Conference Session

Focus on ETAC Accreditation

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Thomas M. Hall Jr., Northwestern State University of Louisiana; Scott Danielson, Arizona State University; April Chit Cheung, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

“actions” has been added to Criterion 4, beginningin this accreditation cycle (2020-2021) to recognize that continuous improvement has both input(results of assessment and evaluation) and output (actions).] For the remainder of this paper, wewill discuss each of the last three requirements of Criterion 4 by reviewing common problemsand suggesting simple processes for maximizing value of the effort spent.Assessment – Data Collection and Preparation FailuresIn a culture of assessment only, programs can spend inordinate time in data collection leading tono action plans for program improvement. As a result, considerable time is consumed inassessment with no improvement in student learning, that is, no added value. In thisenvironment, faculty consider

Conference Session

Empathy and Human-Centered Design 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Pamela L Dickrell, University of Florida; Lilianny Virguez, University of Florida; Andrea Goncher, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

team High whose members together provide leadership, create a collaborative and inclusive environment, establish goals, plan tasks, and meet objectives 6. An ability to develop and conduct Low appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use engineering judgment to draw conclusions 7. An ability to acquire and apply new Low knowledge as needed, using appropriate learning strategies Table 1: Relation of course content to ABET Program OutcomesStudent Makers Skills and Course ReflectionWhile the majority of this paper is on the structure and content of the course, a one-question, pre-and post-survey relating to makerspace skills is included to initially reflect upon

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in the Sophomore Year

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

David L. Silverstein P.E., University of Kentucky; Sarah A Wilson, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. Consider how your lectures will proceed before recording or transmitting them in order to optimize their length. Are there images or equations that would be just as effective if presented in their final form, or should you plan to develop those as you might in a face-to-face course?. Remember students have a pause button they do not have in a live class where writing and reflective time is important. Shorter videos also ease your burden as there is less cost associated with technical glitches or individual errors that can wipe out a recording in process. 6. Accountability and Engagement. Consider how you can incorporate low-stakes assessments or other activities into your instructional materials to keep

Collection

2017 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Diana Easton

the students between universities and across course offerings and enables thebasis for university accreditation compliance. Proceedings of the 2017 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Section Annual Conference Organized by The University of Texas at Dallas Copyright © 2017, American Society for Engineering Education 2017 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Section Annual ConferenceFigure 2 Biodevelopment Academic ModelThe proposed academic program is intended to augment the technical engineering education andcan be integrated as part of a Regulatory Engineering Masters of Science degree plan, as atraditional engineering Master’s degree concentration, as a medical device

Collection

2020 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Jennifer A O'Neil

-basedapproach where students conducted an experiment to investigate the cooling of pizza. Studentshad to apply the 1st Law of Thermodynamics and fundamental heat transfer principles, such asconduction and convection, to determine the optimal temperature to eat the pizza and anestimated delivery time.To date the author has implemented the project into her course twice and plans to conduct a morein-depth study in the future. Preliminary results indicate the developed module increased studentengagement in, and understanding of, heat transfer topics. Exam scores between the sections thatcompleted the module and did not complete the module were also compared to providequantitative data regarding increased learning effectiveness. Preliminary findings

Collection

2019 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Alana Gorski; Hannah Gross; Masoud Mojtahed Mojtahed

andcompleted during the summer, students used data analysis to plan manufacturing techniques.The FEA run during the summer research season was done in two categories, static force analysisand thermal analysis. During both the static force and thermal analysis series, students used a finetetrahedral mesh consisting of over 50,000 elements of one centimeter in size, illustrated in Figure6. During the static force analysis, shown in (Figures 5.a-5.c), a pressure of 240 MPa was used asthe applied load along with the attachment boundary conditions from the 2019 chassis. The resultsof each FEA run in the structural analysis series showed minimal deflection, low stresses, and lowstrains in the structure, with the exception of the joints. The joints showed

Collection

2019 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Kishore Chidella; Srikanth Gampa; Abdulrahman Almohaimeed

