Conference Session

Building Blocks for Public Policy in Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Haight, Pennsylvania State University; Richard Devon, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

indicators. He is a professional member of ASSE, AIHA and the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.Richard Devon, Pennsylvania State University Devon is Professor of Engineering Design and the Director of the Engineering Design Program in the School for Engineering Design, Technology, and Professional Programs at The Pennsylvania State University, where he has received several teaching awards. He has directed both the Pennsylvania Space Grant Program and the Science, Technology, and Society Program at Penn State. Devon currently focuses on design education, global programs, and design topics such as design ethics, innovative design, and conceptual design communications

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annette Mallory Donawa; Clifton Martin, Morgan State University; Carl White, Morgan State University

minority students to pursue advanced degrees in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Ms. Mallory Donawa has more than 20 years of experience in industry, government and academic organizations. Upon degree completion, her goal is to create a Critical Thinking Institute.Clifton Martin, Morgan State UniversityCarl White, Morgan State University Dr. Carl White, Professor, has been teaching at Morgan State University for 18 years in the Electrical Engineering Department. He is the Director of CAMRA, and has directed the PACE program for the past 17 years

Conference Session

Technical Issues in Architectural Engineering I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Dong, Cal Poly-San Luis Obispo; Thomas Leslie, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

2006-1289: CROSS-DISCIPLINE, CROSS-COUNTRY: A COLLABORATIVEDESIGN STUDIO INTEGRATING ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERINGKevin Dong, Cal Poly-San Luis Obispo Kevin Dong, S.E. is an Associate Professor of Architectural Engineering (ARCE) at Cal Poly – San Luis Obispo. For the past five years he has been teaching classes that emphasize structural systems and structural design to various majors (Architecture, Architectural Engineering, and Construction Management) within the College of Environmental Design and Architecture. His class work utilizes his 13 years of experience with Ove Arup & Partners (ARUP), where he worked in both the San Francisco and London offices. As an Associate with ARUP he worked on

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gail H Keraga, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Tracy N Schierenbeck, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Linda McCloskey, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Richard Smith, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

clear understanding of customer needs and communication. Other factorsthat have influenced the need for leadership in the last decade include the evolution of the globalworkforce, the influence of information technology on the interaction among virtual teams, andthe recognition that understanding of ethical implications of engineering is paramount to long-term professional development. Page 11.358.2The idea to formalize activities related to student leadership at Rensselaer actually was initiatedby the Rensselaer Union, which is the self-supporting and self-governing student organizationthat controls, finances, and organizes student activities

Conference Session

Building Communities for Engineering Education Research

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Adams, Purdue University; Philip Bell, University of Washington; Cheryl Allendoerfer, University of Washington; Helen Chen, Stanford University; Larry Leifer, Stanford University; Lorraine Fleming, Howard University; Bayta Maring, University of Washington; Dawn Williams, Howard University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Washington Philip Bell is an associate professor of Cognitive Studies in Education at the University of Washington where he directs the ethnographic and design-based research of the Everyday Science and Technology Group (http://everydaycognition.org). As a learning scientist, he has studied everyday science expertise and learning, the use of digital technologies within youth culture, children's argumentation, the design of novel learning technologies, and approaches to inquiry instruction in science. Bell has a background in human cognition and development, science education, and electrical engineering and computer science.Helen Chen, Stanford University Helen L. Chen is a

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Alley, Virginia Tech; Jenny Lo, Virginia Tech; Whitney Edmister, Virginia Tech

Commission Report has urged universities to “make research-based learningthe standard” for the education of undergraduates [1]. Also calling for more research byundergraduates in science, technology, engineering and mathematics are the National ScienceFoundation [2], the American Association for the Advancement of Science [3], and the NationalResearch Council [4]. Participation in research not only deepens a student’s understanding inscience, mathematics, engineering, and technology, but also promotes communication andteamwork to solve complex problems [5]. As stated by the Reinvention Center at Stony Brook[6], “When undergraduates working alongside faculty participate in the generation of knowledgeor artistic creation, they join the university’s

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theodor Richardson, University of South Carolina; Dayle Lytle, Richland County School District One; Jed Lyons, University of South Carolina; Mitch Wyatt, Richland County School District One

