Conference Session

Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kip Coonley, Duke University; Martin Brooke, Duke University; Philip Ethier, Duke University; Hisham Massoud, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

motivation and creative thinkingskills, especially when design is targeted toward realistic projects. In addition, the project focusearly on serves to better prepare students for their capstone design projects in their senior year.1To address the issues of a traditional engineering curriculum, the authors are part of a recentcurriculum redesign in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at DukeUniversity. This redesign is funded by the National Science Foundation and is centered upon thetheme of Integrated Sensing and Information Processing (ISIP).4 The redesigned curriculum hasfocused on real-world problems as a means for the successful training of modern engineers. Thetheme of ISIP has been implemented in the development of the first

Conference Session

Sustainable Education and the Environment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elaine Scott, Seattle Pacific University; John Lindberg, Seattle Pacific University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, II, and III in Table 1.)They include a common core of 35 credits that provides a foundation in the liberal arts and anexploratory curriculum that includes 40 credits in the Arts and Humanities (10 credits), SocialSciences (10 credits), Natural Sciences (15 credits, including both biological science andphysical science courses) and Math (5 credits).General Engineering Core RequirementsThe general engineering core requirements are common to all concentrations and includemathematics, chemistry, physics, programming, probability and statistics, circuits, junior leveldesign, internship courses, and the senior design and capstone project. A listing of theserequirements is shown in Table 2 along with related learning outcomes from Table 1. Ten

Conference Session

Design Communications

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Ekwaro-Osire, Texas Tech; Peter Orono, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2009-2227: USE OF RESEARCH NOTEBOOKS BY UNDERGRADUATESTUDENTSStephen Ekwaro-Osire, Texas TechPeter Orono, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis Page 14.1304.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Use of Research Notebooks by Undergraduate StudentsAbstract Previously, the authors investigated the use of design notebooks as indicators of studentparticipation in team activities. The authors have used design notebooks in freshman designclasses and senior capstone design class. It was demonstrated that design notebooks are a goodindicator of teamwork practices. The motivation of this study is to enhance creativity in designresearch by

Collection

2009 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

James Helbling

472 INTEGRATING DESIGN APPLICATION AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS INTO SENIOR DESIGN COURSES James Helbling, Department of Aeronautical Engineering Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZThis paper recounts the evolution of a capstone senior design course taught at Embry-RiddleAeronautical University in Prescott, Arizona. It will discuss the development of the applicationbased learning objectives and the integration of a technical communication component into thecourse in question, and the challenges and negotiations involved in successfully implementingthese

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ehsan Sheybani; Singli Garcia-Otero; Keith Williamson

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

lessons learned andinnovative approaches in the new ABET accreditation process at VSU∀in this first visit arepresented.Capstone Senior Design Course:Capstone senior design experience is both a graduation requirement for undergraduateengineering majors and for ABET accreditation of these programs. A senior design course istypically the last bridge for students between undergraduate education and the engineeringprofession in their respective disciplines. The course differs from other lecture and laboratorybased courses in the engineering curriculum in fundamental ways. Many capstone senior designcourses include lectures to develop students’ knowledge of the product development process,project management, professional engineering practice, and the

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Applications

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Doyle, McMaster University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

AC 2009-2068: CORNERSTONE DESIGN: PRODUCT DISSECTION IN ACOMMON FIRST-YEAR ENGINEERING DESIGN AND GRAPHICS COURSEThomas Doyle, McMaster University Page 14.371.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009Cornerstone Design – Product Dissection in a Common First Year Engineering Design and Graphics CourseAbstractIn the senior year of an engineering program many students will have the opportunity to enroll incourses that offer Capstone engineering design projects [1]. In many engineering students’educational career these are the most interesting and rewarding courses because they offer thestudent the ability to apply the culmination of their education to an

