3,23. Figure 6: Team 3’s combined graph with typed milestones and colorized curves (by KAI)3.4.2 Emotional State Graph Milestones and SegmentationAfter

Conference Session

Innovative Strategies for Enhancing Engineering Education Across Diverse Learning Environments

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aya Mouallem, Stanford University; Trisha Kulkarni, Stanford University; Sheri D. Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

teaching team to incorporate accessibility practices for Kulkarni’s course experience. Course and teaching assistant(s) Undergraduate and master’s students who are responsible for running office hours and leading lab sessions, among other tasks. They explored accessible learning methods with Kulkarni. Disability services officer (DSO) The accessibility manager at the disability services office at our academic institution. She created accessible, tactile diagrams for Kulkarni’s course material and coordinated

Conference Session

CANCELLED: Track 5: Technical Session 5: Hiring Practices to Build a Diverse Team at Wakr Forest Engineering: Transforming Engineering Education and Broadening Participation in Engineering is Possible!

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Olga Pierrakos, Wake Forest University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

,she drafted a hiring handbook to guide search committees in engineering through the process.The content in the next section is content from this hiring handbook Pierrakos prepared andcontinuously improved from one year to the next.V. HIRING PRACTICES AT WFU ENGINEERINGIn this section, the hiring process Pierrakos instituted and implemented in hiring a diverse WakeForest Engineering team is showcased. Content herein is adopted from the WFU EngineeringHiring Handbook that Pierrakos prepared as Founding Engineering Chair to guide hiring. TheWFU Engineering Hiring Handbook was shared with all search committee members. Every steprequired intentionality around minimizing bias which is inherent in hiring processes.Step 1. Getting the Job(s

Conference Session

COED: Computing in K-12 / Early Childhood Education

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Safia Malallah, Kansas State University; Lior Shamir, Kansas State University; William Henry Hsu, Kansas State University; Joshua Levi Weese, Kansas State University; Salah Alfailakawi, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

forearly childhood. As a future work, the models and framework developed could be branched intoseveral qualitative research studies for validation. Additionally, AI inclusion for early childhoodlearning could be studied.AcknowledgementsThis work was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) with Grant No DRLGEGI008182. However, the authors alone are responsible for the opinions expressed in thiswork and do not reflect the views of the NSF.References[1] A. Strawhacker and M. U. Bers, "Promoting positive technological development in a Kindergarten makerspace: A qualitative case study," European Journal of STEM Education, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 9, 2018.[2] B. Vittrup, S. Snider, K. K. Rose, and J. Rippy, "Parental perceptions of the

Conference Session

Research Methodologies – Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Bahnson, Pennsylvania State University; Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

] used content analysis of gender research in the Journal ofEngineering Education to identify categories of gender-related research in engineering education.This example demonstrates the utility of content analysis to identify trends and gaps in the waysin which topics are investigated across a large body of research.Useful methods texts and resources for content analysis methods:[10] H.-F. Hsieh and S. E. Shannon, “Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis,” Qual.Health Res., vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 1277–1288, 2005. Thematic Analysis[13] L. L. Kaid, “Content Analysis,” in Measurement of Communication Behavior, P. Emmert andL. L. Barker, Eds. New York: Longman, 1989, pp. 197–217.Thematic AnalysisBasic Definitions: First, thematic analysis is

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 14

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Jaison, Texas A&M University; Hillary E. Merzdorf, Texas A&M University; Lance Leon Allen White, Texas A&M University; Kerrie A. Douglas, Cornell University; Karan Watson P.E., Texas A&M University; Tracy Anne Hammond, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

improvingthe software. We continuously work on improving the software to provide the students with thebest sketching learning experience.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by National Science Foundation, ”Collaborative Research: FosteringEngineering Creativity and Communication through Immediate, Personalized Feedback on 2D-Perspective Drawing” : 2013612 (Texas A&M University), 2013504 (Georgia Tech), 2013575 (San Jose State University) and 2013554 (Purdue University). References [1] S. Sorby, “Educational research in developing 3-d spatial skills for engineering students,” International Journal of Science Education - INT J SCI EDUC, vol. 31, pp. 459–480, 02 2009. [2] K. Vanlehn, “The relative effectiveness of