2006-1267: AN OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF ONLINE ACADEMY SECURITYAND CONSTRUCTIONTheodor Richardson, University of South CarolinaJed Lyons, University of South CarolinaDayle Lytle, Richland County School District OneMitch Wyatt, Richland County School District One Page 11.208.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 An Overview and Analysis of Online Academy Security and Construction Paper 2006-1267AbstractWith the increasing ability for students to enrich educational experiences with online content andthe move toward virtual schools, Richland County School District One has taken the initiative todevelop a complete online

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Dahm, Rowan University; Roberta Harvey, Rowan University; Brian Lefebvre, Rowan University; Heidi Newell, Rowan University; James Newell, Rowan University

Junior/Senior Clinics20. In these courses, students work independently in teams onsemester-long and sometimes multi-year projects. Many of the projects involve externalfunding, real clients and sponsors, and actual product development. For example, student teamsunder the supervision of chemical engineering faculty have worked on emerging topics includingenhancing the compressive properties of Kevlar, examining the performance of polymer fiber-wrapped concrete systems, advanced vegetable processing technology, metals purification,combustion, membrane separation processes and other areas of interest. Every engineeringstudent participates in these projects and benefits from hands-on learning, exposure to emergingtechnologies, industrial contact

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamisra Sanyal, University of Cincinnati

2006-2025: EFFECTIVE TEACHING OF PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS USINGLOW RESOLUTION (CHARACTER) GRAPHICSTamisra Sanyal, University of Cincinnati Tamisra H. Sanyal holds the position of Assistant Professor in the Department of Information Technology, College of Applied Science, University of Cincinnati. Prior to joining his present position he held teaching positions in Penn State Altoona College and in Monroe Community College (Rochester, NY). He has taught introductory and advanced programming courses in a variety of high level languages as well as courses in Data Structures, Networking, Computer applications, Unix, Discrete Mathematics, Linear Algebra, and Physics. He is interested in working

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger King, Mississippi State University; Kirk Schulz, Mississippi State University; Donna Reese, Mississippi State University; Noel Schulz, Mississippi State University

2006-1548: A THIRD YEAR REVIEW OF THE FACULTY DEVELOPMENTPROGRAM AT MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITYDonna Reese, Mississippi State University Dr. Donna Reese is Associate Dean for Academics and Administration in the James Worth Bagley College of Engineering at Mississippi State UniversityKirk Schulz, Mississippi State University Dr. Kirk Schulz is Dean of Engineering in the James Worth Bagley College of Engineering at Mississippi State UniversityNoel Schulz, Mississippi State University Dr. Noel Schulz is an Associate Professor and holder of the TVA Professorship in Power Systems in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Mississippi State UniversityRoger King, Mississippi State

Conference Session

Design for Manufacture and Industry

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Semke, University of North Dakota; Richard Schultz, University of North Dakota; James Albrecht, Imation Corp.; Jason Moses, Imation Corp.; Peter Ridl, Imation Corp.

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Electrical Engineering connection waswith image processing and machine vision, in which Dr. Richard R. Schultz performsresearch in digital signal and image processing and analysis with his students. This fit wellwith the development of machine vision technologies at Imation for quality assurance andquality control, as well as the desire to increase the inspection rate and accuracy within theirproduction line. The Mechanical Engineering connection occurred with the Vibration andPrecision Engineering Laboratory (VPEL), where Dr. William Semke and his students workon multiple contemporary research projects in ultra-precision technologies, space hardwaredesign, precision vibration control, and smart actuator development. Initially, Imation had

Conference Session

Trend in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virendra Varma, Missouri Western State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

2006-34: DESIGN-BUILD APPROACH TO PROJECT DELIVERY: THE CHECKSAND BALANCES IN THE OVERALL CONSTRUCTION PROCESSVirendra Varma, Missouri Western State University Virendra K. Varma, PhD,PE,F.ASCE, is Professor of Construction, and Chairman of the Department of Engineering Technology at Missouri Western State University. He is the Chair of the ASEE Construction Engineering Division. He is a Past President of MSPE-NW Chapter of the National Society of Professional Engineers, and a Past President of ACI-Missouri. He served on the TAC/ABET Commission as a commissioner from 1998-2003. He is an Instructor of the SEMA-MO ATC-20 course on Earthquake Damage Assessment (Structural), and is also an ACI

