Conference Session

Student Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Medha Dalal, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

Conveying importance of research 0.831 kids, with a diverse group of people, interested in what we do, Associate Professor 34 30.6 Planning of project 0.666

Conference Session

M1C: WIP - Readiness and Professional Development

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Bonnie S. Boardman, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

Paper ID #28012Work-in-Progress: A Professional Learning Community Experience in De-veloping Teamwork Teaching MaterialsDr. Bonnie S. Boardman, University of Texas, Arlington Bonnie Boardman is an Assistant Professor of Instruction in the Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Department at The University of Texas at Arlington. Her primary research interests are in the engineering education and resource planning disciplines. She holds a B.S. and Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from The University of Arkansas and an M.S. in Industrial Engineering from Texas A&M University. 2019 FYEE Conference

Conference Session

T2B: GIFTS - Session B

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Jennifer Saltsgiver, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Engineering, Engineering Advising Center

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

, we will have completed the trainingsessions and can present on the successes and opportunities for improvement. We wouldwelcome thoughts and suggestions on our plan for implementation in Fall 2019. At this point,each Peer Advisor will hold 4 walk-in hours a week in the EAC. Students would have access tothe Peer Advisors’ schedule and could self-select with whom they would like to meet based ontheir availability. We will hold on going workshops and trainings to provide Peer Advisors withprofessional development opportunities. We will also structure individual touchpoints with thePeer Advisors to ensure they are experiencing successful student interactions and feel supportedin their role.

Conference Session

M1C: WIP - Readiness and Professional Development

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Janet K. Lumpp, University of Kentucky; Whitney C Blackburn-Lynch; Jennifer Lovely, University of Kentucky; Laura Marie Letellier P.E.; Julie Gordon Whitney; Kimberly W. Anderson, University of Kentucky; Susan Herrick, University of Kentucky College of Engineering

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

Student Success for the College of Engineering at the University of Kentucky. She is a seasoned academic advisor and administrator with extensive experience in major exploration. 2019 FYEE Conference : Penn State University , Pennsylvania Jul 28 Work-in-Progress: Helping Transfer Students Succeed: Establishing Pathways to Include Transfer Students in a First-Year Engineering ProgramThis Work-In-Progress Paper will describe the effort being made at the University of Kentucky(UK) to better ensure the success of the students who are transferring into the College ofEngineering (COE). The COE strategic plan sets a goal to increase the number of bachelor’sdegrees conferred

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Okan Caglayan; Sreedevi Ande P.E.; Erik Coronado; Max Martinez; Samuel Handowski

presentations emphasized the following skills/attributes that students need in order to be successful in college and career:1. Introduction  Time management – class attendance, planning, Soon-to-be high school graduates from around the class assignmentsworld apply to the University of the Incarnate Word (UIW)  Networking and communication – soft skills,for their STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Student Empathy & Human-centered Design

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mehwish Butt, University of Alberta; Alyona Sharunova, University of Alberta; Ahmed Jawad Qureshi, University of Alberta

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

of industrial studies traced the design processcommonalities between engineering disciplines across a broad spectrum of industries [5-7].These studies identified a six-stage transdisciplinary design process, which is widely acceptedand applicable across engineering disciplines. The six stages are Planning, ConceptDevelopment, System-Level Design, Detail Design, Implementation and Testing, andProduction. In light of current transdisciplinary design practices in the industry, Ertas [8]identifies challenges currently faced by engineering education and suggests responding to thesechanges by introducing transdisciplinary engineering design education. This paper is part of an empirical research project carried out at the Engineering Faculty at

Conference Session

Hands-on Activities and Student Learning in Aerospace Engineering - II - Student Papers

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yue Gu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mary E. Johnson Ph.D., Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

research known as PEGASAS and leads engineering efforts in the Air Transport Institute for Environmental Sustainability. Her research interests are aviation sustainability, data driven process improvement, and engine emissions. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Motivations for Including Sustainability in A National Airport Design CompetitionAbstractMore and more airports are trying to integrate sustainability into their long-range planning andday-to-day operations to gain both short-term and long-term benefits. This trend also is reflectedin the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) University Design Competition forAddressing Airport Needs, a