, and project activities to evaluate students’ performance. Theoutline of CS 594L course for fall semesters between 2014-2018 is presented in Table 1.Table 1. CS 594L Lab Plan for a Fall Semester Week Labs/Activities 1 Lab 01: Get acquainted with 68000 family microprocessors and IDE68K suite 2 Lab 02: Implement 68000 Assembly language sub-routine 3 Lab 03: Capture and handle 680x0 exceptions and interrupts 4 Lab 04: Program I/O devices for 680x0 microprocessors 5 Lab 05: Program 680x0 internal timer to generate interrupts 6 Lab 06: Compare the executable files from Assembly and C Programs Lab 07: Get acquainted with CodeWarrior

Collection

2020 Mid-Atlantic Spring Conference

Authors

Abigail R Brown; Barbara Cerefin, Rowan University; Lauren Gallo, Rowan University; Sarah Ramsey, Rowan University; Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University

example quotes.Table 2: Themes of Students’ Selves as Learners with Example Responses Theme Description Example Quote Time Discussion of using planning, “Although the work is more difficult compared Management - scheduling, and other to high school, I very quickly found how to Positive organizational techniques. deal with it. The key is to stay on track of (TM+) everything, and to not procrastinate. Once I realized that this was the key to doing well, I implemented this, and stayed as

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Outreach and Retention

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nina Robson, California State University, Fullerton; Allison Serrano; Axel Alvarez Loya, California State University, Fullerton; Nikol Miojevic; Kimberly Krystal Lopez-Zepeda; Madeline E. Rasche

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

a STEM researchproject. National Science Foundation Middle/High School Student Attitudes Towards STEM (S-STEM) Survey [8] was used to assess the overall impact of the outreach program on the femalestudents’ self-confidence and motivation in pursuing future cross-disciplinary STEM careers.The results showed that the 21st Century skills related to critical-thinking, communication, andcollaboration was the section with the most radical improvement.Keywords: kinematics of mechanisms, protein kinematics, biomechanics, biochemistry, DNAnano-mechanismsIDEAL Online Summer Outreach Program Curriculum Plan and MethodsDuring the summer of 2019, mechanical engineering faculty and two undergraduate studentsfrom both NSM and ECS colleges offered a two

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Astrid K Northrup P.E., Northwest College, Powell WY; Andrea Carneal Burrows Borowczak, University of Wyoming

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

positive trends in high school mathematics scores, females are lesslikely than males to declare engineering as their major in college [4]. In 2006, about 15% of first-year female college students planned to declare a major in all STEM fields combined; but ifbiological and agricultural sciences are removed, only about 5% of first-year female collegestudents intend to major in a STEM area of physical sciences, including engineering [3]. At thesame time, more than a quarter (25%) of first-year male college students declared a physicalscience major [3]. So, if it’s not ability, why do more males pursue physical science and engineering whilefemales do not? The reasons are complex and intricately tied to culture, but research indicatesone primary

Conference Session

Exploration of Broad Issues and Promotion of Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Carl O. Hilgarth

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

or desires.” [10] noting that historically the term “technology” has a muchbroader and deeper meaning than just today’s context of being associated with computers andrelated electronic devices by elaborating that technology “… encompasses the entire human-made world, from the simplest artifacts … to the most complex … as well as including the entireinfrastructure needed to design, manufacture, operate, and repair technological artifacts…”[10] and postulates that while engineers “may not actually construct artifacts … they are theones who develop the plans and directions for how artifacts are to be constructed… .” [10]. Theframework defined engineering as “… a systematic and often iterative approach to designingobjects, processes, and systems

Conference Session

Focus on ETAC Accreditation

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Chandra Bhushan Asthana P.E., Elizabeth City State University; Kuldeep S. Rawat, Elizabeth City State University; Akbar M. Eslami, Elizabeth City State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

of numerous techniques is available in various books,journals, and websites [3] – [5]. All these techniques point to the fact that the success of acourse/program in a curriculum depends on how well the SLOs are defined for that course.SLOs are like navigation tools such as a global positioning system (GPS). Once a destination isfed to GPS, the device guides the driver throughout the journey and the driver takes action tonavigate correctly to the chosen destination. Similarly, learning outcomes are guiding tools thatguide the students to the desired results of the planned course [6]. The aim of an academiccourse/program is indicated by SLOs as they give a clear idea of what can be achieved by joininga particular program. Whether it’s a short

