Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wookwon Lee, Gannon University; Nicholas B. Conklin, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #18151Solar Eclipse Ballooning with a Multiband Tracking Subsystem for Under-graduate Research ExperienceDr. Wookwon Lee, Gannon University Wookwon Lee, P.E. received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from Inha University, Korea, in 1985, and the M.S. and D.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the George Washington University, Washington, DC, in 1992 and 1995, respectively. He is currently an associate professor and department chair of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Gannon University, Erie, PA. Prior to joining Gannon, he had been involved in various research and development

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sifat Islam, Florida Atlantic University; Ravi T. Shankar, Florida Atlantic University; Iris Minor, Florida Atlantic University; Susanne I Lapp, Florida Atlantic University ; Dilys Schoorman, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

University Ravi Shankar has a PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Madi- son, WI, and an MBA from Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL. He is currently a senior professor with the Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department at Florida Atlantic Uni- versity. His academic focus is on systems engineering as pertinent to healthcare and education. His intent is to harvest the technological progress made in mobile apps, the semantic web, and data mining to these areas . He has been well funded by the high tech industry over the years. He has 7 US patents, of which 3 have been commercialized by the university. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the

Conference Session

Mid Atlantic Papers

Collection

2017 Mid-Atlantic Section Fall Conference

Authors

Kala Meah, York College of Pennsylvania

Tagged Topics

Mid-Atlantic Section Fall Conference

Paper ID #20976Incorporating Projects into a Theory-Based Electromagnetic Fields CourseDr. Kala Meah, York College of Pennsylvania Kala Meah received the B.Sc. degree from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in 1998, the M.Sc. degree from South Dakota State University in 2003, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Wyoming in 2007, all in Electrical Engineering. From 1998 to 2000, he worked for sev- eral power companies in Bangladesh. Currently, Dr. Meah is an Associate Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering program, Department of Engineering and Computer Science, York College of

Conference Session

Clinical, Patient, and Innovation Experiences in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Stirling, UIC School of Design, University of Illinois at Chicago; Miiri Kotche, University of Illinois, Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

. S., & Higginson, J. (2016, June), “Bridging Courses:Unmet Clinical Needs to Capstone Design (Work in Progress),” Paper presented at 2016 ASEE AnnualConference & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana. 10.18260/p.26393[7] Przestrzelski, B., & DesJardins, J. D., & Brewer, C. M. I. (2016, June), “Year Two - The DeFINEProgram: A Clinical and Technology Transfer Immersion Program for Biomedical Needs Identificationand Valuation,” Paper presented at 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, New Orleans,Louisiana. 10.18260/p.27062[8] Kadlowec, J., & Merrill, T., & Hirsh, R. A., & Sood, S. (2015, June), “Work-In-Progress: ClinicalImmersion and Team-Based Engineering Design,” Paper presented at 2015 ASEE Annual Conference

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy S. Lewis, Brigham Young University; Terri Christiansen Bateman, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

positions of AIChE. His research inter- ests include biomaterials development, engineering education, product design for developing areas, and the utilization of renewable resources for the production of chemicals.Ms. Terri Christiansen Bateman , Brigham Young University Terri Bateman is adjunct faculty in the Brigham Young University College of Engineering and Technol- ogy where she has worked with Women in Engineering and Technology at BYU, numerous mechanical engineering capstone senior design teams, the Global Engineering Outreach course, and the Compliant Mechanisms Research Group. She received her bachelor’s and master’s degrees in Mechanical Engineer- ing from BYU and also worked at the Ford Motor Company as a

Collection

AEE Journal

Authors

Ryan Solnosky P.E.; Joshua Fairchild

neutral and 5 was strongly agree. To relate theresults from the surveys to the students, rating ranges were adopted directly from Holland et al.(2010). There were three ranges. Any “below average” range (score of a 3.0 or lower) was notdeemed a successful outcome of team performance. A value between 3.0 and 4.0 was consideredpositive, but not highly impactful on positive overall team performance. Finally, any score with avalue of a 4.0 or higher was a success resulting in teams functioning at a top (high) performancelevel. Similar survey development has been utilized in engineering education in the past (McGourtyet al. 1998), yet not in the same context of technology supported multidisciplinary teams with fourdistinct technical options. As such

Collection

2017 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Yimesker Yihun; Rajeev Nair; Jason Herron

of these engagement methods,students’ collaboration plays a great role, however, there are only few studies are available on an effectiveteam formation method. The team integration and level of collaboration will directly affect the quality ofthe end-product as well as the amount of learning through the process. An effective team formationmechanism in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) programs is vital to create astrong collaboration among students and to maximize learning. In this paper, a preliminary study has beenperformed to investigate a possible route to build an effective collaboration among students by changingthe traditional paradigm “cheating on in-class Examinations” into a possible productive team work arena

Conference Session

Construction 1: Special Topics in Construction Education: BIM, Simulation, Sustainability, and Safety

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pranshoo Solanki P.E., Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Paper ID #18511An Innovative Way to Teach Sustainability Concepts in Construction Mate-rials CourseDr. Pranshoo Solanki P.E., Illinois State University Dr. Pranshoo Solanki is an Assistant Professor at Illinois State University with over 10 years of academic and professional experience in the field of construction materials and geotechnical/pavement engineering. He received his doctorate in civil engineering from the University of Oklahoma and master’s degree in civil engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. He has professional and research experience in dealing with difficult soils/rocks, beneficial

Conference Session

Aerospace Hot Topic: Unmanned Aerial Systems

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Subodh Bhandari, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

