Conference Session

Data Analytics in Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew A. Verleger, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

- ests include Model-Eliciting Activities, online learning, and the development of software tools to facilitate student learning. Page 24.1338.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Using Natural Language Processing Tools to Classify Student Responses to Open-Ended Engineering Problems in Large ClassesPeer review can be a beneficial pedagogical tool for providing students both feedback and variedperspectives. Despite being a valuable tool, the best mechanism for assigning reviewers toreviewees is still often blind random assignment. This research represents

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division - General Technical Session 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenn W Ellis, Smith College; Yanning Yu, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

significant departure from the traditionalapproaches to engineering education and requires engaging learners in the kind of collaborativeknowledge work that is needed to solve complex problems. Knowledge building is aninstructional approach designed to meet this need.Knowledge building, as developed by Bereiter and Scardamalia, has been written aboutextensively, has formed the basis for considerable research, has been the conceptual focus of aninternational educational research community, and has led to the development of a web-basedtool (Knowledge Forum) designed to facilitate sustained discourse6-11. Although knowledgebuilding is being used around the world to prepare graduates to succeed in the knowledgeeconomy, its potential for reforming

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in the Sophomore Year

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

David L. Silverstein P.E., University of Kentucky; Sarah A Wilson, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

development. He is the recipient of several ASEE awards, including the Fahein award for young faculty teaching and educational scholarship, the Corcoran award for best article in the journal Chemical Engineering Education (twice), and the Martin award for best paper in the ChE Division at the ASEE Annual Meeting.Dr. Sarah A Wilson, University of Kentucky Sarah Wilson is a lecturer in the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at the University of Kentucky. She completed her bachelor’s degree at Rowan University in New Jersey before attending graduate school for her PhD at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst, MA. Sarah conducted her thesis research on the production of the anti-cancer compound Paclitaxel

Conference Session

Early ChemE Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill B Elmore, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

), pp. 63-66; http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2013.36.15 3. Thai N. T. T.; B. D. Wever; and M. Valcke; The impact of a flipped classroom design on learning performance in higher education:looking for the best “blend” of lectures and guiding questions with feedback; Computers & Education; 107 (2017), pp. 113-126; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.003 4. Gilboy, M.B.; S. Heinerichs; and G. Pazzaglia; Enhancing student engagement using the flipped classroom; J. of Nutrition Education & Behavior; 47(1); 2015. http//doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2014.08.008 5. Moust, J.H.C.; M.L. Volder; and H.J.P. Nuy; Peer teaching and higher level cognitive learning outcomes in problem-based

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL) Technical Session - Effective Teaching 4

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cade Person, Michigan State University; Christiana Kiesling, Michigan State University; George H. Berghorn, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

education (based on Fall 2022 enrollment data) were considered ineach state (n=100). The research team recognizes that there are other institutions beyond these100 teaching civil engineering and that using this set of institutions does not encompass allcoursework offered to students in the U.S. However, following this method enables a reasonablescope while still supporting evaluation of a broad cross-section of civil engineering programs.For the educational institutions identified, the online course catalogs were reviewed forundergraduate- and graduate-level engineering courses related to timber or wood. Course titlesand descriptions were screened for keywords, including “wood,” “timber,” “design,” and“engineering.” General civil engineering

Conference Session

Making Professionals: Methods to Build Success Skills

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

William D Lawson P.E., Ph.D., Texas Tech University; Theodore G. Cleveland, Texas Tech University; Ken Rainwater, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

professionalism, ethics, and trust/ trustworthiness in professional-client relationships. A licensed engineer with over 35 years experience in engineering education and practice, Dr. Lawson has provided project management and technical oversight for geotechnical, construction ma- terials, transportation, environmental, and facilities projects nationwide.Theodore G. Cleveland, Texas Tech University Dr. Cleveland combines laboratory and field methods with information management, experimental design, and computational modeling. He is an experimental researcher, modeler, and teacher. His technical background includes environmental and civil engineering, and his research work is focused on water resources problems encompassed in

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathalie Duval-Couetil, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Alanna Epstein, University of Michigan; Aileen Huang-Saad, Northeastern University