Conference Session

Capstone/ET Projects I: Electrical and Computer Focus

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Wei Zhan, Texas A&M University; Byul Hur, Texas A&M University; Boong Yeol Ryoo, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

team to provide additional safety for the drone operation.Texas A&M University has strict regulations on drone operation on campus. Flight license andtraining are mandatory.The artificial intelligent algorithm for building damage detection is beyond the scope ofundergraduate capstone design course, as a result, this portion of the research is planned to becarried out by faculty members and graduate students.The main control-related design challenge is to fly the drone at a fixed distance away from thebuilding surface. This is a closed loop control system with the distance measurement as thefeedback. The speeds of the four motors on the drone are controlled based on the feedback tomaintain constant distance between the drone and the

Conference Session

Technical Courses and Liberal Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kenneth W. Van Treuren, Baylor University; William M. Jordan, Baylor University; Cynthia C. Fry, Baylor University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

help students understand how their current coursework applies to and builds on not only their current understanding, but also their future coursework and their future careers.This resonates with what is found in Dr. Twenge’s book. According to Dr. Twenge, iGens aremore pessimistic and less confident than previous generations [7]. They are more willing towork hard in class and not question the grades. They are hesitant to talk in class because they donot want to say something wrong. Having grown up with the internet, they are used to findinginformation themselves. They want professors to keep class interesting, keeping videos, etc. tothree minutes maximum. This is important when planning class time for iGens. Typical iGensdo not

Conference Session

Novel Strategies for Studying Liberal Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Michael Lachney, Michigan State University; Madison C. Allen, Michigan State University ; Briana P. Green, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

-school, and at a regional FIRST Lego League competition.When this project started, Julie had been using Mindstorms in her classroom and after-school forthe last ten years and had no plans of stopping in the near future. Mindstorms, as an educationaltechnology and toy extension of LEGO products, is a proprietary programmable robotics kit thatis owned by the multinational LEGO Group. For both the educational and entertainment ver-sions, the centerpiece of the kit is called the programmable brick, which can be coded to manipu-late motors and sensors. LEGO Mindstorms and the programmable brick have firm roots in constructionism. At asurface level, its name references Papert’s 1980 book, Mindstorms: Children, Computers, andPowerful Ideas and

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Caroline Ghio, Northeastern University; Sydney Anne Morris, Northeastern University; Hannah Marie Boyce, Northeastern University; Bradley Joseph Priem, Northeastern University; Paul A. DiMilla, Northeastern University; Rachelle Reisberg, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Pursued/planned to pursue Yes 21 15 further post-graduate education No 8 2for each individual as well as comparison with known attributes (e.g., years tutored) forrespondents who were willing to participate in a follow-up phone interview. Statistical analysisfocused on identifying statistically significant differences (expressed in terms of p values) andeffect sizes (expressed in terms of Cohen’s d for means, Cohen’s h for proportions, andPearson’s r for correlations). Reporting both p values and effect sizes provided distinctidentification of non-random differences (for testing of null hypotheses) and magnitudes ofeffects. Differences between

Conference Session

Promoting Communication Skills

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Gabrielle Orbaek White, Swansea University ; Patricia Xavier, Swansea University; Catherine Groves, Swansea University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

action.Critical reflection is embedded within a program that recruits both engineers and non-engineers,with teaching and learning strategies drawn from the social sciences and humanities andintegrated with engineering management and problem-based learning. The program connectsstudents to a project partner in Sierra Leone or Zambia, the students work to understand theirpartners’ needs and assets and then develop an intervention plan consistent with the aims of theSDGs.In this paper, we provide results of a critically reflexive thematic analysis to explore the nature ofstudent reflections within the context of this interdisciplinary program. Evidence suggests arange of student interpretation of the purpose and application of critical reflection. Some are

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: S-STEM 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Tuncay Aktosun, University of Texas at Arlington; Yolanda Parker, Tarrant County College; Jianzhong Su, University of Texas at Arlington

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

, expected graduation date,academic performance in the previous semester, the list of the current semester courses, thefuture plan, and any additional relevant information the student would like to provide. TheSURGE faculty have access to student records and it is usually the case that at least some of theSURGE faculty have had the applicants in the classes they have taught. The e-mail responses by 4the students are gathered by the SURGE Director and passes to the program faculty and theUndergraduate Mathematics Advisor. The SURGE faculty and the Undergraduate Advisorprovide comments, and the SURGE Director, based on the comments, invites the applicants to abrief interview in person. We feel that this

