Conference Session

Mechatronics and Robotics I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Carlotta A. Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Michael A. Gennert, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Rebecca Marie Reck, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

literature review, debug and troubleshoot a system.Figure 3 presents a summary of the independent learning skills responses of the surveyparticipants. It is evident that respondents overwhelmingly believe that students should be able todebug and troubleshoot a system. One respondent opined that a literature review was more for aresearch-oriented career than actual development, although other respondents felt that theliterature review was important. Respondents also generally agreed that students should be ableto read and understand research articles, discuss works and results, and properly cite sources.Also important was being able to search for, read and interpret technical information and data.Some other skills identified by participants as

Conference Session

Star Tech: Bringing Data Science and Technologies into the Classroom

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sotiria Koloutsou-Vakakis, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. Vogler, P. Thompson, D. W. Davis, B. E. Mayfield, P. M. Finley, and D. Yasseri, "The hard work of soft skills: augmenting the project-based learning experience with interdisciplinary teamwork," Instructional Science, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 457-488, 2017.[12] M. E. Beier, M. H. Kim, A. Saterbak, V. Leautaud, S. Bishnoi, and J. M. Gilberto, "The effect of authentic project‐based learning on attitudes and career aspirations in STEM," Journal of Research in Science Teaching, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 3-23, 2018.[13] N. Mvududu, “A Cross-cultural Study of the Connection Between Students' Attitudes Toward Statistics and the Use of Constructivist Strategies in the Course,” Journal of Statistics Education [online], vol. 11 no. 3, 2003

Conference Session

Design Methodologies 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Arash Nourimand, University of Toronto; Alison Olechowski, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

respondents, and the types of CAD softwares used byindividuals in their product development workflow. ~85% of responses were taken fromindividuals from North America, with over 67% of them being mechanical engineers by rolecategorization. As well, the data is more skewed towards the respondents being in the start oftheir career (mid-late 20s). These were mostly as a consequence of the respondent recruitmentapproach. Implications of this bias are discussed below in section 5.1. Table 1: Summary Statistics of Demographic InformationYears Spent in RoleVariable Count Percentage of Total<1 year 2 7.14%1-4 years

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lisa R. Volpatti, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Kara Rodby, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Gurleen Kaur Singh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Bianca Kaushal, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Kelley Marie Adams, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Paula T. Hammond, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Sarah Rankin

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Colleges, 1982.[7] I.H. Settles, L.M. Cortina, J. Malley, A.J. Stewart, “The climate for women in academic science: The good, the bad, and the changeable,” Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(1), 2006, 47-58.[8] C.L. Maranto, A.E. Griffin, “The antecedents of a ‘chilly climate’ for women faculty in higher education,” Human Relations, 64(2), 2011, 139-159.[9] L. Howe-Walsh, S. Turnbull, “Barriers to women leaders in academia: Tales from science and technology,” Studies in Higher Education, 41(3), 2016, 415-428.[10] K.N. Miner, S.C. January, K.K. Dray, A.R. Carter-Sowell, “Is it always this cold? Chilly interpersonal climates as a barrier to the well-being of early-career women faculty in STEM,” Equality

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Maker Spaces in the First Year

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stephanie M Gillespie, University of New Haven; Goli Nossoni, University of New Haven

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

interviewed Gen Z students identified that they enjoyed creating and tinkering aschildren, suggesting an association between engineering as a career choice with the activities ofmaking and creating [2]. It is likely that Gen Z students will continue their strong preference forhands-on, practical education activities that provide meaningful experiences as young adults asthey continue into college courses and higher education [3]. Rickes proposes that craft-shopsand/or makerspaces may match students’ interests in creativity with a venue on campus in whichto make and design.A makerspace is typically defined as a space in which various tools and technologies areprovided to support rapid prototyping and creation of products [4]. Typical technology

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Mary Kay Camarillo P.E., University of the Pacific; Eileen Kogl Camfield, University of California at Merced