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Somerton, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

agency that provides energy and environmentalinformation and services, a mechanical engineering capstone design team has taken on thechallenge of designing and implementing a heating system for the worms. In keeping with thetheme of the worm composting, it was decided that this heating system must utilize renewableand sustainable energy sources. This paper will share the design process and the details of thefinal design implementation. The project was unique in that it involved considerable interactionamong the mechanical engineering students, the staff of the non-profit community agency, andthe staff and students of Woodcreek Elementary School. The paper will share the lessonslearned through such interactions and will provide some guidance to

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Education: Cases and Models

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane Laux, Arizona State University; Anshuman Razdan, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

century and beyond. From a university’s perspective the fundamental set of issues are: 1. Promote university-industry collaboration between its faculty (and students) and industry with projects funded by industry. 2. Do so in an environment of academic freedom, i.e. with as few constraints as possible on publishing, IP rights, technology transfer, etc. 3. Fit collaborations in the academic setting such as the calendar when faculty and students are available to work on projects or Capstone type projects which might be one or more semesters long. 4. The bottom line is that the projects must contribute to the educational mission of the university, rather than be seen as the university just

Conference Session

Engineering Courses for Non-engineers

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert J. Gustafson; Bruce Trott, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

, transportation, andconstruction. This course is intended for non-engineering students who want to better understandhow technology impacts their lives.ISE 504 (3) Engineering Economic Analysis -- Economic analysis of engineering projects andmethods of operation; the analysis of public investments, and introduction to analysis ofengineering decisions. Prereq: 3rd yr standing or concur with 500 or written permission ofinstructor.ENG 581 (4, repeatable to 8) Engineering Capstone Collaboration -- This is a new course beingdeveloped. It is anticipated that students enrolled in this course will contract to collaborate withan existing capstone design team (within any program of the College expressing willingness tocollaborate). The students will be expected to

Conference Session

Information Literacy Integration and Assessment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara MacAlpine, Trinity University; Mahbub Uddin, Trinity University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

project. The second semester freshman design course continues theintroduction to engineering design concepts with another interactive team-oriented designproject. Examples of freshman design projects include designing, building, testing and analyzingthe performance of a wooden truss; designing, building and testing a water balloon launcher, etc.Freshman design courses are followed by one-credit-hour mini capstone design projects in thesophomore and junior years. The sophomore design projects continues the development ofstudents’ design skills through a project with an emphasis on health and safety,manufacturability, sustainability, and economic, environmental, social, political and ethicaldesign constraints.The first design course in the junior

Conference Session

Technology Integration in the Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann Goebel, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Harry Petersen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; William Peterson, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

the delivery of onlinecurriculum and services. The Minnesota State University System consists of 33 state universities,community colleges, technical colleges and combined community and technical colleges locatedon 53 campuses. The system serves approximately 235,000 students annually in credit-basedcourses and another 130,000 in non-credit courses. A primary vehicle for the state universitysystem’s online entity support is largely demonstrated through seed grants for online course orprogram development. As pedagogically necessary, portions of the online program or coursewere able to be customized to use applied activities such as a course cohort activity. For thedepartment courses either a capstone project or a lab experience were integrated

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Burkett, University of Alabama; Charles Snead, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

joinedtogether to work on projects involving composite materials.19 In another institution, art studentshave been used in a Capstone Design course to enhance the creativity of the project20 whileengineering, art, and architecture students solved a community lighting problem as part of aservice learning project.21 A summer program where students and faculty work with teenagersfor creating a “magic show” based on scientific principles is an example of a creative way toinvolve youth.22 The creative design process is considered by some to integrate the engineeringdesign process and the creative process established from the field of cognitive psychology.23 Increativity workshops, through a mixture of experiential and cognitive techniques, the mean

