Conference Session

Technical Session S2C

Collection

2022 First-Year Engineering Experience

Authors

William C. Oakes, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

Tagged Topics

Workshops

program. The five components of the pedagogy are [1] . 1. Engagement opportunities that meet the needs of an underserved segment of society 2. Academic connection between the engagement and the subject material of a course. 3. Reciprocal partnerships where all benefit from the collaboration. 4. Mutual learning among all stakeholders, built on a foundation of respect. 5. Reflection on the experiences and its implications for the future.Research has shown many benefits for students across many disciplines [2-6]. Withinengineering, evidence shows learning across a broad set of profession and technical skills [7-11].Graduates report easier transition into professional practice and faster advancement in industrypositions [12

Conference Session

ERM: ERM Medley Session!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khairiyah Mohd-Yusof, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Nur Shahira Samsuri; Maizam Alias; Akbariah Ary Mohd Mahdzir, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

engineering students' conation has thepotential to be activated after learning in an introductory engineering course which wasdesigned to support students’ learning through the implementation of Cooperative Problem-Based Learning, an inductive student-centered approach that utilized authentic problems. Apre-and post-test instrument using Goal Orientation Index (GOI) was administered to thirtyfirst-year engineering students taking an introduction to engineering course. The GOI has 96-items of 5-ordered-categories questionnaire consisting of three primary constructs of strivingbehavior in conation: Plan, Act, and Reflect. The GOI was analysed using Rasch measurementmodel to evaluate instruments' measurement functioning through investigating items

Conference Session

LEAD Technical Session 1: Fostering Leadership Identity Development and DEI in Engineering Students and Professionals

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brett Tallman, Montana State University - Bozeman; Bryce Hughes, Montana State University - Bozeman; Robert Carson, Montana State University - Bozeman; William Schell, Montana State University - Bozeman

engineering leader development in the classroom.This research paper utilized a systematic literature review approach to identify features ofidentity-based instruction. Instructional features in the literature were reviewed through thelenses of four identity frameworks: personal (self-authorship), professional (community ofpractice), leadership (leadership identity development), and engineering (performance, interest,recognition) identities.Nine instructional features that support engineering leadership identity development emerged inthe literature: values, language, reflection, authentic experiences, scaffolding, group learning,diverse perspectives, technical skills, and social skills. These findings provide preliminaryguidance on how to support

Conference Session

Bringing Engineering Leadership Pedagogy to Life!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Moore, University of Toronto; Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Patricia Sheridan, University of Toronto; Samina Hashmi, University of Toronto

their own leadershipidentities through a variety of lectures, discussions, case studies and experiential exercises.Students write weekly reflections on their learning using a Describe-Analyze-Evaluate format[5]. At the end of the term, they submit a summative reflection on the course in which they areasked how their understanding of leadership has evolved, and which concepts, frameworks orexercises have had a strong impact.We have used the ELO inventory for a number of years in our classroom as a self-assessmentactivity. Students are introduced to the ELO framework through a lecture and course reading.After completing the inventory in class, they gather in groups by orientation with large posterboards that characterize each of the orientations

Collection

2023 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Janet Tsai

iterations of a newengineering design course offered to senior undergraduates and graduate students, a journeymapping assignment has required students to reflect on their own experiences traversing throughengineering culture. These journey maps are also shared in small group discussions during classto uncover similarities and differences in student pathways, highlighting areas of overlap,commonalities, and disparate experiences. Informal student reflections on the assignment suggestthat viewing others’ journeys through engineering normalizes individual struggles, as nojourneys are direct, all feature ups and downs, and most involve deeply questioning ifengineering is the desired outcome. This work in progress paper describes the background andprior

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gordon Hoople, University of San Diego; Diana Chen, University of San Diego; Susan Lord, University of San Diego; Joel Mejia, The University of Texas at San Antonio

activity exploring environmental justice andhow it intersects with energy policy. Lastly we developed some large-scale examples spanningmultiple classes. Our campus has a small renewable energy generating station (EnergiPlant) thatwe spent several weeks analyzing to explore concepts of both solar and wind energy. We alsointroduced The Seven Generations principle, a conception of sustainability from theHaudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy, and used it as a framing for multiple conversationsthroughout the semester [4].Reflecting on this experience we are keenly aware how much effort was required to identify theexamples and incorporate them into our class. Four faculty collaborated on the development ofthis course over four years, a substantial