Conference Session

Teaching Innovation in Arch Engineering II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gouranga Banik, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

2006-990: STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT TEACHING AND PROFESSORSGouranga Banik, Southern Polytechnic State University Page 11.1169.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Students’ Attitudes towards Construction Management Teaching and Professors Gouranga C. Banik, Ph.D., P.E. Associate Professor School of Architecture, Civil Engineering Technology & Construction Southern Polytechnic State University Marietta, GA 30060AbstractStudent evaluation of faculty has perhaps the

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dennis Robbins, Borough of Manhattan Community College/CUNY; Mahmoud Ardebili, Borough of Manhattan Community College/CUNY

study are in agreement with statement from thereport “Improving Undergraduate Instruction in Science, Technology, Engineering, andMathematics” (2003).Instructors of engineering thermodynamics courses might assess their own students’understanding of heat and temperature. Our study suggests that most students might notbe prepared for the more advanced concepts as they may have undeveloped views of heatand temperature and their problem-solving abilities need more enhancement thantraditional introductory physics courses have provided them. To overcome students’shortcomings, instructors should address these issues at the beginning of the term. Oneapproach is to conduct a set of inquiry–based activities such as Real Time Physics13,which focus on heat

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camilla Saviz, University of the Pacific; Abel Fernandez, University of the Pacific; Michael Golanbari, University of the Pacific; Rahim Khoie, University of the Pacific; Kyle Watson, University of the Pacific

County(UMBC)3 comparing retention rates of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics(STEM) students with those at other highly selective institutions found 57 and 65 percent 6-yeargraduation rates at UMBC and at the other institutions, respectively, during the period 1995 to1998. Six-year graduation rates of under-represented minorities (African-American, Hispanic,Native Americans) were markedly lower at the highly selective institutions, ranging from 31 to34 percent 4. In 2002, women earned 20.5 percent of the engineering baccalaureate degreesawarded, and underrepresented minorities earned 11.6 percent of engineering degrees awarded5.However, despite overall progress in increasing numbers of students entering engineering, theproportion

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hong Zhang, Rowan University; Ying Tang, Rowan University; Courtney Richmond, Rowan University; Patricia Mosto, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

2006-1699: BUILDING AN INTERACTIVE MOBILE AQUA PROBE SYSTEMHong Zhang, Rowan UniversityYing Tang, Rowan UniversityCourtney Richmond, Rowan UniversityPatricia Mosto , Rowan University Page 11.295.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Building an Interactive Mobile Aqua Probe SystemI. Introduction Monitoring biological parameters of a body of water is important to assess the effectof pollution and overall health of an ecosystem. Traditional methods of manuallycollecting samples are tedious, time consuming and a poor use of resources. In contrast tothis method, mounting sensors and dataloggers1, 5 in the field allows continuousmonitoring of specific, static

Conference Session

Ensuring Access to K - 12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tremayne Waller, Virginia Tech; Sharnnia Artis, Virginia Tech; Bevlee Watford, Virginia Tech; Tasha Zephirin, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

- College PipelineAbstractSeveral researchers have indicated that African American college student numbers are rising inhigher education. However, issues in preparedness to enter college and little knowledge of theuniversity system remain extant with many minority groups. Also, these underrepresented groupsare less likely to enter science-related fields. Thus, it is critical that administrators in highereducation and other stake-holder groups develop incentives to encourage, support, and assist pre-college underrepresented students to pursue degrees in the science, technology, engineering, andmath fields (STEM).This paper focuses on a pre-college program targeted towards African American pre-collegestudents and sponsored by the Virginia Tech

Conference Session

FPD8 -- Systems, Nanotechnology & Programming

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Youssef Allam, Ohio State University; David Tomasko, Ohio State University; John Merrill, Ohio State University; Bruce Trott, Ohio State University; Phil Schlosser, Ohio State University; Paul Clingan, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

structures by self- assembly at interfaces. Page 11.856.8 Nano-Structured Sheikh A.. Department of Materials The emerging field of nano-ceramics 3 Ceramics for Akbar Science & Engineering and nano-technology; some potential Chemical Sensing applications with an emphasis on chemical sensors; the challenges and