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

function in the course and the function of their teams. There were in-class writing exerciseson independent learning and ethics, and these exercises provided further opportunities forreflection and self-awareness. In the independent learning module, students wrote narrativesabout their career and personal plans, their experiences in the class, and independent learningthat they needed to do to meet their long-term goals. In the ethics module they were asked toreflect on ethical and professional behavior and how that behavior influenced their capstoneexperience.Similar to the “assess and adjust” exercise, as mentioned previously, the first author conductedmid-term evaluations where she asked students about problems in their teams and in the course

Conference Session

Design Teams 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Peter Schuster, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Lauren Anne Cooper, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Eltahry Elghandour, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Eileen W. Rossman P.E., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Sarah Harding, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

before starting a career teaching engineering. Here industry experience includes field support for Navy Nuclear refueling with Westing- house, analysis and programming of pipeline flow solutions with Stoner Associates, and design of elevator structures and drive components with Schindler Elevator. Since 2002, Eileen has taught in the Mechanical Engineering Department at California Polytechnic State University. Her teaching experience includes Basic and Intermediate Fluids, Basic and Intermediate Dy- namics, Statics, Machine Design, and Thermal Measurements.Sarah Harding, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Sarah Harding is a member of the Mechanical Engineering faculty at California Polytechnic

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Curriculum and Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Randall D. Manteufel, University of Texas at San Antonio; Amir Karimi P.E., University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

instructor, it is also important to understand that there can be many factors playing a role into why someone is walking in late. Being a student is hard and not everyone starts on the same level. And the more flexible and accepting a professor is of minor things, the more it makes students feel welcomed and excited about a class and also willing to approach the professor with academic, career, or even life questions.An instructor with a harsh response to a late student often alienates other students by projecting anunwelcoming attitude toward students.Some students commented on habitual tardiness. This is where some action by the instructor isjustified. Here is one such comment: Inappropriate student behavior involves

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in the Sophomore Year

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Uchenna Asogwa, The University of Toledo; Matthew W Liberatore, The University of Toledo; Timothy Ryan Duckett, The University of Toledo; Gale A Mentzer, Acumen Research and Evaluation, LLC

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

].While YouTube pedagogy possess the potential to engage students and improve problem solvingabilities, more research is needed. For example, many researchers have indicated that teacherattitudes and effort required in a course influence students’ attitude [31-34]. The importance ofattitudes has been increasingly recognized in recent years; several studies show how positiveattitudes toward science lead students to pursue science careers [35]. Learning attitudes have asignificant positive correlation with academic achievement and self-directed learning ability [36,37]. Furthermore, teaching strategy can influence students’ attitudes which consequently affectslearning gains or outcomes [38]. Since study have shown that integration of technology

Conference Session

Design Across Curriculum 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Robert P. Loweth, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Jiangqiong Liu; Kathleen H. Sienko, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Research Group is a multidisciplinary laboratory developing novel methodologies to create technological solutions that address pressing societal needs at the intersection of health care and engineering. Dr. Sienko is the recipient of an NSF CAREER award and several teaching awards including the ASME Engineering Education Donald N. Zwiep Innova- tion in Education Award, UM Teaching Innovation Prize, UM Undergraduate Teaching Award, and UM Distinguished Professor Award. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Student Practices Developing Needs Statements for Design ProblemsAbstractNeeds statements are concise articulations of design problems that indicate what changes arenecessary

Collection

2017 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Pranav Bhounsule; Deborah Chaney; Lorena Claeys; Randall D. Manteufel

that students who did service learning had ahigher motivation and also showed better ABET outcomes. Schuetze et al. [6] also found in theirqualitative study at the University of Texas at San Antonio the reciprocal learning benefits forundergraduate students mentoring Hispanic students in preparation for FIRST® Roboticscompetitions. They concluded that robotics clubs nurture aspirational and self-efficacy on allparticipating members of the learning environment. Specifically, they found that protégés andmentors expressed a better understanding and an increase in STEM knowledge as well asaffirmation towards STEM education and careers goals.In this paper, we present some of our experiences and findings from incorporating a SLcomponent to an