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaobo Peng, Prairie View A&M University; Katie Grantham Lough, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Benjamin Dow, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Collaborative Engineering and Product DataManagement,” presented at PACE Annual Forum, Mexico City, Mexico, July 27-30.15. Jensen, C. G., Dean, C. , Bohn, J. H., and Marshall, J., 2005, “Using Collaboration and PLM Tools to LinkRemote Capstone Team Members,” presented at PACE Annual Forum, Mexico City, Mexico, July 27-30.16. McCammon, J. B., Brooks, B. W., and Jensen, C. G., 2006, “Hosting/Participating in Global CollaborativePACE Projects,” presented at PACE Annual Forum, Provo, Utah, July 24-29.17. Hinds, T. J. and Lloyd, J. R., 2006, “Teamcenter Tools Collaboration Project,” presented at PACE AnnualForum, Provo, Utah, July 24-29.18. Anderson, J., Eastein, M., Nielsen, B., and Rochow, T., 2006, “Virtual Engineering Design Collaboration: AJourney into

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Town Hall Meeting: Supporting University Priorities

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin Grimheden, Royal Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

weeks)10 IDEO vs stage-gate Batill19 Capstone course (several weeks)11 Innovative thinking Raviv20 Several exercises and projects (hours to weeks)1. Candy Airplane ExerciseThe authors behind the Candy Airplane Exercise discuss the conflict between traditional studentviews on engineering as very mathematical and rigorous with the proposed view of engineeringas a creative field of study. They argue that the amount of creativity necessary to solve industrialproblems is highly underestimated21. Referencing Higly and Marianno22 the

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University; Peter Baumann, Central Connecticut State University; Alfred Gates, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

preparation for the first ABET evaluation visit. To assessprogram learning outcomes and program educational objectives, the department has adoptednumerous data collection and evaluation mechanisms. Courses at all levels of the curriculumhave been selected to collect data. Course-based Fundamentals of Engineering Exam style tests,lab-based courses, senior capstone design project, field practicum, employer and graduatesurveys and industrial advisory board feedback are utilized as assessment tools for both programlearning outcomes and program educational objectives. Detailed description of thecomprehensive assessment plan, its implementation, up-to-date results and plans for continuousimprovement are presented.IntroductionThe engineering program at

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renee Rogge, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Kay C Dee, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Glen Livesay, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

supplemental design evaluation was administered in paper form to biomedical engineeringseniors in the capstone design course at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, at the conclusionsof the Fall, Winter, and Spring 2007-2008 terms (IRB approved protocol #RHS0054). Duringthe Fall quarter, teams of biomedical engineering seniors selected projects with corporate clientsor individuals within the community, worked up at least three distinct design options, created andused merit and feasibility criteria to select one option, and completed a full design proposal forthat option. During the Winter quarter the teams built and tested their designs, and completedextensive design documentation. The completed projects were delivered to clients early in theSpring

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Enayat Mahajerin, Saginaw Valley State University; Anca Sala, Baker College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

stress analysis of the gear teeth, and finally, ‘fitting them alltogether’. Excel/MathCAD/Maple has been used in the calculations. Design standards(ANSI, SAE, AFBMA, AGMA, etc.) have been used while designing each component.Only the power and speed limits of the system are specified, leaving everything elseopen-ended. Students are expected to start with an application in mind that uses a similarsubsystem, and justify all the subsequent assumed data, including the safety factors. Thisproduced several alternative designs that the instructor can use as numerous workedexamples for future classes. Each design report can serve as a case study that includes themath and CAE tools they used for the project. Conventionally, many capstone designclasses use

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susana Lai-Yuen, University of South Florida; Kingsley Reeves, University of South Florida

for integrating mechanical engineering concepts,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90(4), 2001, pp. 527-534.5. Jorgensen, J. E., Mescher, A. M., and Fridley, J. L., “Industry collaborative capstone design projects,” International Conference on Engineering Education, August 6-10, 2001, pp. 7B6-12 – 7B6-17.6. Kunst, B. S., and Goldberg, J. R., “Standards education in senior design courses,” IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, July/August 2003, pp. 114-117.7. National Academy of Engineering, The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century, 2004.8. Prince, M., “Does active learning work? A Review of the research,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 93(3), 2004, pp. 223-231.9