Conference Session

Engineers and Communities: Critical Reflections of Challenges, Opportunities, and Practices of Engaging Each Other

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Reddy, Colorado School of Mines; Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

beundertaken in the summer of 2019, undergraduate engineering students are collaborating witheducators, researchers, students, and activists primarily affiliated with two Colombianuniversities (UNIMINUTO and UNAL) to design means to mitigate risks related to ASGM. Figure 1: Flow of Learning ExperienceThese learning experiences were planned to unfold over three phases (see Figure 1, above).Throughout these phases, students had increasing interactions with partners at UNIMINUTO,UNAL and other members of mining communities. Phase 1 was a 400-level course which metfor three hours every Monday evening throughout Fall semester 2018. There, students firstformed eight groups to undertake a mini-project on a semi-related topic (in

Conference Session

Transfer and Transitions

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Schott, Florida SouthWestern State College; Cynthia Orndoff, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College

taught courses in infrastructure management, planning, transportation and construction management. Dr. Orndoff has more than ten years of engineering field experience. Her application-based engineering research incorporates sustainability, policy, legal issues, economics, decision-making, planning as well as public administration, policy, finance, and their stakeholders. She is active in engineering leadership and management practice issues. She has also served on several professional committees, including the American Society of Civil Engineers, the NSF Transportation Research Board, American Society of En- gineering Educators and economic development initiatives. c American Society for

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roman Taraban, Texas Tech University; Edward E. Anderson, Texas Tech University; John Richard Schumacher, Texas Tech University; Hani Dulli; David Lamp, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

during problem solution in order to analyze, solve, and reflect ona problem. Engineering undergraduates enrolled in physics and thermodynamics reported thefrequency of use of problem-solving strategies, confidence in their ability to solve problems, andanswered demographic questions. Measures of performance included course grades. Factor-analytic methods that were applied to students’ reports of strategy use identified three types ofstrategies, which were labeled Execution, Planning and Looking Back, and Low Confidence inAbility. The three factors were significant predictors of course performance, based on correlationand regression methods that were applied to the data. The study provides evidence that usingproblem-solving strategies improves

Conference Session

PSW Section Meeting Papers - Disregard start and end time - for online paper access only

Collection

2019 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Lily Xiaolei Chen, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

Pacific Southwest Section Meeting Paper Submissions

detail,correspondingly.1.1. Plan for specific learning outcomesAt the early stage of course planning and designing, the following questions were asked: • What should be the teaching goals and learning outcomes of this course? • What are the components that should be included/covered in the curriculum to achieve these goals/outcomes? • What are the best teaching approaches to achieve these goals/outcomes?The exploration started with the first question. Since the new course is planned to helpstudents develop a practical and technical understanding of concepts related to humanfactors in fire protection, in course planning stage, an official document from SFPE(Society of Fire Protection Engineer), “Draft of the SFPE Guide to Human

Collection

2019 ERC

Authors

Ralph A. Anthenien

Military Deputy COL Thomas Ryan Director Plans & Programs (A) Director Ms. Charneta Samms Dr. Philip Perconti Sergeant Major Director

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew J. Czuchry, East Tennessee State University; Shawn A. Carson, University of Tennessee; James H. Lampley, East Tennessee State University; William H. Knight, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

% of those submitting comprehensive business plans are actually given offer sheets byangel investors. Figure 1 offers a conceptual framework for teaching the business planningprocess. The first three steps are essential to get to a business plan with the necessary conditionsto be able to get to an offer sheet from an angel investor. These are documented in the right handcolumn of step four in Figure 1. The left hand column offers an improved list of relationshipfactors based upon our current research. These relationship factors are now taking on equalimportance to the right hand column. This is a fundamental contribution in the current article.Shawn Carson’s doctoral dissertation researched the angel investor process in the SoutheastUnited

Conference Session

M1A: WIP - Learning experiences 1

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Bonnie S. Boardman, University of Texas, Arlington; Lynn L. Peterson, University of Texas, Arlington; Nancy L Michael, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