Collection

2020 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Kathryn Dimiduk; Orlay Santa; Hadas Ritz; Lesa Carter

component ofimproving the general level of teaching effectiveness across the college.Introduction and motivationAs a teaching center, MTEI’s goal is to assist all faculty in improving their courses and teachingskills. For faculty at the beginning of their teaching careers, we provide information, support andfeedback for a strong start in teaching so they build confidence and identity as goodteachers. For highly skilled teachers, MTEI offers assistance with planning and assessment ofnew approaches, or technology, or learning activities they created. Both of these groups offaculty are highly motivated and seek out and welcome assistance. For teachers needingsignificant and more specialized support, their departments frequently encourage them to

Collection

2019 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Roy Myose; L. Scott Miller; Elizabeth Rollins

al.6 from Purdue University stating that "about three percent of students leavethe engineering program from junior to senior year." Although numbers will vary from university touniversity, this means that student attrition is likely to still be relatively high in sophomore-levelEngineering courses as it is in the freshman year. Although students may encounter many challenging courses during their academic career, one ofthe early hurdles is Statics, which is typically taken during the first semester of the sophomore year.Statics is a core class taken by all Engineering students at Wichita State University (WSU) aside fromthe recent exception of Computer Engineering and Industrial Engineering. The course is taught by anumber of different

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Technical Session 5: Online Teaching and Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kenneth Reid, Virginia Tech; Max Mikel-Stites, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

,process, or system. 1. Develop a plan of study for your undergraduate career 2. Articulate holistic issues that impact engineering solutions 3. Solve problems using systematic engineering approaches and tools 4. Model an engineering system 5. Synthesize information from several sources 6. Communicate information effectively 7. Contribute effectively to an engineering teamThe second course is a project-based course. Student teams are formed, and each section has a specifiedproject. Student teams progress through an engineering design process to design and prototype a deviceaccording to their section. Foundations of Engineering (2) (ENGE 1216) course objectives are as follows:Foundations of Engineering (2): As a

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sarah Lilly, University of Virginia; Anne Marguerite McAlister, University of Virginia; Sarah J. Fick, University of Virginia; Jennifer L. Chiu, University of Virginia; Kevin W. McElhaney, Digital Promise

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

students’identity development and subsequent interest in STEM courses and careers (Morgan et al.,2016). Yet elementary teachers often have little preparation or background to teach engineeringand need support to be able to integrate engineering design into elementary science classroomsettings. Thus, research must examine the ways that elementary teachers verbally supportengineering practices. This paper explores how elementary teachers verbally support students’engagement in engineering practices in an NGSS-aligned unit. In particular, this paper comparesthe same teachers implementing the same curriculum across two class sections with differentstudent populations. By exploring teacher talk across two different student contexts, we aim tohelp the field

Conference Session

Sustainability and Social Responsibility

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Bryn Elizabeth Seabrook, University of Virginia; Kathryn A. Neeley, University of Virginia; Kari Zacharias, Concordia University; Brandiff Robert Caron, Concordia University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

departments, despite being considerably smaller than most andlacking its own degree program. Faculty in CES participate in the administrative operation of theuniversity just as faculty from other departments do. Their position between engineering and thehumanities and social sciences has also enabled CES members to easily interact with colleaguesfrom across the university, to take on administrative roles that have normally been reserved forsenior faculty, and to consistently advance up the career ladder. Finally, CES has been able tofacilitate frequent interdisciplinary discussions and initiatives within the university.Accreditation The Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) specifies 12 attributes whichgraduates of accredited