Conference Session

Research in Faculty Development

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sylvia L. Mendez, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs; Valerie Martin Conley, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs; Sarah E Cooksey, University of Colorado Colorado Springs ; Kathryn Elizabeth Starkey, University of Colorado Colorado Springs

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division

his life and career goals were in alignment, he stated, “No, I only havecareer goals, life goals will be on the back burner until tenure.” Similar themes were noted byanother former postdoctoral scholar who is now in a tenure-track faculty member role: “I’mworking on a home, life, and work balance, but it's difficult and I often feel pressure to beworking or at least be reading papers on the weekends and you know, that's probably the hardestaspect of it.”The absence of work-life balance was consistently noted as an inevitable component of theprofessoriate, examples were commonly shared that imbalance was exacerbated in academiacompared to other career fields. A Latinx female currently employed as a postdoctoral scholarand planning to pursue a

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Samara Rose Boyle, Rice University; Canek Moises Luna Phillips, Rice University; Yvette E. Pearson P.E., Rice University; Reginald DesRoches, Rice University; Stephen P. Mattingly, University of Texas at Arlington; Anne Nordberg, University of Texas at Arlington; Wei Wayne Li, Texas Southern University; Hanadi S. Rifai P.E., University of Houston

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

for crowd- sourcing bicycle and pedestrian conflict data, transportation public health performance measures, policy and infrastructure improvements resulting from bicycle and pedestrian fatality crashes, linking physi- cal activity levels to travel modes, transportation mobility for the transportation disadvantaged, and the development of planning and transit performance measures for access to opportunities, integrating sus- tainability into the engineering curriculum and creating an engineering sustainability minor. He has published several articles in the Transportation Research Record, other journals and conferences on these and other related topics. He is currently serving on the Transportation Research Board

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Team/Project-based Pedagogy and Approaches

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Alexander Bryan Bailey, Alfred State College; Trevor S. Michelson, State University of New York, Alfred State; Reza Rashidi, State University of New York, Alfred State

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

manufacturing capabilities of the Alfred State clean room. As with all projects, there were some portions of the microfabrication process that were notexecuted as planned. The aluminum traces for device design configurations 1.1 and 2.1 wereunable to be realized due to unforeseen design flaws. There was not enough spacing between the20 µm wide traces for the photomask laser printer to properly define those elements. In addition,the traces failed due to overdeveloping in the photoresist developer solution. The configurationswith smaller critical dimensions were washed away while waiting for larger features in the otherconfigurations to develop properly. These results, although not desired, are still valuablefeedback concerning the student’s MEMS

Conference Session

Making Professionals: Methods to Build Success Skills

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jakob C. Bruhl, United States Military Academy; James Ledlie Klosky P.E., United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

ways that the leadership of an organizationcan create a diverse cast and set the stage for creativity and innovation to occur before describingnine specific actions that leadership should take. Several of these relate to building a communitythat values, encourages, and celebrates creativity. To be clear: this is a cultural necessity thatmust be fostered by the organization’s leadership.Too often, our programs hold up one-offs as a sign of programmatic achievement, a sort of “lookwhat that kid did!”, but these achievements are singular and were often completed asindependent study or extracurricular activities rather than as part of a broad plan for all students.By building a creative community, we suggest that all student efforts are

Conference Session

Ethical Design

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Donald Winiecki, Boise State University; Lynn Catlin P.E., Boise State University; Harold Ackler, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

perspective” than afforded by amore technical engineering process. Similar concepts are identified by both PA2 and PA3. PA4tells us that more experience with the concepts and process, and application of the results, isnecessary. This suggests that — in addition to inserting ethics modules in courses throughout theentire degree plan — that there could be multiple ethics checkpoints through the semester. PA5approaches ethics from the well-developed rationality of an engineer! There are always tradeoffsto be considered and with the instruction and practice provided, this student indicates that it ispossible to “engineer” a maximization of ethics while actively minimizing harms (this issomething we would hope for!) Similarly, PA6 concludes that one can