. We were also interested in how challenges might be overcome with moreresources and coordination. It is clear that many Nodes and Sites lack funding andexpertise necessary to do evaluation research, and the sharing of instruments andevaluation protocols could enhance evaluation and assessment activities. As I-Corpsenters a new phase of expansion, findings from this study will inform our ownevaluation work going forward, and allow us to share best practices with I-Corpseducators and administrators across the U.S. BACKGROUNDAcademic EntrepreneurshipMany institutions are actively investing in entrepreneurial ecosystems and initiatives toboost the involvement of faculty and graduate students in commercialization

Conference Session

WIED: Curricular Undergraduate Student Programs

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen B. Coletti, Northeastern University; Emily Olina Wisniewski; Rachel Lauren Shapiro, Northeastern University; Paul A. DiMilla, Northeastern University; Rachelle Reisberg, Northeastern University; Melinda Covert, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

the President of a high tech start-up company.Ms. Melinda Covert, Northeastern University Melinda Covert graduated in May of 2013 from Northeastern University with a Bachelor’s Degree in Chemical Engineering. During her time at Northeastern, she held two co-op positions at The Shaw Group (now Technip) and Dow Electronic Materials. Melinda is currently employed as a Process Design Engi- neer for Stantec Consulting in Albany, NY where she provides design services in the consumer healthcare, food, pharmaceutical, and chemical processing industries. Page 24.323.1 c American Society for

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Stephanie Laughton, The Citadel; Timothy A Wood, The Citadel

Timothy A Wood is an Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at The Citadel. He acquired a Bachelor’s in Engineering Physics Summa Cum Laude with Honors followed by Civil Engi- neering Master’s and Doctoral degrees from Texas Tech University. His technical research focuses on structural evaluation of buried bridges and culverts. He encourages students through an infectious enthu- siasm for engineering mechanics and self-directed, lifelong learning. He aims to recover the benefits of the classical model for civil engineering education through an emphasis on reading and other autodidactic practices. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 An Active Learning Case

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Solnosky, Pennsylvania State University; Moses Ling, Pennsylvania State University

. Solnosky is also a licensed Professional Engineer in PA. Ryan is also an advisor for Penn State’s National AEI Student Competition teams. His research interests include: integrated structural design methodologies and processes; Innovative methods for enhancing engineering education; and high performing wall enclosures. These three areas look towards the next generation of building engineering, including how systems are selected, configured and designed.Moses Ling (Teaching Professor) Educator © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Developing an AE Tutoring Engaging Advising & Mentoring (TEAM) Program: a Peer

Conference Session

Statics and Dynamics Topics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Saul, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Anna Howard, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Zo Webster, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Dan Spencer

assessments must be carefully integrated in course design and reveal the need for alarge scope of practice questions to enhance student learning.IntroductionAdaptive learning (AL) is a personalized learning approach that dynamically adjusts content,assessment, and feedback based on algorithms that monitor student progress, pace, orperformance. Learning analytics from AL systems enable instructors to adapt instruction basedon student needs and can identify at-risk students to provide interventions [1], [2]. ALcourseware provides students increased control and engagement, real-time feedback to developconfidence and improve grades, while increasing degree completion [3]–[5]. Notably, there isstrong potential that AL can disproportionately benefit

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Regina Ruby Clewlow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Afreen Siddiqi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Joseph M. Sussman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

education has started to focus onoffering courses, concentrations and degrees in engineering systems. MIT’s ESD program is aconcerted effort in this direction.ESD’s vision is to advance research in these areas and to also simultaneously impart knowledgeof established methods and approaches to our students for tackling such problems. To date, theseefforts have primarily been conducted at the graduate level, where a strong student response andinterest in our programs indicates a good measure of success (see Fig. 1). More broadly, outsideof MIT, many engineering systems educational initiatives are focused at the graduate level.5Similarly, there are numerous examples of junior or senior-level design courses that draw onsystems-based approaches, often

