Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED) Technical Session 7: Innovative Pedagogy

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin N. Johns, The State University of New York, Buffalo; Robert P. Hesketh, Rowan University; Matthew D. Stuber, University of Connecticut; Ashlee N. Ford Versypt, The State University of New York, Buffalo

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

using the same language (MATLAB or Python) • Work together to build a notebook for students to solve an equation of your choice. The notebook must include code blocks for numerical computation (solving) and the following text blocks (in any order) o learning objectives o problem statement o mathematical equation(s) o an imageThe hands-on active learning exercise 2 challenged participants to apply the tools that theylearned in exercise 1 for a lesson on a topic of their choice. Participants were asked to includecode blocks, text blocks, learning objectives, a problem statement, mathematical equations, andan image because these were the most frequently used types of elements in the

Conference Session

COED: Grading Systems

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marko V. Lubarda, University of California, San Diego; Alex M. Phan, University of California, San Diego; Aidan Daniel Carrigg; Karthik Srinivasan; Josephine Relaford-Doyle, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

Conference Session

ERM: Conceptualizations of Engineering and Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikita Dawe, University of Toronto; Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto; Amy Bilton; Kimia Moozeh, University of Toronto

Conference Session

Centering Black Experiences in STEM: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Merriweather, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Marah Lambert, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Shaunelle Casey; Cathy Howell, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Niesha Douglas

found to be critical to successful doctoral degreematriculation and academic progress [14], [15], [16].McGee et al.’s [13] review mirrors others [11], [12], [17] who have explored the experiences ofBlack STEM doctoral students at HWIS. but what surprised the researchers was that BlackSTEM doctoral students from HBCUs had similar experiences. What was most telling was thesimilarity between experiences of Black STEM students at HBCUs and HWIS. HWIS are oftencastigated for their racially inhospitable environments and anti-Black racism attitudes which arevisible in their practices, policies, and dispositions, both institutionally and personally. In spite ofthe overall student body and faculty “looking like them” their departments did not

Conference Session

Social Identities and STEM Experiences: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Kaufman-Ortiz, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Hector Rodriguez-Simmonds, Purdue Engineering Education

, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ+) STEM PractitionersIntroduction Where are the gays in engineering? LGBTQ+ people have always existed, but ourvisibility in society has ebbed and flowed across civilizations. Our presence has not changed inthe U.S.’s recent history, but our visibility has increased over time [1]. Some pridefully exclaimtheir presence in English and Spanish: “I’m here, I’m queer, get over it!”; “¡Estoy aquí, soy de lacomunidad, y no vas a definir quién seré!” Employee Resource Groups (ERG’s) withincorporations, groups such as the National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists andTechnical Professionals (NOGLSTP), Out in Science, Technology, Engineering, andMathematics (oSTEM), and Out for Undergrad (O4U

Conference Session

LEAD Tech Session #2: Assessing and Evaluating Engineering Leadership Development.

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Volpe; Madeline Polmear, University of Florida; Denise Simmons, University of Florida; Danielle Weisenfeld, University of Florida; Jackson Carcaba, University of Florida

traditional engineering programs arehistorically rooted in the military developed engineering education from the early 1800’s [34],[35]. Though the profession has adapted and evolved greatly over the past 200 years, with thedevelopment of new technologies and roles for engineers, little in the core engineering curriculahas changed. Many engineering education programs are already struggling to stick to the originaldesign of a rigorous and technically focused curriculum, while simultaneously attempting tointegrate the use of new engineering technology into a brief 4-5 year time frame.Understandably, there then remains little room for the integration of leadership skills and coursesinto the curricula as it is already seeking to cover an abundance of

Conference Session

ERM: Mentoring for Everyone! And Let's talk about Graduate Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Bahnson, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Catherine Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University; Monique Ross, Florida International University

amelioration; engineering writing and communication; and methodological development for nontraditional data. Her NSF CAREER award studies master’s-level departure from the engineering doctorate as a mechanism of attrition. Catherine earned her B.S. in Chemistry from The University of South Dakota, her M.S. in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering from Purdue University, and Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Purdue University.Monique S. Ross (Assistant Professor) Assistant Professor, Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Sciences and STEM Transformation Institute at Florida International University, research interests include broadening participation in computing through the exploration of: 1) race, gender