Paper ID #28011Work-in-Progress: The Development of a Co-Taught Student Success Coursefor FreshmenDr. Bonnie S. Boardman, University of Texas, Arlington Bonnie Boardman is an Assistant Professor of Instruction in the Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Department at The University of Texas at Arlington. Her primary research interests are in the engineering education and resource planning disciplines. She holds a B.S. and Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from The University of Arkansas and an M.S. in Industrial Engineering from Texas A&M University.Dr. Lynn L. Peterson, University of Texas, Arlington Dr

Conference Session

M1C: WIP - Readiness and Professional Development

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Robert V. Pieri, North Dakota State University; Karl Haefner; Austin James Allard, Turtle Mountain Community College ; Ann Vallie; Michael Maloy Parker, Cankdeska Cikana Community College; Josh Mattes, Sitting Bull College; Lori Nelson, Nueta Hidatsa Sahnish College

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

prototypecapabilities to augment the design process. This allowed students with minimalmathematical training or engineering based design experience to actually see andhandle the fruition of a thought process that could conceivably answer a technicalrequirement or need.Setup would allow students to work with predefined plans and process steps to produceparts and pieces that could come together to form objects (e.g. drone bodies or low-costscientific weather stations [2]). Students could further develop the skills learned byattending the 8-week Advanced Manufacturing Summer Institute coordinated by AMIand hosted by a partnering institution. The students learn about mechatronics,metrology, and enhance their CAD capabilities from supplemental training and

Collection

2019 Fall Mid Atlantic States Conference

Authors

Dimitrios Stroumbakis P.E., City University of New York, City College

Figure 2 below. The connected path in bold-red indicates thecritical path.As acting Program Manager, we routinely made revisions to our plan (by adding resources,etc.) to bring our schedule back on course if tasks were being finished late. The student wasparticularly impressed with the ability to perform immediate “what-if” scenarios andunderstood the impact of each task on the critical path, bestowing a sense of urgency andownership of those tasks. A typical project network view is shown in Figure 2: Figure 2. General example of a project in Network View: Critical Path shown in reTECHNICAL SOLUTION: Software based 3-Band Equalizer DesignThe student performed independent research on audio equalizers and human audio theory. Theproject team

Conference Session

Teaching Engineering Students and Library Staff: New Ideas and Best Practices

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Jane Dooley, Dalhousie University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

cultivating a Community of Practice(CoP) framework in the workplace. It will examine how such a framework can be applied to anacademic library environment to foster a collaborative, inclusive, and healthy workplace whiledirectly supporting the library’s strategic plan and directions.The conceptual Reference Trainers CoP framework outlined in this paper will provide anexample of how libraries can utilize their institution’s Learning Management System (LMS) forthis purpose, and offers recommendations and considerations for developing a CoP frameworkready for implementation.As a community of like-minded individuals engaged in cooperative training and resource-sharingactivities, creating a Reference Trainers CoP can provide support for those pursuing

Conference Session

Curricular Advancements in ECE

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gina Martinez, Lewis University; Safwan Omari, Lewis University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

resource plan. One of the first steps for developing the human resource plan is identifying and documenting roles and responsibilities. This is particularly critical in small to medium-sized liberal arts colleges looking to obtain initial ABET accreditation. Historically, these colleges lack in-house expertise regarding the process. Moreover, preparation ideally starts several years before the campus visit, therefore, roles such as acquiring accreditation knowledge, training, dissemination of such training are identified at the beginning. Among the qualities of a good human resource plan are that it can determine if human resource requirements are met, how they are met, determine when they are no longer met, and has a clear plan of acquiring

Conference Session

CEED Technical Session I: WIP: Experiential Learning Potpourri

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cyrus Habibi P.E., University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Lily Chang, University of Wisconsin, Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

maintenance in software development.• Understand the ISO/IEC 12207 Software Life-cycle Processes w.r.t software evolution.• Perform a structured analysis and design small project.• Plan, analyze, design, implement, and test modifications to an existing software project.• Understand the issues of a software system port.• Understand the issues of software reengineering.• Understand the issues related to outsourcing software projects.• Work effectively in a team on a software maintenance or reengineering project.• Become familiar with reverse engineering strategies.This course is required and taken by the CSSE majors in their junior or senior years. Softwareengineering students take this course in their junior or senior year