Conference Session

Integrating H&SS in Engineering I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Riley, Smith College; Lionel Claris, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

field in western science, and of non-Western thermodynamic technologies • The ability to relate thermodynamic principles to everyday life • The ability to think critically about thermodynamics and engineering ethics • The ability to assess and direct their own learning, and to reflect on that process.Liberative pedagogies were employed in thermodynamics because of their emphasis on process,with attention to the establishment of a community of intentional learners, and buildingtransformative student-student and student-faculty relationships. The use of such pedagogies canaddress a series of contradictions in traditional engineering education that are implicitly at workwhen learning becomes detached from student experience

Conference Session

Technical Issues in Architectural Engineering II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suining Ding, Indiana University Purdue University-Fort Wayne (Eng)

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Teaching Dynamics of Cultural Dimensions In Design To Create Sustainable Environment: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Of ArchitectureAbstract Sustainable design is the concept that recognizes human civilization as an integral part ofthe natural world, and that nature must be preserved if the human community itself is to survive.Cultural dimensions of design are the tangible and intangible aspects of cultural systems that arevalued by or representative of, a given culture and reflected in the built environment [12]. Therewas no existing course in our curriculum to cover the topic of culture and design. Therefore, it isnecessary to develop a new

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Jacobson, Iowa State University

2006-1998: COMPUTER SECURITY SUMMER CAMP FOR HIGH SCHOOLSTUDENTSDouglas Jacobson, Iowa State University Dr. Doug Jacobson Associate Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University Ames, IA 50011 Page 11.345.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Computer Security Summer Camp for High School StudentsAbstractIowa State University’s Information Assurance Center and the Iowa Chapter of InfraGard arecollaborating to give juniors and seniors in High School an opportunity to visit ISU for a threeday summer camp to gain knowledge in computer security. The camp has been offered

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronnie Bolick, North Carolina A&T State University; Vijay Krishnan, North Carolina A&T State University; William Craft, North Carolina A&T State University; Ajit Kelkar, North Carolina A&T State University

, VA as a result of a winning proposal submitted from theAIAA and a 6-university team in response to a broad agency announcement. Our proposalemphasized these four imperatives to: • Conduct leading edge aerospace & atmospheric science research and develop revolutionary new technologies by creating innovative, collaborative, synergistic partnerships among NASA’s Langley Research Center, academia, and industry, • Provide comprehensive graduate and continuing education in science and engineering by using both a local campus and exploiting innovative distance-learning concepts, • Incubate and stimulate the commercialization of new intellectual property developed through the Institute's activities, including radical ideas and disruptive

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Thompson, Oklahoma State University; Mwarumba Mwavita, Oklahoma State University

2006-946: HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR AMONG FRESHMEN ENGINEERINGSTUDENTS: A PREDICTOR OF CALCULUS PERFORMANCEDavid Thompson, Oklahoma State University Academic background: Ph.D., Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University. M.S. Agricultural Engineering, Purdue University. B.S. Agricultural Engineering, Purdue University. David R. Thompson has expertise in the education and continuing education of engineers and in the storage, handling and processing of food. In his present position, his scholarly work has focused on student success and retention in engineering, engineering technology and architecture. He has extensive experience in the thermal processing and freezing of foods with

Conference Session

Teaching Innovation in Arch Engineering II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stan Guidera, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

2006-974: INTEGRATING STUDY ABROAD AND COOPERATIVE EDUCATION:A CASE STUDYStan Guidera, Bowling Green State University DR. STAN GUIDERA is an Associate Professor in the Architecture/Environmental Design Studies Program in the College of Technology at Bowling Green State University. He teaches design studios, advanced CAD and computer modeling courses, and advanced computer rendering and animation classes. He is a registered architect and has used computer-aided design extensively in design studios as well as in professional practice. Page 11.793.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006