Conference Session

Programmatic Curriculum Developments

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

W.B. stouffer; Jeffrey Russell

education beyond the BS degree. The call for additionaleducation has in many ways shifted the focus away from what the policy is intended toaccomplish: building a new curriculum from the ground up. The committee in charge ofimplementing Policy Statement 465 is approaching the plan by addressing the body ofknowledge necessary for practice for the next generation of professional civil engineers. Thisincludes an undergraduate base and advanced graduate-level courses, not necessarily leading toan advanced degree. The focus is on acquiring a body of knowledge, whether through a practice-oriented MS or an approved set of advanced courses that do not lead to an advanced degree. For

Conference Session

K-12 and Outreach

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Suren Jayasuriya, Arizona State University; Ramana Pidaparti, University of Georgia; John M Mativo, University of Georgia; Kimberlee Ann Swisher, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

and effective ways to teaching and learning in STEM K-16. He is currently researching on best practices iKimberlee Ann Swisher, Arizona State University ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Southeast Section Conference Middle School Teachers Lesson Modules on Artificial Intelligence (AI) topics from Summer Workshop Kimberlee Swisher1, Suren Jayasuriya1, John Mativo2, and Ramana Pidaparti2 1 Arizona State University/ 2University of Georgia AbstractThrough a NSF funded ITEST program, labeled ImageSTEAM, a summer workshop

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elle Ann Kreiner, University of Maryland Baltimore County; Jamie R Gurganus, University of Maryland Baltimore County

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

engineeringhas increased from 18% to 21% [2], [3]. This 3% growth over a nearly two-decade period isindicative of larger social issues among institutions regarding women and other marginalizedstudents [4]. This observed lack of women and racial minority representation in STEM degreeattainment ultimately impacts representation in professional fields, which could lead to increasedgender and racial labor market inequality [4]. Minority retention research in engineeringeducation spaces is conducted to increase STEM graduation rates, which could be used as a toolin socioeconomic mobility for minority members [5]. This work in progress paper presents the preliminary results of a qualitative research andanalysis project conducted with the goal of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Ofori-Boadu, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (CoE); Rabiatu Bonku; Mercy Fash; Jennifer Richmond-Bryant, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Alesia Ferguson

students with diverse characteristics in e-learning environments. Pass/fail policies should be carefully designed and implemented tominimize negative impacts on motivation. Employers should expand orientation and mentoringprograms for entry-level employees, particularly for laboratory-based tasks. Research is neededto improve the delivery of STEM laboratory e-learning experiences. Findings inform futureresearch, as well as best practices for improved institutional adaptability and resiliency. Thesewill minimize disruptions to student functioning and performance, reduce attrition, andstrengthen progression into the STEM workforce during high-risk conditions such as pandemics.With caution, findings may be extended to non-STEM and non-student

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Pedagogy and Innovation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter McDonald, Virginia Tech; Daniel S Brogan, Virginia Tech; Vinod K. Lohani, Virginia Tech; Randel L. Dymond, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

the LEWAS into freshman- level courses at Virginia Western Community College and a senior level hydrology course at Virginia Tech.Mr. Daniel S Brogan, VIrginia Tech Daniel S. Brogan is a PhD student, advised by Dr. Lohani, in Engineering Education with BS and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering. He has completed several graduate courses in engineering education pertinent to this research. He is the key developer of the OWLS and leads the LEWAS lab development and implementation work. He has mentored two NSF/REU Site students in the LEWAS lab. He assisted in the development and implementation of curricula for introducing the LEWAS at VWCC including the development of pre-test and post-test assessment questions

Conference Session

Capstone Projects and Experiential Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cliff R. Mirman, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

a very advanced topic for the railroad industry. There are many safety and power issuesthat the research team examined. The railroad industry wanted to utilize the fuel cell as anauxiliary source of energy, thus, employing a smaller, more efficient diesel power plant toprovide power. The net result would be a cost and fuel savings over various regions and terrains.The design team determined that an SOFC (solid oxide) cell was best for this purpose. On boardgasification of biodiesel will be used for the fuel. Major components include SOFC, gasifier, gascleaning, heat exchangers for heat recovery/preheating and cooling. This cooling system has toremove heat from the fuel cell stack using bi-polar plates and remove heat from electric motorsand