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Design II

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris A. O'Riordan-Adjah, Principia College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

presenting the findings in both oral and written form. The project wasinstrumental in teaching the value and importance of the following: (1) close interaction andpersonal relationships between students and instructor; (2) collaborative efforts and teamworkamong the students themselves; (3) organization and discipline; (4) time management andcommunication skills; (5) openness to research ideas and concepts; and (6) appreciation of theschool’s diverse curriculum. Finally, the overall goal was to encourage and teach the studentshow to think, plan, analyze, create, revise or improve what they create, and above all askquestions.IntroductionThis eight-week summer research project, also referred to as the Maybeck Chapel project, wasundertaken for the

Conference Session

Professional Development for Pre-Service and In-Service Teachers

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerome P. Lavelle, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Amber L. M. Kendall, North Carolina State University; Matthew T. Stimpson, North Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

types of research activities the teams participated in, thecontent and focus of the professional development activities, and an overview of the developedlesson plans.1. IntroductionAs an aspect of the extensive K-12 outreach and extension activities of The Engineering Place inthe College of Engineering at NC State University the authors submitted and were awarded anNSF Research Experiences for Teachers (RET) Site[1] grant. The grant concept involves stratifiedlaboratory research teams working on aspects of NAE Engineering Grand Challenge[2]-focusedproblems including: sustainability (solar/renewable energy), health (biomechanics), security(computer network security), and joy of living (personalized learning). Each research teamincludes one

Conference Session

PSW Section Meeting Papers - Disregard start and end time - for online paper access only

Collection

2019 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Yongping Zhang P.E., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Ghada M. Gad, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona ; Wen Cheng P.E.; Ahmed Elaksher P.E., Cal Poly State ; Xudong Jia, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Tagged Topics

Pacific Southwest Section Meeting Paper Submissions

Paper ID #27877Inspiring the Next Generation: Lessons Learned from the National SummerTransportation Institute ProgramDr. Yongping Zhang P.E., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Dr. Yongping Zhang is an Assistant Professor in the Civil Engineering Department at Cal Poly Pomona. He is also a registered Professional Engineer in Civil Engineering. Dr. Zhang currently serves on the Transportation Research Board’s Committee on Transportation Plan- ning Applications as well as Task Force on Understanding New Directions for the National Household Travel Survey Task Force. From 2009 to 2015, Dr. Zhang worked as

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 16: Faculty Development and Teaching Contexts

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sivakumar Krishnan, Vishnu Educational Development and Innovation Center

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

to participate in ‘teachingsquares’. In these ‘teaching squares’, the faculty members participated infacilitated discussions on class session planning, observed each other andcollected learning assessment data as evidence of attainment of studentlearning outcomes. In this paper, results from these interventions on theattainment of specific workshop outcomes among faculty includingimplementation of some best practices in teaching will be reported. Specificattitudes and misconceptions related to teaching among higher educationpractitioners in India will be discussed.BackgroundAll India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) dashboard [1] shows 3124approved engineering education institutions in India with a total faculty countof 338,193

Conference Session

M2C: Learning by Design 2

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Scott Duplicate Streiner, Rowan University; Duncan Davis, Northeastern University; Richard Tyler Cimino, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

hardware. Students used 3D printing, CNC milling, and laser cutting to givetheir projects a professional aesthetic and used tools at the First Year Learning and InnovationCenter to perfect their use of power tools and hand tools under the supervision of TAs. Theproject was conducted in milestones and students submitted several check-in deliverables toensure they were staying on schedule. The milestones covered throughout the project were asfollows: ● Milestone 0 – Introduction to Escape Rooms and Puzzles ● Milestone 1 – Ideation and Presenting your Plans (both objects and puzzles) ● Milestone 2 – Puzzle and Object Prototyping ● Milestone 3 – Finalizing One Puzzle and Both Objects ● Milestone 4 – Playtesting Escape Room and Finalizing

Conference Session

PCEE Resource Exchange

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annmarie Thomas, University of St. Thomas; Deborah Besser P.E., University of St. Thomas; Paige Huschka, Playful Learning Lab; Hannah French; MiKyla Jean Harjamaki, Playful Learning Lab; Maria Baklund, University of St. Thomas; Esmée Verschoor, Playful Learning Lab