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Bork, University of Michigan; Joi-lynn Mondisa, University of Michigan; Nicholas Young, University of Michigan

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Borowczak, University of Wyoming; Andrea Burrows, University of Wyoming; Shawna Wolf, University of Wyoming; Shaya Wolf, University of Wyoming; Hui Hu, University of Wyoming

and much more consistent than in 2020. Thelowest number of unique views in 2021 was 23 for Activity 4. Despite having the lowestunique viewers for 2021, this video still had a similar number of views as video two in2020, and had more views than 2020’s video three, four, and five. While unique views alsodropped throughout the 2021 camp, a higher of number of camp attendees were maintainedthroughout all five activities; the 2021 camp finished with 25 unique views of the final video,five times more than in 2020.4.1.4 Watch TimeNext consider the watch time, describing the total hours per day the videos were watched(across all viewers). The watch time of each video per day shows that camp attendees in2020 watched each video according to the camp

Conference Session

PCEE Session 3: Robotics and Design Competitions

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anurag Purwar, Stony Brook University; Amanjeet Bagga, Stony Brook University; Cynthia Colón, Stony Brook University; Imin Kao, Stony Brook University

follow-on research and development of the SnappyXODesign has been supported by an NSF I-Corps award (#1823736) to SBU and STTR Phase andPhase 2 awards (awards #2126882) to the startup. All opinions and conclusions presented in thispaper are those of authors only and not of funding agencies.References [1] S. Papert, Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1980. [2] D. A. Kolb, Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984. [3] R. D. Beer, H. J. Chiel, and R. F. Drushel, “Using robotics to teach science and engineering,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 42, no. 6, p. 85–92, 1999. [4] A. Eguchi, “Robotics as a

Conference Session

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hao He, University of Missouri - Columbia; Heather Hunt; Suzanne Burgoyne; Joshua Saboorizadeh

. 2016, doi: 10.1080/21650349.2015.1026943.[12] A. N. N. Hui and S. Lau, “Formulation of Policy and Strategy in Developing Creativity Education in Four Asian Chinese Societies: A Policy Analysis,” J. Creat. Behav., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 215–235, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1002/j.2162-6057.2010.tb01334.x.[13] A.-T. Koh, “Linking Learning, Knowledge Creation, and Business Creativity: A Preliminary Assessment of the East Asian Quest For Creativity,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 85–100, May 2000, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00075-X.[14] K. So and Y. Hu, “Understanding creativity in an Asian school context: Korean teachers’ perspectives,” Think. Ski. Creat., vol. 33, p. 100573, Sep. 2019, doi

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Azadeh Bolhari, University of Colorado Boulder; Shelby Tillema, University of Colorado Boulder

provided for in-depth informationon the platform. Additionally, the authors would like to thank the teaching assistants in the targetcourses: Nadia Jorgenson, Lauren Magliozzi and Ayush Shahi who assisted Dr. Bolhari in thisproject.References [1] N. Anderson, K. Potočnik, and J. Zhou, “Innovation and Creativity in Organizations: A State-of-the-Science Review, Prospective Commentary, and Guiding Framework,” Journal of Management, 40(5), pp. 1297–1333, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314527128 [2] K. M. Y., Law, and S. Geng, “How innovativeness and handedness affect learning performance of engineering students?” International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 29(4), pp. 897–914, 2019