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica J. Lofton, University of Evansville

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

camp for high school girls has included an internationalexperience on two occasions. University students act as counselors and mentors, allowing thecamp to impact young women at multiple educational stages. Testaments from past participantsand counselors depict the experience as inspirational and positively transforming perceptions ofSTEM. Participants have pursued STEM degrees, including graduate degrees, and workedprofessionally as engineers after attending the camp.This paper presents the best practices, challenges, and successes of the camp as it has adapted tonew generations of participants and advances in engineering and technology. Originally createdto increase the representation of women in engineering, the camp exposes participants to

Conference Session

Frontiers in Engineering Management

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

response system for returning accurate quotes quicklyoffering a better chance of winning the business; this is especially true with a rush or highpriority order. Rashdi23 (1996) stated three critical factors in a MTO company’s planning andcontrol system: assigning due dates to customer orders, timing for releasing a job to the shopfloor, and setting the priority of the job for processing. Research by Destefani12 (2005) found thatthree management principles gave job shops the best prospects to improve their competitivenessand succeed. They included focus on reducing delivery time, bring critical outsourced productionprocesses back in-house, and adopt the continuous manufacturing flow philosophy. Any toolshop could easily make these improvements

Conference Session

Simulation and Virtual Instrumentation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Uhlig, National University; Shekar Viswanathan, National University; John Watson, National University; Howard Evans, National University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Watson teaches computer science and software engineering courses as an associate professor at National University (La Jolla, CA) while continuing research in the areas of human and machine cognition. He holds a joint doctoral degree in Education with emphasis on education technology and multicultural education from Claremont Graduate University and San© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Diego State University. His research work in metacognitive analysis has garnered a number of awards, including Phi Delta Kappa's 2002 Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation, and the top Award in Educational Research for the California State University. Dr. Watson has a B.A. in Economics

Conference Session

K-12 Teachers: PD, Implementation, and Beyond

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amber Leigh McFarland Kendall, Tufts University; Kristen Bethke Wendell Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, Boston

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2012-4068: UNDERSTANDING THE BELIEFS AND PERCEPTIONSOF TEACHERS WHO CHOOSE TO IMPLEMENT ENGINEERING-BASEDSCIENCE INSTRUCTIONMs. Amber Leigh McFarland Kendall, Tufts University Amber Kendall is a doctoral student in science education at Tufts University and a Graduate Research As- sistant with the Center for Engineering Education and Outreach. She graduated from North Carolina State University as a Park Scholar with a B.A. in physics. Her passion for STEM education is long-standing, but she was inspired to pursue her graduate degree after three years spent teaching physics to high-school freshman. Beside engineering-design-based curricula, her interests include scientific representations and modeling, and women in

Conference Session

Power Engineering & Curriculum Innovations

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valentina Cecchi, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Courtney S Smith-Orr, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Paras Mandal, University of Texas at El Paso; Sukumar Kamalasadan

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

African American women in engineering,minority recruitment and retention, and best practices for culturally diverse teaching.Dr. Paras Mandal, The University of Iowa Paras Mandal is an Assistant Professor of industrial, manufacturing, and systems engineering at the Uni- versity of Texas, El Paso. Mandal obtained a doctoral degree in interdisciplinary intelligent systems engineering. His teaching and research interests iSukumar Kamalasadan ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Power Engineering Curriculum Update with Situative Pedagogy and Concept Maps as Evaluation Tool V. Cecchi*, C. Smith-Orr*, P. Mandal**, S. Kamalasadan* * Electrical &

Conference Session

Project Based and Experiential Learning in Manufacturing

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Derek Yip-Hoi, Western Washington University; Sura Alqudah, Western Washington University

instruction with future offerings. The impact on learning and skillsdevelopment as determined through assessment of course outcomes will also be discussed.Relevant Prior Research on Senior Capstone Project ExperiencesOne of the Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs) published by the Accreditation Board forEngineering and Technology (ABET) states that engineering students should have the "ability toapply engineering design to produce solutions that meet specified needs with consideration ofpublic health, safety, and welfare, as well as global, cultural, social, environmental, and economicfactors" [1]. Senior capstone courses are used as a summative assessment for this outcome becauseof the real-world problems the students face during the course series [2