Collection

ASEE 2021 Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Ron D. Cooper, University of the Incarnate Word; Okan Caglayan, University of the Incarnate Word

camera and lens combination are device dependent. Forinstance, in reflected-UV imaging, UV illumination reflects of an object and is recorded by aUV-sensitive camera. UV fluorescence imaging is based on the UV illumination that stimulatesfluorescence at a longer wavelength than UV excitation source. The resulting fluorescence andimage are typically in the visible band and can be captured by a color camera. These opticalsensing system specific results require high-definition cameras with multispectral sensitivities.Thus, it is critical to provide an integrated and efficient approach to address the variability of UVbased optical sensing systems.The objective of the research is to develop a new adaptive UV image processing algorithm totransform our

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Furse, University of Utah; Donna Harp Ziegenfuss, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

concerns. Simply asking ”What can Ido to help you learn better? What can you do to learn better?” helped students reflect on theirlearning behaviors, and in many cases, improved their experience throughout the course. Thisstrategy provided an opportunity for students to take more responsibility for their learning andvoice their feedback about the course. The assessments also helped the faculty member improvethe course in real time. With this approach, the instructor also identified a number of learningbottlenecks, where a significant number of students were having problems. This very simpleformative assessment strategy proved to be a powerful tool for creating a student-centeredcourse. Findings from this study included providing the instructors

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Fritz, Stanford University ; Carl E. Wieman, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics

to gather it, and substantial reflection on bothexpected and unexpected results. These problem-solving decisions are similar to the overarchingthemes identified by Polya: understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan andlooking back [8]. The results also agree with work on design problem solving by Jonassen,which emphasizes the importance of determining design requirements and creating constraints[9]. A detailed analysis of the interviews with unified terminology across the fields for the expertproblem-solving decisions is currently being developed and will be published elsewhere.The rest of this work described here focuses on the specific optics black box assessment, whichwas created based on common problem-solving

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holt Zaugg PhD, Brigham Young University; Gregg Morris Warnick, Brigham Young University; Alan R. Parkinson, Brigham Young University; Spencer P. Magleby, Brigham Young University; Timothy L. Elliott, Brigham Young University; Kathryn L. Watkins, Brigham Young University; Meaghan Lynn Weldele, Brigham Young University; Quincey Cole, Harold B. Lee Library ; Lindsey R. Barnes

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

program value to indicate the exceptional learningopportunities SA programs offer.11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16A review of literature provides an array of assessment tools that may be used as a stand-alone orin concert with other tools (See Table 1). Each of these tools provides information that enablesresearchers and SA faculty to better determine how programs enhance student learning.The tools are designed to indicate competency development in students in areas such asincreased cultural understanding, improved communication skills, strengthened language ability,flexibility, and open-mindedness.2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18 In addition, this skill development oftenresults in personal reflection and growth that changes students in terms of their

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frederick Berry; Patricia Carlson

ABET ASSESSMENT USING CALIBRATED PEER REVIEWIntroductionMost engineering programs have some type of capstone design experience. At Rose-HulmanInstitute of Technology (Rose) the Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department alsohas a similar set of courses. Therefore, the ECE Department decided to use senior design toassess EC3(g) (ABET Engineering Criterion 3-g): “ability to communicate effectively”.However, we needed/wanted a tool to help us develop our assessment process for EC3(g).The ECE Department was introduced to the Calibrated Peer Review (CPR) [1]. CPR is anonline-tool with four structured workspaces that perform in tandem to create a series of activitiesthat reflect modern pedagogical strategies for using writing

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade: The Tenure Process

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Albert Lozano

educators need to consider at thetime of developing their teaching philosophies, summarized below: a) Their objectives in teaching. b) Tools and methods used to achieve those objectives c) Tools and methods used to measure the achievement of objectives d) The self-reflection on why teaching is important for themThe goal of this paper is to analyze each one of these critical points, guiding faculty members towardsbuilding a document consistent with their interests and institutional mission. Page 9.405.1 “Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition

Conference Session

Effective Projects and Experiments in Instrumentation and Control

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chao-Chia Cheng, National Central University; Lee king-lien, Department of Electro-Optic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 542, R.O.C.; Chih-Hsiung Ku, National Dong Hwa University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

one important optical property of materials. For liquid materials, it alsoprovides information to analyze liquids or mixed solutions, such as chemicals, foodstuffs, drinks,and pharmaceuticals. In general, the instruments to characterize the index of liquids weredeveloped according to the fundamental optical properties such as total internal reflection (Abberefractrometer)1, diffraction (grating)2, interference3, or deflection4,5, etc.Minimum deviation method (MDM) is one well-known and well-developed index measurementmethod since 1930.6-9 In this method, the index was deduced by the “minimum deviation angle”of the probe beam when it passed through the material under test. Such a material can be solid orliquid, but it has to be shaped as a

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Melkus Bayles, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Julia M. Ross, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Jonathan E. Singer, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Jacqueline Krikorian; Tushar P. Sura, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Department of Education

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

program has allowed for a more in depth cohesion of engineering content,pedagogy, and reflection. The PD program was split up into three distinct sections. In themornings, the teachers were team taught the heart lung curriculum by experienced engineeringfaculty and inquiry-based pedagogical facilitators. In the afternoons, the teachers applied whatthey learned as they taught students that were enrolled in the Upward Bound program. Whileteaching, the teachers were videotaped and observed by the INSPIRES team. After each lesson,the teachers and the INSPIRES team reviewed the recordings and collectively providedconstructive criticism to improve content understanding, teaching pedagogy and curriculumdelivery. Although this new PD program

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division GIFTS: Great Ideas For Teaching Students

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lee Kemp Rynearson, Campbell University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

in general – whichsome students described as illustrative of the potential worth and impact of a single engineer.The breadth of approaches, observations, and principles relating to beauty and eleganceillustrated by this limited sample is desirable, as the point of the class is not to converge on adefinition of beauty but rather for each student to find examples, methods, and possibly widerprinciples that are meaningful to them. An individual student’s findings could potentially informor expand their appreciation for what engineering can be and accomplish, offer them places tointegrate engineering with their existing identities or interests, or influence career planning.After class, students are assigned to write reflections based on prompts

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division GIFTS: Great Ideas For Teaching Students

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa K. Murray, Western New England University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

/users. Student groupscollaborated and communicated to the whole group about their motivations and perspectives fortheir design choices. The students then reflected on the possible value of their designs. Studentsthen wrote reflections that described the societal benefits of creating inclusive designs. Theirreflection pieces included thoughts on unconscious bias, challenging/disrupting beliefs, norms,habits and expectations that highlights problems behind oppressive worldviews, and socialinsight/imagination of what life is like for others considering social circumstances such as culturalidentity, privilege, and positionality. A self-reflection rubric is used to assess student self-reflectionsubmissions.Overall, this module enables educators to

Collection

2009 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Philip L. Brach; Ahmet Zeytinci

andEffectiveness) as tools for assessment of instruction.Key words: Assessment of instructor performanceIntroductionHistorically student performance was judged through an evaluation process that was pretty muchthe prerogative of the instructor. The evaluation was reflected for the most part in a final grade.Upon graduation, observations and comments in reference letters by faculty either for graduateschool or employment would add additional insight to the academic performance of the student.In recent years grading (evaluation) has developed into a more objective process referred to asassessment. The terms evaluation and assessment are often used synonymously. But there is adistinct difference; evaluation is quantitative judgment of performance, whereas

Conference Session

Certifying Teachers in Engineering or Integrated STEM

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yvonne Ng, St. Catherine University; Lori R. Maxfield, Saint Catherine University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

teams; e) identify, formulate andsolve engineering problems; g) communicate effectively; h) understand theimpact of engineering solutions in their daily lives; and i) engage in life-longlearning. Each participated in pre- and post-surveys and reflections. Together,with our formal evaluation through tests and projects, they provide a baseline for Page 22.520.2other engineering courses regarding, knowledge, skills and dispositions necessaryfor future competent, confident and comfortable elementary school teachers ofengineering.It’s all over the news: Kindergartners doing engineering before they can evenspell the word. As school districts and state departments of