Conference Session

Building Communities for Engineering Education Research

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech; Ruth Streveler, Colorado School of Mines; Nancy Chism, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Karl Smith, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

organization as well as outstanding teaching awards at both Ohio State and Indiana Universities. Dr. Chism has been involved in several engineering education projects, including the assessment of the Gateway Coalition and the current Rigorous Research in Engineering Education project. Her publications are about many topics in teaching and learning and professoinal development in higher education, including assessment, instructional technology, diversity, and physical spaces for learning.Karl Smith, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities KARL A. SMITH is Morse-Alumni Distinguished Teaching Professor and Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Minnesota. His research and development interests

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K. V. Sudhakar, Universidad de las Americas-Puebla; Tadeusz Majewski, Universidad de las Americas-Puebla; Luis Maus, Universidad de las Americas-Puebla

, Handbook for Laboratory of Vibrations, Publishing House of Warsaw University of Technology 2004 5. T.Majewski, R.Sokolowska, Vibration mechanics for the pendulum with oscillating pivot, 5th International Conference MECHATRONICS2004, Warsaw 2004, Poland 6. T.Majewski, V.Sudhakar, Experimental verification of properties of vibrating systems, Global Congress on Engineering and Technology Education 2005, Santos, Brazil Page 11.767.14

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Frehill, New Mexico State University; Ricardo Jacquez, New Mexico State University; Lauren Ketcham, New Mexico State University; Amanda Lain, New Mexico State University; Heather Williams, New Mexico State University; Rose Pena, New Mexico State University

ensure minority students’ success.NMSU’s LSAMP Bridge to the Doctorate ProgramInitiated in 2003, the NMSU Bridge to the Doctorate Program represented an extension of the Page 11.940.2highly-successful LSAMP program further along the educational pipeline. Previously, AMPefforts had focused on transitions between high school and college and between 2-year and 4-year institutions to recruit and retain talented under represented minority (URM) students inscience, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. The Bridge program sought tomove high-performing graduates of AMP programs into masters programs with the ultimate goalof supporting

Conference Session

Engineering Without Borders Programs Involving Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Johnson, Valparaiso University; Sarah DeMaris, Valparaiso University; Doug Tougaw, Valparaiso University

Tagged Divisions

International

, International Engineering Program, The University of Rhode Island, http://www.uri.edu/iep/, January 2006.2. DeWinter, U.J., “Science and Engineering Education Abroad: An Overview,” Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, fall 1997, Vol.3, No.2, pp.181-197.3. Jones, D.K., Peng, A., Moreau-Jones, T.M., “International Exchange Program with China: The First-Year Experience of Engineering Technology Students,” Proceedings of the 2005 Annual Conference and Exposition, Montreal, June 2005.4. Budny, D. and Larkin, T. “Summer International Experience for First Year Students,” Proceedings of the 2005 Annual Conference and Exposition, Portland, OR, June 2005.5. Steffen, G.D., Hack, I. “Preliminary Investigation into

Conference Session

FPD1 -- Implementing a First-Year Engineering Course

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Hagenberger, Valparaiso University; Barbara Engerer, Valparaiso University; Doug Tougaw, Valparaiso University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

2006-1360: REVISION OF A FIRST-SEMESTER COURSE TO FOCUS ONFUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERINGMichael Hagenberger, Valparaiso University Michael Hagenberger is an Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering at Valparaiso University. His area of scientific research is reinforced and prestressed concrete structures and his teaching interests include first-year courses and the use of scientific visualization technology in undergraduate engineering course.Barbara Engerer, Valparaiso University Barbara Engerer is the Freshman Engineering Coordinator at Valparaiso University. She advises the freshman engineering students and coordinates the first-year courses. She was the first woman to receive a national

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa Sumpter, Purdue University; Deborah Follman, Purdue University; Mica Hutchison, Purdue University

first-year engineering students.IntroductionSelf-efficacy—an individual’s belief in his or her ability to perform certain tasks1—canaffect one’s overall effort, persistence in overcoming obstacles, and the choices he or shemakes in either a positive or negative manner. Studies of undergraduate students inscience, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields have linked theirpersistence2-9, achievement2,3,10,11, and interest2,10-13 in their disciplines to their self-efficacy beliefs. For example, many women who leave STEM programs have lessconfidence in their abilities than those who stay in the programs (“stayers”), despiteearning similar grades8,14,15. Moreover, female stayers possess lower self-efficacyperceptions than their male