Conference Session

How Communities and Systems Influence Equity: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marissa Tsugawa, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Brady Webster; Sakshi Solanki, Utah State University; Autumn Cuellar; Catherine Spence, Minnesota State University, Mankato

“promotesability preference” [6, p. 2].The purpose of this paper is to examine the ableist structures of higher education that limit accessto engineering education. In this examination, we present ● a definition of disability and neurodivergence, ● a brief history of ableist educational structures in the U.S., and ● engineering student narratives pertaining to their experiences with disability and neurodivergence in engineering education.We then discuss pathways forward in engineering education for adapting more accessiblepedagogical practices and paradigm shifts in disability and neurodiversity research design.2. Disability and NeurodivergenceDisability is fluid and contextual rather than biological… disability, if understood as constructed

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Joan A. Burtner; Benjamin S. Kelley; Allen F. Grum

molecular & ionic equations mole concept significant figures limiting reactants molar concentration quantitative analysis percentage yield gas laws The goal of this section of the course was to empower the student with chemistry knowledge and confidence through study, understanding, practice, and association to perform at a higher level that would otherwise have been accomplished in Mercer’s freshman chemistry offerings. Whenever possible, we emphasized active learning. For example, Mr. Craig Anderson, Mercer’s Engineering Education Specialist

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josef Rojter, Victoria University of Tech.

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

impact of globalization can be viewed as a revolution in the organization of work, production of goods and services. The homogenization of productive activity had meant that engineers had to move their gaze from local perspective to a world-view; 2. Applied Information and Communication Technologies. Professional engineering discourses were now separated by time-zones not time of travel; 3. Environmental Sustainability. Increasing international accountability for sustainable practices meant that professional engineers needed to possess global environmental sensitivities; and 4. Advances in Biological Technologies. Engineering graduates needed broader scientific literacy. In a similar vein to other

Conference Session

Advancing Equity in STEM Academia: Insights and Strategies

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Leon Henry, University of California, Irvine; Natascha Trellinger Buswell, University of California, Irvine; Eva Fuentes-Lopez, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

) have many names across institution types, such as lecturer, professor ofteaching etcetera, the findings of this research project have the potential to better inform bothUniversity's support of and inclusion for Latine students on the pathway to the professoriate. Byunderstanding how students experience the transition from the role of the graduate student intothe role of a professor, we can offer Ph.D. granting institutions valuable information about how 5to best support their minoritized students and their minoritized faculty. Additionally, to thoseeither on or on the track to this pathway, this research offers a roadmap that can illuminate

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kathrine Ehrlich-Scheffer, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

background research we also know that Gen Z students are highlyrelational, have a general disdain for email, and much prefer shorter bursts of communication viasocial media platforms or messaging apps [5]. We hoped that student focus groups might shedsome light on practices our program might employ to market our offerings to these students moreeffectively.Focus Group MethodologyThis study followed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, initiated quantitatively bythe needs assessment survey, then followed by student focus groups and contextual interviewswith a sampling of campus clubs, programs and organizations in order to qualitatively explainand better understand the survey results [10].The full results of the survey were previously

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 4

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lily Liang, University of the District of Columbia; Briana Lowe Wellman, University of the District of Columbia; Rui Kang

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

dozens of graduate and undergraduate students in research and K-12 outreach activities and is the Director of the Excellence in Computing and Information Technology Education (ExCITE) program. She is a fellow of the Center for the Advancement of STEM Leadership Program (CASL) and the Opportunities for Under-Represented Scholars (OURS) post-graduate institutional leadership certificate program and an alumna of the Frontiers of Engineering Education program (FOEE) of the National Academy of Engineering. She has been serving on the Project Kaleidoscope (PKAL) Capital Area Regional Network steering committee since 2016Dr. Briana Lowe Wellman, University of the District of Columbia Dr. Briana Lowe Wellman is an