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

designed to solve the same problemto compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each performs.1-PS4-1 Plan and conduct investigations to provide evidence that vibrating materials canmake sound and that sound can make materials vibrate.2-PS1-1 Plan and conduct an investigation to describe and classify different kinds ofmaterials by their observable properties.2-PS1-2 Analyze data obtained from testing different materials to determine whichmaterials have the properties that are best suited for an intended purpose.*4-PS4-3 Generate and compare multiple solutions that use patterns to transferinformation.5-PS1-3 Make observations and measurements to identify materials based on theirproperties.MATERIALS

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Whalin, Jackson State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

depending on the dissertation research focus. Tabulardata and graphics depict core course enrollments, number of times they were taught andgraduates during the last six academic years. Students may choose the remaining electivecourses from the other four coastal engineering core courses and a large variety of civil andenvironmental engineering courses or other closely related courses (i.e. mathematics, computerscience, urban planning, etc.), all requiring approval of their advisor. Laboratory experimentalfacilities and computational facilities potentially available to students for dissertation researchare briefly described. Sources for a supply of PhD coastal engineering students are discussed.Professors in all areas of coastal engineering are

Conference Session

Technology and Manufacturing

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Kay Pickering, Arizona State University/ Science Foundation Arizona Center for STEM; Elaine L. Craft, Florence-Darlington Technical College; Caroline Vaningen-Dunn, Science Foundation Arizona Center for STEM at Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College

techniciansprograms [1]–[3].In its five-year history, KS has also provided technical assistance for developing and submittingproposals to NSF but has engaged 2-year HSIs exclusively. Prior to proposal development, KSfacilitates a STEM self-assessment and strengths/gap heatmap discussion with a cross-departmental STEM team at each participating college [4] [5]. KS then facilitates the 2-year HSISTEM team in developing a STEM plan and prioritized research concepts that align with theCollege Strategy, leverage STEM strengths, and address STEM gaps. This approach by KS hasgenerated a portfolio of potential research funding opportunities for STEM improvements at each2-year HSI prior to proposal development.The approach for the HSI ATE Hub is a 2-step intervention

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Magdalini Z. Lagoudas, Texas A&M University; So Yoon Yoon, Texas A&M University; Rodney Boehm, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

- tical, access and data products developed by Fujitsu. Rodney was Chairman of the T1X1 Technical Sub-Committee (the organization responsible for SONET standardization) from 1990 through 1994. He has been active in SONET’s National and International Standardization since 1985. In addition, Rodney has published numerous papers and presentations on SONET. Rodney began his career with Fujitsu Network Communications in 1989 as the Director of Strategic Plan- ning. He also held the positions of Director of Transport Product Planning, Vice President of Business Management, Senior Vice President of Sales Management, Senior Vice President of Manufacturing, and c American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

Hands-on Activities and Student Learning in Aerospace Engineering - II - Student Papers

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tracy L. Yother, Purdue Polytechnic Institute; Cooper G. Burleson, Purdue University; James M. Thom, Purdue University; Brian Kozak, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. Most recently, he worked at Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas on the MAPI contract. He worked on the Lunar Gateway concept planning team, as well as the ISS’s requirements assurance team.Mr. James M. Thom, Purdue University J. Mark Thom is an Associate Professor at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. He teaches courses in the Aeronautical Engineering Technology program, as well as courses in design analysis. He is a co- director in Purdue’s National Test Facility for fuels and propulsion, and has been a PI on work related to the FAA’s Piston Aviation Alternative Fuel development program. He has maintained research interests in propulsion systems and in fuels testing, in areas related to the recruitment of

Conference Session

NEE 2 - Strategies to Improve Teaching Effectiveness

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Shalini Bipat, University of Washington; Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington; Mitchell Fajardo; Yuliana Flores, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

functions as professional development, it is necessary todemonstrate that those who participate advance their teaching knowledge. In the related worksection of this paper, we touched on the various kinds of knowledge that might be involvedincluding traditionally accountable knowledge such as knowledge of content, pedagogy, andstudents. In addition, we touched on the increasing attention being given to issues such as teacheridentity and teacher authenticity. In our project, we saw evidence of these kinds of knowledge. Inparticular, the first person accounts in this section include ● pedagogical insights related to instructional planning (such as the difficulty of planning and getting calibrated to what can be done in a specific period of