Conference Session

Innovative and Nontraditional Curriculum in IT/IET

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Hata, Portland Community College; James Dockendorf, Normandale Community College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

materials onto asubstrate. Laboratory exercises range from low-cost transmission lineexperiments to capstone laboratory activities using a table-top sputtering system.Faculty-enhancement workshops include both basic and advanced workshopsrelated to RF plasma processing and measurement.The project, funded through a grant from the Advanced Technological Educationprogram at the National Science Foundation (NSF # 0603175), is an extension ofwork performed at Portland Community College (NSF # 0101533). This projectincreases the robustness of the instructional modules, expands the number andscope of the laboratory exercises, and provides basic and advanced faculty-enhancement workshops for college and university faculty.This paper provides an overview of

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Education: Innovation, International Cooperation, and Social Entrepreneurship

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nassif Rayess, University of Detroit, Mercy; Darrell Kleinke, University of Detroit, Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

the near future. Theentrepreneurship program at the University of Detroit Mercy (UDM) involves aninterdisciplinary design course12 that will serve as the model. The students could be engagedeither in the senior capstone course or in the context of co- and extracurricular activities.Examples of both are presented later in this article. The students are generally very interested inthis kind of experience, and even in a small university like UDM, the ability to carry on thesetypes of projects is not limited by the availability or willingness of students.The client is a person with a special need, generally a form of disability. One of the principalconstituencies is that of parents with disabilities. For these people, the joy of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arlene Russell, University of California, Los Angeles; Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Warren Hull, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; william Monroe, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Chester Wilmot, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

self-confidence in achieving the anticipated learning outcomes. Ultimately this data will be triangulated with data from the rubrics and focus group interviews with students. 4. Collect baseline assessment data before implementation of the new program (using revised rubric and survey results) for written, oral, and visual communications in sophomore design courses and senior capstone design courses.FINAL OUTCOMESAnticipated results from the project fall into four categories: ≠ Development of new teaching materials and learning strategies: This project will upgrade the CPR web-based software to include oral and visual communication components, while also developing new teaching assignments

Conference Session

Design Cognition

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rogelio Cardona, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Ted Cruz, University of Puerto Rico; Noraica Davila, University of Puerto Rico; Omar Ferrer, University of Puerto Rico; Alexander Gonzalez, University of Puerto Rico; Ramon Gonzalez, University of Puerto Rico; Willie Gonzalez, University of Puerto Rico; Nelson Mendez, University of Puerto Rico; Damian Torres, University of Puerto Rico; José Vega, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

nine highly and self-motivated undergraduate students and oneprofessor trying to, and at times succeeding in, being inconspicuous. We are aninterdisciplinary team from several areas of the Computer and ElectricalEngineering programs at the University of Puerto Rico, exploring novel ideas ofproducts that can become feasible projects for the capstone design course. Theapproach to our work contrasts with many conventional engineering educationpractices, which place emphasis on highly structured and formal procedures andsolving problems proposed by faculty members or by industry partners. Althoughwe still meet in the formal setting of a classroom and one research laboratory, thesessions differ significantly from regular classes, appearing more

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Duffy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Carol Barry, University Massachusetts Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Manuel Heredia, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

teams was not a waste.Seniors, however, agreed more strongly with the statements “I have a realistic understandingof the daily responsibilities,” “I feel well prepared for my future career,” and “I have a closeworking relationship with faculty.” These responses may have been due to the student’sinvolvement in capstone design projects, which typically provide the student greaterinteraction with individual faculty and more control of their project. Page 14.1055.17Figure 9. Effect of student status on their responses to the 2008 survey.As with the faculty, female students responded more positively (at the 5% level) to service-related work than male

Conference Session

Professional Issues in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Chou, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Deborah Nykanen, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

wall panels. In the following Page 14.292.6week, they visited the construction site where these products were being erected. Prior to thefield trips, the first author was able to provide a brief presentation on the design of the buildingand the unique features that the students should observe during the site observation.During one of the senior capstone design projects, the first author directed the students to anarchitect-designer in her firm to discuss issues such as the American Disability Act, clearance forhallways, classroom sizes, etc. that needed to be followed in the academic building beingdesigned by the student structural group for