Conference Session

Preparation for Graduate Research

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeremy Straub, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

offered inthe computer science discipline. The software engineering program offers a course that includesresearch methods content, among other topics.In this paper, the course that was developed is presented. Specifically, the types of content thatwere included are discussed and an overview of each of the weekly modules is presented. Theparticular goals of each module and the instruction of research methods applicable to theadversarial cybersecurity domain are reviewed.This paper continues with a review of relevant prior work. Then, it provides context bypresenting the existing graduate programs at NDSU and the planned cybersecurity programs.The need that drove the development of the new programs is then discussed followed by adiscussion of the

Conference Session

2-Year College Division: Workforce Pathways and ATE

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Elaine L. Craft, Florence-Darlington Technical College; David M. Hata, Portland Community College; Emery DeWitt, Mentor-Connect/FDTC; Liesel Ritchie, Oklahoma State University; Nnenia Campbell, Collaborative for the Social Dimensions of Disasters ; Jamie Vickery, Center for the Study of Disasters and Extreme Events, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College

primarily on disaster preparedness planning, inclusion, and capacity-building activities. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Paper ID #29629Dr. Jamie Vickery, Center for the Study of Disasters and Extreme Events, Oklahoma State University Jamie Vickery is a research associate at the Natural Hazards Center within the Institute of Behavioral Science and a postdoctoral fellow at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. She is also an af- filiate with the Center for the Study of Disasters and Extreme Events at Oklahoma State University. Her research interests focus on hazard risk

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeong Yang, Texas A&M University-San Antonio; Brandon Earwood, Texas A&M University-San Antonio; Young Rae Kim, Texas A&M University-San Antonio; Akhtar Lodgher, Texas A&M University - San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

Conference Session

Key Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession - and ASCE - Part 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stephen J. Ressler P.E., Dist.M.ASCE, F.ASEE, U.S. Military Academy; Thomas A. Lenox , Dist.M.ASCE, F.ASEE, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

committee to examine the feasibility of using aninternal credentialing system, rather than licensure, as the principal means of validatingfulfillment of the CEBOK [35]. In response, the task committee developed a concept forawarding specialty certification as a post-licensure credential to individual civil engineeringprofessionals who attain the undergraduate and post-graduate engineering education, mentoredexperience, and self-development outcomes specified in the CEBOK. Details of the taskcommittee’s proposal are provided in [34]. In July 2019, the ASCE Board responded favorablyto the task committee’s interim report and authorized them to finalize the proposal, including thedevelopment of business and implementation plans for the proposed

Conference Session

Opening Up: Data, Open Access, and Open Educational Resources

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Leena N. Lalwani, University of Michigan; Paul F. Grochowski, University of Michigan; Jamie M. Niehof, University of Michigan; Craig E. Smith, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

DEVICES USED BY STUDENTS TO READ ETEXTBOOK DEVICES Responses Percent Laptop 154 89.5 Desktop Computer 49 28.5 Tablet 27 15.7 Phone 22 12.8We were not surprised the majority of students used laptops and desktop computers to read theireTextbooks. Given the nature of the eTextbook format, larger screens make sense. Students didread on mobile devices, however, meaning that vendors need to be aware of and plan forresponsive design and mobile-friendly eTextbooks when making

Conference Session

Making Professionals: Methods to Build Success Skills

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Code of Ethics [19] requires engineers to“endeavor in good faith to include diverse perspectives, in the planning and performance of theirprofessional services.” Without respectful listening, an engineer will not be aware of thesediverse perspectives. The quality of understanding that is achieved during communication mayvary based on who is being listened to and how one perceives the importance of the other person[20,21]. This idea is acknowledged in IEEE’s Ethically Aligned Design [22]: “stakeholderengagement and deliberative processes can be effective when… more powerful actors participatewith an awareness of their own power and make a commitment to listen with humility, curiosity,and open-mindedness” (p. 84). Further, listening is the first

Conference Session

ET Pedagogy III

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sonia Travaglini, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

than moving on without addressing knowledge gaps. ● Developing and instructing additional training in active learning teaching methods for departmental teaching assistants, initially as a discrete course, and then incorporated as a mandatory training courses for student employees in Bioengineering. ● Using ‘scaffolding’, using instructional plans to lead the students from what they already know, such as using prompts, questioning, or cue cards [33], to form a deeper understanding of new material [34] with a fading level of instructor support. ● Implementing ‘exit tickets’, an end of class short task to reflect on learning, such as students noting what was most valuable, and what they are still confused