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Josef Rojter

Session 3260 RESHAPING ENGINEERING EDUCATION TOWARDS THE PRACTICING PROFESSIONAL Josef Rojter Department of Mechanical Engineering Victoria University of Technology, P.O. BOX 14428 MCMC Melbourne Victoria 8001. Australia. Consider the turtle. It makes progress when it sticks its neck out. The evolution of knowledge based economies coupled with the accompanying socialchanges is placing new demands on engineering education in meeting societal needs. Thepoor image of the profession reflects the lack of strong links between engineering andcommunal development. Restructuring of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiabin Zhu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jonathan Hicks, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; Osman Cekic, Purdue University; Rocio Chavela Guerra, Purdue University

‟ instruction in engineeringlabs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among five GTAs who were selectedpurposefully from an engineering lab, enrolling approximately 1800 students, to elicit GTAs‟self-reflections regarding their teaching philosophies, practices, and experiences in instruction.Content analysis was conducted to examine how GTAs engaged with the four elements of theHPL framework (i.e., knowledge-, learner-, assessment- and community-centeredness) withintheir engineering laboratories. Findings from our analysis offer an overall view of GTAs‟instructional practices in engineering labs and provide a general profile of GTAs‟ teachingrelated to the HPL framework. This profile may be used for the future training and evaluation ofGTAs to

Conference Session

Design Methodology and Evaluation 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

justification of their decisions1. Further investigation is required in order todetermine how engineering students justify their decisions and whether the resulting decisionsand justifications reflect best practices in engineering design.The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework to investigate and assess the quality ofengineering students’ formal justifications of their engineering decisions. Using this framework,we identify aspects of decision justification with which students struggle with an end goal of Page 23.1227.2identifying need areas for instruction. Further, we present a rubric for evaluating engineeringdesign decision justifications

Collection

2023 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Hossein Saiedian

articulation of the problem or query before promptingthe LLM. Exploratory skills are essential to navigate and become proficient with majorLLM tools like ChatGPT, Bing AI, and Google Bard. Hands-on experimentation allowsfor direct interaction, fostering a deeper understanding of LLM capabilities. Willingnessto reflect is paramount, as it encourages critical evaluation of AI-generated content andpersonal beliefs. An illustrative diagram emphasizes the interplay between promptingLLMs and receiving responses, underscoring the iterative nature of refining promptsfor optimal outcomes.Ethical Considerations and Academic Integrity. The integration of LLMs in educationbrings forth ethical considerations, particularly in maintaining academic integrity.Concerns

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yen-Lin Han, Seattle University; Wan D. Bae, Seattle University; Julie Homchick Crowe, Seattle University; Matthew John Rellihan, Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

Science at Seattle University. She holds a B.S. in Architectural Engineering from Yonsei University, South Korea, and an M.S. and Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Denver. Her research interests include spatial and spatio-temporal data mining, health informatics, mobile computing, big data analytics, and GIS.Dr. Julie Homchick Crowe, Seattle University Julie Homchick Crowe is an Assistant Professor in the Communication and Media Department at Seattle University who specializes in rhetorical studies, critical media studies, and science and technology studies. Her research focuses on the ways in which health and science discourse reflect political ideologies, particularly in the areas of infectious disease

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gadhaun Aslam, University of Florida; Idalis Villanueva Alarcón, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

students. This facet of communicationwithin teaching is significant as it can avoid any conflicts, provide clarity, reflect empathy andfoster a positive learning and workplace environment.RITA Mentoring Hub, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (NSF 2217477), is aninitiative to holistically and professionally develop instructional faculty members (mentors) fromthree distinct types of higher education institutions. These institutions include the University ofFlorida, Virginia Tech University, and Morehouse College. Researchers in this mentoring huborganize multiple group and one-to-one sessions by offering mentoring support, which istraditionally unavailable for instructional faculty, as previous research showed in our study thatthis