Collection

2009 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Estelle M. Eke

. Perform simulations using SIMULINK (a MATLAB toolbox). Reinforce principles of computer science, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering through open-ended robot design with the Basic Stamp (a micrcontroller). Engage students in problem solving via team work. Provide a brief introduction to the design process. Give students an opportunity to demonstrate oral and written communication skills through oral presentations and final project demonstrations. Proceedings of the 2009 American Society for Engineering Education Pacific Southwest Regional Conference 151 Serve as a useful

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Richter, Virginia Tech; Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech; Lisa McNair, Virginia Tech; Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech

she co-directs the Virginia Tech Engineering Communications Center (VTECC). Her research focuses on communication in engineering design, interdisciplinary communication and collaboration, and design education. She was awarded a CAREER grant from NSF to study expert teaching practices in capstone design courses nationwide, and is co-PI on several NSF grants to explore interdisciplinary collaboration in engineering design.Lisa McNair, Virginia Tech LISA D. McNAIR is an assistant professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech and co-Director of the VT Engineering Communication Center (VTECC). She is co-PI on several NSF-funded projects that explore issues of learning, practicing and teaching

Conference Session

OMCED Topics

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manhar Dhanak, Florida Atlantic University; Ronald Yeung, University of California, Berkeley; Spyros Kinnas, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

areas: 1)capstone design projects for undergraduate seniors, 2) summer internships for undergraduates, 3)graduate education, 4) outreach to high school and undergraduate students, 5) specific programenhancements, and 5) career placement efforts.3.1. Capstone Design Projects for Undergraduate SeniorsAs part of the undergraduate ocean engineering program at FAU, senior year students take a twosemester capstone design course where they are tasked with designing an operational system thatthey take from concept development through engineering design, through building of the systemto at-sea testing. The projects are group activities involving teams of students who are tasked toproduce a design that meets a set of pre-specified metrics. The senior

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chao Chen, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Carlos Pomalaza-Ráez, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Scott Hendershot, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Ma Oo, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Adam Hilton, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Human MotionAbstractAssessing abnormal movement resulting from poor health is essential for monitoring patients’health status and quality of life. In this paper, we describe a capstone senior design project thatuses wearable wireless sensors to measure and collect signals with information about the motionof a person in need of medical care. A triaxial body-fixed accelerometer is used to record humanmotion. Sampled data are transmitted using an IEEE 802.15.4 wireless transceiver to a datalogger and passed to a PC. The analysis of the recorded data facilitates possible characterizationof human motion. The implemented system allows for inexpensive and unobtrusive monitoringduring normal daily activities at home or in a nursing home environment.1

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships, Teaching Strategies & Collaborative Networks (IUCEE, IFEES, LACCEI.... )

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andy Ward, Ohio State University; Ann Christy, Ohio State University; Robert J. Gustafson; Jessica D'Ambrosio; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

International

the majority havenow undertaken graduate studies. Two students (one in 2007 and another in 2008) made returnvisits to implement aspects of their designs. Another group of 4-6 students will participate in2009. These projects add to engineering capstone design opportunities by providing a moreglobal experience, a unique cultural opportunity, experiential10 and service learning11opportunities, humanitarian objectives, and the potential to aid in developing design solutionsthat could extend well beyond those of most undergraduate projects. This initiative wasestablished by Professor Ward who has lived in South Africa and has relatives living in thevicinity of Cape Town.Throughout the nation some engineering educators have instituted international

Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical and Power Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Vuksanovich, Youngstown State University; James Higley, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

considered very valuable, thereis mounting evidence supporting a reduction in the quantity of general education and an increasein discipline related classes.At the BS level, YSU requires 133 credit hours while PUC requires 125. PUC requires 15 credithours of communications while YSU requires 9. Math, science, and technical areas agree withina few credit hours. Most of YSU’s additional hours are in social sciences/humanities with 21hours required while PUC requires 9. In the technical areas, YSU shows a greater concentrationin the area of automation while PUC emphasizes project management, OSHA, and technicalelectives. Perhaps the largest area of difference is the capstone project. PUC uses a four credithour two course sequence where the students