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Bruk T. Berhane, Florida International University; Mohamed F. Chouikha, Prairie View A&M University; Miguel Velez-Reyes P.E., University of Texas at El Paso; Barry J. Sullivan, Electrical & Computer Engineering Department Heads Assn; Michelle Klein, Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. Heads Assoc. (ECEDHA); Yeimidy Lagunas, Inclusive Engineering Consortium; Milford Muskett; Amanda Nastiuk; Sinais Alvarado; Elizabeth Hibbler, Conference for Industry and Education Collaboration (CIEC)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fatima Glovena Fairfax, Duke University; Elyse McFalls, Duke University; Alex Rogers, Duke University; Jabari Kwesi, Duke University; Alicia Nicki Washington, Duke University; Shaundra Bryant Daily, Duke University; Crystal E. Peoples, Duke University; Helen Xiao, Duke University; Eduardo Bonilla-Silva

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

race and racial discrimination with computing department 0.932 faculty and/or staff who: - Do not have the same racial identity as me. I am comfortable discussing topics related to race and racial discrimination with computing department 0.689 faculty and/or staff who: - Have the same racial identity as me. Factor 7: Personal advantage(s)/pressure based on race (α = 0.437) I feel like people assume my performance in class reflects my racial group. 0.584 How much do you agree with the following statement: “My race advantages me in the field of 0.542 computing in terms of internships and job opportunities.” I feel like I must suppress aspects of myself to be successful in my computing department

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawna Dory, Pennsylvania State University; Luis Roberto Delgado Jr., Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Esther Gomez, Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Butler Velegol, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

counterparts, as marginalized faculty “socialized for success” may createpatterns of inequality [17]. Blair et al.’s study showed that STEM faculty members were notequipped to help disrupt current patterns of gender inequalities in STEM majors [17]. In relationto the Summer 2022 REU, we used interviews with women-identifying students to examinewhether faculty and graduate student mentor interactions contributed to or took away from asense of belonging in the Summer REU. Not only do negative student/faculty relationships playa role in determining the success of women STEM majors, but also women STEM major’spositive or negative interactions with their men-identifying peers. Another barrier to success that women majoring in STEM fields experience

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED) Technical Session 10: Teaming and Professional Skills

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Carrico, P.E., E4S, LLC; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Sreyoshi Bhaduri, ThatStatsGirl

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

characteristics of preparedness levels?To answer our research questions, we qualitatively analyzed semi-structured interviews with fiveundergraduate chemical engineering students at two different universities. We situated our studyin the Professional Pathways Model (PPM), which uses Sampson et al.’s Cognitive InformationProcessing Theory [24] as a lens for Eccles et al.’s Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT) of studentachievement motivation [25]. EVT has now become Situated Expectancy Value Theory (SEVT)which keeps the core concepts of EVT but recognizes situations within context [26]. However,PPM preceded SEVT so we retain EVT terminology. The PPM provides a comprehensive viewof the knowledge, values, and ability beliefs that students bring to bear in making

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Nagel, James Madison University; Melissa Aleman, James Madison University; Kelly Sadel

Students interacting with professors 4 Routine and Schedule Student discussion of utilizing a schedule, having a routine, or having a schedule. 5 Project Changes Student notation of changes with respect to projects as a result of the transition(s) induced by the pandemic. 6 Space Use with Respect Student discussions of the link between the use of space to Community and community. 7 Professor’s Reaching Any discussion of how professors connected with students Out / Adaptability / remained in contact with students / helped students with the

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Spencer Arbuckle, University of Waterloo; Patrick Andersen Angkiriwang; Joyceline Nathaniel; Rania Al-Hammoud P.Eng., University of Waterloo; Scott Walbridge P.E., University of Waterloo

Tagged Divisions

Architectural Engineering

4: A screenshot of the Miro AE Design Days Team showing Group 16’s board.Following the lunch break, the students participated in various activities to gain theircomponents. Four activities were created for the event and each activity was approximatelyone hour long. The activities were run over MS Teams and each activity had a channel “A”and channel “B” to allow multiple sessions of an activity to run at the same time. Groupswere randomly pre-assigned to activities and given an activity schedule to follow. For eachsession, there were three to four groups competing. The activities that the students attendedwere Trivi-AE, Sc-AE-venger Hunt, R-AE-ce to 50, and P-AE-per Bridge Competition. Theactivities were facilitated primarily by graduate