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Travis Carrell, Texas A&M University; Anne-Marie Ginn-Hedman, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

scaffolding of projects with sub-deadlines for reporting on achievement ofspecific deliverables are utilized to engage students sooner and feed into beginning of classdiscussions concerning “pain points” and methods to ameliorate them. This also serves toidentify struggling students and provide additional guidance, whether through the discussion ofmethods utilized by peers or through instructor-led discussion. Maintenance of a Google Doc bystudents will be utilized to document their ongoing progress and for reporting of time spentworking on the individual projects and project reflection for productivity. These activities helppromote steady progress and foster self-directed learning [1-4]. Grounded in Vygotsky’s Zone ofProximal Development [5,6] and

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victoria Rose Garza, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Joel Alejandro Mejia, University of Cincinnati; Teja Guda, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

constructed through interactions with the environmentand reflection on those experiences. In this context, metacognitive regulation aligns with the notionof reflective abstraction, where learners assess and refine their cognitive strategies throughexperience. In BME education, where complex problem-solving and critical thinking are integralto the learning process, the dynamic interplay between metacognitive knowledge and regulationbecomes essential. As students engage with challenging engineering problems, their ability toreflect on and adjust thinking is critical not only for retaining technical content but also for applyingskills in the real-world. Thus, this framework allows for a deeper exploration of how metacognitivestrategies can be nurtured

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FPD) Work-in-Progress 2: Skills Development and Career Preparation

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Atheer Almasri, West Virginia University; Lizzie Santiago, West Virginia University; Todd R Hamrick, West Virginia University; Robin A.M. Hensel, West Virginia University; Carter Hulcher, West Virginia University; Akua B. Oppong-Anane, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FPD)

lower.Computational tools were most valued for the manufacturing sector, reflecting the sector'sdependency on technology-driven solutions. Statistical data analysis and understandingmathematical language were also important, with slightly less emphasis placed on estimationtechniques and the engineering design process.In the Transportation sector, employers valued applying the engineering design process most,followed by understanding mathematical language and estimation techniques. Computationaltools and statistical analysis were rated lower.The Services sector emphasized applying the engineering design process as the most criticalskill, with mathematical problem-solving and computational tools closely following. Statisticaldata analysis and estimation

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Technical Session 13: Attitudes & Prespectives of Teachers

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne Decker, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Monica McGill, CSEdResearch.org

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

CSEdResearch.org 1 adrienne@buffalo.edu, 2 monica@csedresearch.orgAbstractWe recently hosted a workshop that brought together 12 K-8 teachers who teach computer science(CS) and/or computational thinking and 12 CS education researchers. Since there is a known gapbetween practices that researchers study and practices that teachers implement in a learningenvironment, the purpose of our full-day workshop was to create a meaningful space for teachersand researchers to meet and explore each others’ perspectives. The dialogue was framed aroundteachers’ classroom experiences with researchers reflecting on how they could improve theirresearch practice. The workshop, held during the 2022 CS Teachers Association (CSTA)conference

Conference Session

Experiential Learning and Professional Skills and Competencies: Attainment, Assessment, and Evaluation.

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John H. Callewaert, University of Michigan; Cassandra Sue Ellen Jamison, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

abilities to inform career decisions [10]. Strong evidence suggests the importance ofidentity formation through experiential education; however, there are many questions that stillremain unanswered about how engineering programs can help create pathways for students tomeaningfully participate and develop professional identity, especially at scale.While experiential learning and engineering identity formation are important to the collegeexperience, challenges remain for creating robust structures for students to reflect, conceptualize,and apply their learning. Kolb [13] recognized that the experiences themselves are not enough.His model describes a cyclical process that begins with a concrete experience, followed byreflection on that experience

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Gentry, University of California, Davis; Rachel Altovar

introduction. RQ (2) reflects the reality of the state ofaffairs: the study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, which would inescapablyaffect these perceptions.This study surveyed MSE students at the University of California, Davis (UC Davis). Thesestudents utilized computational tools in several required classes, including a lower-divisionmathematics lab and a required computational methods course. In students’ third year, upper-division MSE courses integrated these tools, such as MATLAB and other simulation tools (e.g.,ThermoCalc), to supplement course material and expand on core MSE concepts. Studentscompleted many of the programming assignments in MATLAB, although other languages suchas Python were also permitted. Students could utilize