Conference Session

Novel Strategies for Studying Liberal Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Michael Lachney, Michigan State University; Madison C. Allen, Michigan State University ; Briana P. Green, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

different types of belonging and different supports of belonging, in classroom and out-of-school learning spaces, can serve to foster STEM- related identities and career aspirations in Black youth. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2020 The Double Bind of Constructionism: A Case Study on the Barriers for Con- structionist Learning in Pre-college Engineering EducationIntroduction In the United States, constructionist learning theory (i.e. constructionism) has been one ofthe dominant paradigms underpinning pre-college engineering education both out-of-school andin-school. Historically grounded in mathematician Seymour Papert’s research with the educa

Conference Session

Approaches to Assessment and Student Reflection

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jes Barron, U.S. Military Academy; Brad C. McCoy, U.S. Military Academy; Jakob C. Bruhl, U.S. Military Academy; John J. Case, U.S. Military Academy; John Andrew Kearby, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Disagree Neutral Agree Disagree Agree Thinking of what to sketch encouraged me to think more deeply about the lesson 4.8% 33.3% 14.3% 38.1% 9.5% material. The napkin sketch exercise helped me generate methods to remember the 4.8% 23.8% 28.6% 38.1% 4.8% engineering concepts. The napkin sketch activity encouraged me to think about the lesson material in a 4.8% 14.3% 4.8% 61.9% 14.3% different manner. Sketching ability is important to my career. 0.0% 14.3% 28.6% 52.4% 4.8

Conference Session

Empathy and Human-Centered Design 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Luke Kachelmeier, University of New Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Academy of Education / Spencer Postdoctoral Fellow and a 2018 NSF CAREER awardee in engineering education research. Dr. Svihla studies learning in authentic, real world conditions; this includes a two-strand research program fo- cused on (1) authentic assessment, often aided by interactive technology, and (2) design learning, in which she studies engineers designing devices, scientists designing investigations, teachers designing learning experiences and students designing to learn.Luke Kachelmeier, University of New Mexico Luke Kachelmeier finished his bachelor’s degree from the University of New Mexico in May 2019. He completed a double major degree in applied math and psychology. His interests are in human factors

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Greg Rulifson PE, USAID

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

, motivations, and career goals of undergraduate students initially pursuing engineering degrees. Dissertation. University of Colorado Boulder.[20] Holbrook, A.L., M.C. Green, J.A. Krosnick. 2003. Telephone vs. face-to-face interviewing of national probability samples with long questionnaires: comparisons of respondent satisficing and social desirability response bias. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67 (1), 79-125.[21] Canney, N.E., A.R. Bielefeldt. 2015. Volunteerism in engineering students and its relation to social responsibility. American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, Paper ID #12231, 12 pp.[22] Simmons, D.R., Y. Ye, M.W. Ohland, K. Garahan. 2017. Understanding students’ incentives for and

Conference Session

Improving Student Outcomes in Mechanics

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ahmad Ghasemloonia P.Eng., University of Calgary; Meera N.K. Singh, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

engineering education and has taught a vast array of under- graduate and graduate courses in applied mechanics. Apart from her academic experience she has worked in numerous industries as an Engineering Consultant. Finally, since the beginning of her career, Dr. Singh has been very active in K-12 outreach and in promoting Women in Science and Engineering. Dr. Singh is a registered Professional Engineer (P.Eng.) in the province of Alberta. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Using Assessments to Improve Student Outcomes in Engineering DynamicsAbstractEngineering Dynamics has historically been one of the most challenging courses in theengineering

Conference Session

Design Mental Frameworks

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Shan Peng, University of Oklahoma; Zhenjun Ming, University of Oklahoma; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Janet Katherine Allen, University of Oklahoma; Farrokh Mistree, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

courses for engineering students,especially senior undergraduate students to help them develop their competencies for futurecareers as junior engineers when they graduate. At the University of Oklahoma(OU), AME4163:Principles of Engineering Design, a course for preparing senior undergraduate students for theirfuture career in engineering through experiential learning [2]. Our goal in AME4163: Principlesof Engineering Design (POED) is to offer Junior Engineers the opportunity to learn by reflectingon doing in an immersive authentic environment. We hypothesize that by having engineeringstudents reflect on an experience related to a principle of engineering design and articulate a lessonlearned that they will develop the ability to continue identify