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Luis Enrique Guardia, Florida International University; Mais Kayyali, Florida International University; Alexandra Coso Strong, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

master’sthesis students were more concentrated above the mean. As such, master’s thesis students aremore likely to associate with this factor when considering their ideal mentor. While the samplesize for the master’s student population is small, this finding still may hold true, and warrantsfurther analysis with larger samples to ensure its validity. Figure 2: Mann-Whitney U Test Independent-Samples Histogram comparing Graduate Degrees to Value me as a person and my professional goalsRace/Ethnicity: In the demographics, students were asked to select the race(s) that they mostidentified with. Of the responses obtained, students identified as either African American orBlack (n=4), Asian (n=18), White (n=26), and Other

Conference Session

Innovative and Impactful Engineering Leadership Pedagogy

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Brett Tallman P.E., Montana State University, Bozeman; Werner Zorman, Harvey Mudd College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development

cultivate core interpersonal competenciesand identity. These competencies that are cultivated are essential for exercising relationalleadership. More importantly, the quality of these competencies reflects values of HILs, such asauthentic engagement and meaningful connection.The Human Interaction Lab is a powerful approach to learning that is grounded in identityliterature. This approach fills a need in the current state of engineering education: how tocultivate healthy, complex, and dignifying ways of engaging in professional community. Thisfinding has implications for engineering educators striving to cultivate not only effective, butliberating, ways of leading amongst their engineering students. REFERENCES[1] J. V. Farr, S. G. Walesh

Conference Session

Business and Professional Literacy Within Chemical Engineering

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kristen Ferris, University of New Mexico; Pil Kang, University of New Mexico; Madalyn Wilson-Fetrow, University of New Mexico; Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Eva Chi, University of New Mexico; Jamie Gomez, University of New Mexico; Yan Chen, University of New Mexico; Susannah C. Davis, University of New Mexico; Sang M. Han, University of New Mexico; Abhaya K. Datye, University of New Mexico

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

] K. L. Gunckel and S. Tolbert, "The imperative to move toward a dimension of care in engineering education," Journal of Research in Science Teaching, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 938- 961, 2018.[6] J. L. Hess, J. Strobel, R. Pan, and C. A. Wachter Morris, "Insights from industry: a quantitative analysis of engineers' perceptions of empathy and care within their practice," European Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1128-1153, 2017.[7] R. C. Campbell, K. Yasuhara, and D. Wilson, "Care ethics in engineering education: Undergraduate student perceptions of responsibility," in Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2012, 2012, pp. 1-6: IEEE.[8] J. Strobel, J. L. Hess, R. Pan, and C. A

Conference Session

Empathy and Human-centered Design 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Elizabeth Rose Pollack, Michigan State University ; Gavan Alexander Sarrafian, Michigan State University; Michele J. Grimm, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Conference Session

The Role of Peers in Promoting Learning and Persistence

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Neha Kardam, University of Washington; Shruti Misra, University of Washington; Morgan Anderson, University of Washington; Ziyan Bai, University of Washington; Denise Wilson, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Arielle Marie Rainey, Colorado School of Mines; Dina Verdin, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Jessica Mary Smith, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

facultyencouraged them to think creatively, and how they did not believe faculty went through classmaterial too fast [18]. Boone argues that first-generation students’ belongingness in reference tothese factors were higher than they were for continuing-education students. On the contrary,Benson et al.’s account of one white, male, first-generation student’s perspective on classroombelonging described how he felt faculty only resonated with how some students solved problemsand not all students, particularly those with access to skills and knowledge the student felt helacked [12].Socioeconomic background is often referenced alongside studies on first-generation collegestudents due to the general correlation between low socioeconomic background and first

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Describing the Engineering Student Learning Experience Based on CAEE Findings: Part 1

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Atman, University of Washington; Lorraine Fleming, Howard University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Karl Smith, University of Minnesota; Reed Stevens, University of Washington; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University; Christine Loucks-Jaret, University of Washington; Dennis Lund, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

educations and explore how misalignments betweenuniversity and workplace practices impact preparation and retention.This paper presents recent research results on the engineering student learning experience fromthe multiple campuses involved in the study. These summarized results—from the students'perspective(s)—present initial conclusions about significant themes. In the longer run, thesethemes will be synthesized across the results of this large study. Among other ideas, theseresults question the veracity of the pipeline metaphor that has been used to describe students’navigation through their education. The “leaky pipeline” metaphor has also been questioned byothers, including Watson and Froyd26 recently, who are calling for an alternative view

Conference Session

Programmatic Issues in Physics or Engineering Physics Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenn Ellis, Smith College; Mary Moriarty, Smith College; Gary Felder, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

or static. b. For kinetic friction, apply the rule Fkf = µk FN . c. For static friction, know when you can and can’t assume Fsf = µ s FN . (You only can assume this when something is at the threshold of slipping.) d. Do not assume FN = mg !Day 4 – Trigonometry1. Given some angles and/or sides of a triangle, find other angles, sides, and trigonometry functions using the Pythagorean theorem and SOHCAHTOA.2. Given a figure with angles labeled in one or more places, figure out what other angles in the figure must be equal to the given ones.3. Vector components a. Given the magnitude and angle of a vector, find its components. b. Given the components of a vector, find its magnitude and angle. c

Collection

2009 GSW

Authors

Amir Karimi

solving heat transfer problems. For example calculators replaced slide rulesin the early 1970’s as the basic computational tool for solving engineering problems. A fewyears later programmable calculators became available and modules containing basic solutions toheat transfer problems were developed for these calculators. In addition, authors began toinclude sections in their textbooks, introducing students to numerical techniques for solving heattransfer problems.Prior to the introduction of personal computers (PCs) in the early 1980’s, complex computercodes were needed for numerical solution of heat transfer problems. Access to mainframecomputers and proficiency in such programming languages as FORTRAN and PASCAL werenecessary for solving

Conference Session

Measuring Success of Graduate Program Components

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lokesh Padhye, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gretchen Goldman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Nadia Szeinbaum, Georgia Institute of Technology; Scott Rogers, Georgia Institute of Technology; Recep Goktas, Georgia Institute of Technology; Zohre Kurt, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Environmental Engineering (GT EnvE) ≠ Jenny Eaton, Administrative Coordinator for GT EnvE ≠ Kuo-Jen Liao, GT AEES Dialogue for Academic Excellence Committee (DAEC) ≠ Emily Lantrip, GT AEES DAECLast, but certainly not least, the authors would like to sincerely thank the entire GT EnvE studentpopulation and the GT EnvE faculty and staff who have been supportive in understandingstudent needs and concerns. Page 14.1237.15References1. Rogers, S., Noonan, J., Baek, J., Lee, S., Tezel, U., Michalski, G., Hou, C.-H., A successful student-initiated assessment method for an environmental engineering graduate program. Proceedings from ASEE's

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denny Davis, Washington State University; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Phillip Thompson, Seattle University; Jay McCormack, University of Idaho; Olakunle Harrison, Tuskegee University; Michael Trevisan, Washington State University; Robert Gerlick, Washington State University; Susannah Howe, Smith College

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experiences

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Rogers, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeremy Noonan, Purdue University; Jaemeen Baek, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sangil Lee, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ulas Tezel, Georgia Institute of Technology; Grant Michalski, Georgia Institute of Technology; Chia-Hung Hou, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

groups due to thelow response rates. There are also other validity concerns that are more specific to particularstudies.Table 1. Responses generated by some recent engineering education survey studies. Author(s) Response Rate Napp2 109 21.8% St. Clair & Baker3 369 14.8% Zydney et al.4 155 43.7% Baker et al.5 45 40.9% Brawner et al.6 586 (511 usable) 36.2% Puerzer & Rooney7 96 46.2