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Richard J. Aleong, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Conference Session

International Accreditation and Credentials: International Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ming Li, Beijing Foreign Studies University

Tagged Divisions

International

Conference Session

Technical Courses and Liberal Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Linda Vanasupa, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Lizabeth T. Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Yevgeniya V. Zastavker, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

the genderdemographic).Situating the researchersVanasupa: I am a white-looking female engineering professor who identifies as male. My whitetransgender state has come with unearned benefits and disadvantages during my engineeringeducation journey. While often the only female in my courses of white males, I honestly did notquestion whether I belonged since I felt like “one of the guys.” Over the course of my career, Iinternalized the cultural narrative that I was “less than” my male peers. I often encounter themasculine norms above in the culture of engineering education – in what is valued (or notvalued); in the language, habits, and ways of interacting that are accepted as “normal,” in theworkplace behaviors that are deemed “unprofessional

Conference Session

First-year Programs: Focus on Students

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Christopher Rennick, University of Waterloo; Carol Hulls P.Eng., University of Waterloo; Mary A. Robinson, University of Waterloo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. Targeting these types of activities may be effective atreducing student loneliness. Diehl et al. conclude their study with the following: Universities are a perfect setting for conducting interventions to support students in attaining a healthy lifestyle (e.g., by offering sport courses) and also for giving them the opportunity to start their professional career being healthy. Giving support at this stage of life is important in preventing lonely students from “being trapped in loneliness as they age”Moving forwards, the authors are planning improvements for the 2020 fall break intervention.Speaking with students who remained on campus, there is clearly appetite to increase the numberand variety of social activities running during the week

Conference Session

Student Perceptions of Self-efficacy, Success, and Identity

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Tania K. Morimoto, University of California, San Diego; Nathan Delson, University of California, San Diego; Carolyn L. Sandoval, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

important consideration in course structure. Although these skills are critical for a successful career in engineering, they are often not explicitly included in lecture based course outcomes. Student ability and learning in these areas is also not typically assessed, likely due to the lack of metrics available to evaluate this type of learning. We have therefore introduced a weekly reflection, including both multiple choice and free response questions, into the course structure. The importance of reflection on teaching and learning has been well documented (Boud, Keogh, & Walker; Brookfield, 1990; Dewey, 1993, King & Kitchener, 1994; Schön, 1983). Providing students with opportunities to reflect on their learning helps them

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

in Fig 1), ECD projectshave been motivated by faculty and students desire to help, personal and career goals, desires tostudy and work abroad, and desires to solve problems and to gain hands on experience onimpactful work [1][2]. Since then, some scholars have called our attention to how the focus ofwell-intentioned ECD projects on technological fixes and deliverables tend to leave out criticalreflections of engineers’ motivations to be in these projects, and of the processes required tobuild trust and determine communities’ priorities and desires [3][4]. Unfortunately, these calls tocritical reflection in the ECD space are often overshadowed by the continued emergence ofmilestones and challenges (e.g., UN Sustainable Development Goals, NAE

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Creativity and Innovation

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Mona Eskandari, University of California, Riverside; Ville Mikael Taajamaa, City of Espoo; Barbara A. Karanian, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Derek M. Yip-Hoi, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

manufacturing and the supporting use of CAx technologies can be quitelimited in their degree work. Those who transfer to a MFGE career after graduation acquire theskills through appropriate supplemental training and practice. Both MEs and MFGEs getexposed to authoring content in their CAD and analysis (e.g. FEA) classes. MFGEs get exposureto authoring CAM content in courses related to CNC programming and robotics. These are oftenoptional for MEs depending on their specialization through technical electives.A manufacturing engineer needs to be able to engage at any point in a product developmentcycle. They must bring to bear a vast reservoir of knowhow about how products can be feasiblyand cost effectively manufactured with quality and how this impacts