). c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Summer Research Program to Motivate Undergraduates for Career in Unmanned Aerial SystemsAbstractThe use of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) has been increasing rapidly for widespreadapplications including for precision agriculture, search and rescue, infrastructure monitoring,and powerline inspection. Because of their cheaper cost, UASs can also be used as the entrypoint for many advanced concepts in aerospace engineering. However, academia and industryhave not seen proportionate increase in the number of students pursuing studies for advanceddegrees or entering the workforce in the area of UAS technologies. This paper talks about thesummer research program at Cal

Conference Session

Integrating Additive Manufacturing Practices in Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

April Krivoniak, Robert Morris University; Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

orthoticdesign that still meets an individual’s specific needs based on their diagnosis. As the marketdemand for customized devices continues to expand, researchers are increasingly takingadvantage of reverse engineering (RE), rapid prototyping (RP) and additive manufacturing (AM)technologies. The rapid prototyping market has continued to expand over recent decades andnow has the capability to be a large contributor in fields driven by patient care.The following material addresses the process of devising an efficient and effective method tomanufacture a customized AFO that is fast, consistent, repeatable, comfortable for the patient,and flexible to design modifications with the resources available to an undergraduate engineeringstudent.Materials and

Conference Session

First- and Second-year Design and Professional Development in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emma K. Frow, Arizona State University; Michael R. Caplan, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

Paper ID #19621Promoting Career Reflection among Freshman BME StudentsDr. Emma K. Frow, Arizona State University Emma Frow is an Assistant Professor at Arizona State University, with a joint appointment in the School of Biological & Health Systems Engineering and the School for the Future of Innovation in Society. She has graduate training in both the natural and social sciences, with a PhD in biochemistry and an MSc in science & technology studies. Emma is interested in the engineering imagination, particularly in the emerging field of synthetic biology. Over the past 7 years, her curricular and extracurricular

Conference Session

Motivation and Engagement

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Rogers, The Ohio State University; Denny C. Davis, The Ohio State University; Sarah Winfree, The Ohio State University ; Kaycee Ash, The Ohio State University; Bashirah Ibrahim, Ohio State University; Lin Ding, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. She is also a referee for various international journals and conferences. Prior to joining the Ohio State University, Bashirah Ibrahim worked at Kansas State University and the Marang Centre for Mathematics and Science Education, University of Witwatersrand in South Africa.Lin Ding, The Ohio State University Lin Ding, Ph. D. Associate Professor Department of Teaching and Learning The Ohio State University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Early Validation of the Motivation in Team Projects (MTP) AssessmentAbstractIn this paper, the authors present initial evidence for validity of the Motivation in

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paran Rebekah Norton, Clemson University; Karen A. High, Clemson University; William Bridges, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

. (2008). Student performance and faculty development in SCALE-UP engineering mechanics and math courses.Bressoud, D. M., Carlson, M. P., Mesa, V., & Rasmussen, C. (2013). The calculus student: insights from the Mathematical Association of America national study. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 44(5), 685–698.Bressoud, D., & Rasmussen, C. (2015). Seven characteristics of successful calculus programs. Notices of the AMS, 62(2).Freeman, S., Eddy, S. L., McDonough, M., Smith, M. K., Okoroafor, N., Jordt, H., & Wenderoth, M. P. (2014). Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proceedings of the National Academy

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Wednesday Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Ann Marasco, University of Calgary; Mohammad Moshirpour, University of Calgary; Mahmood Moussavi, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. Mahmood Moussavi is currently a faculty member of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, at the University of Calgary. He has over 25 years research and teaching experience in different areas of software engineering and information technology, and he has served over 11 year as Director of the Software Engineering at the above-mentioned department. His general research interest and expertise are summarized as follows: Distributed and multi-agent soft- ware systems Software design and architecture Data mining and database management Dr. Moussavi’s most recent research projects involves: A simulation-based study on software design for connected vehicles and traffic infrastructures, applying agent-based

Conference Session

Manufacturing Curriculum and Course Innovations

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faisal Aqlan, Penn State Behrend; E. George Walters III P.E., Penn State Behrend

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Paper ID #19069Teaching Lean Principles through Simulation GamesDr. Faisal Aqlan, Penn State Behrend Dr. Faisal Aqlan is an assistant professor of industrial engineering at Penn State Behrend. He earned the B.S. and M.S. in industrial engineering from Jordan University of Science and Technology in 2007 and 2010, respectively and the Ph.D. in Industrial and Systems Engineering from the State University of New York at Binghamton in 2013. Prior to joining the faculty at Behrend, Dr. Aqlan was a faculty member in industrial and system engineering at the University of New Haven where he taught undergraduate and graduate

Conference Session

CoED: Embedded Systems and Robotics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abul K. M. Azad, Northern Illinois University; Reza Hashemian P.E., Northern Illinois University; Mohd Afwaan Ahmed Quadri

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #20161CLOUD SIMULATION OF A FLEXIBLE MANIPULATOR SYSTEMProf. Abul K. M. Azad, Northern Illinois University Abul K. M. Azad is a Professor in the Technology Department of Northern Illinois University. He has a Ph.D. in Control and Systems Engineering and M.Sc. and B.Sc. in Electronics Engineering. His research interests include remote laboratories, mechatronic systems, mobile robotics, and educational research. In these areas, Dr. Azad has over 100 refereed journal and conference papers, edited books, and book chapters. So far, he has attracted around $1.7 million in research and development grants from various

Conference Session

Addressing the Human Dimension in Teaching Statics, Dynamics, Mechanics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norman Reese P.E., LeTourneau University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Paper ID #20112Utilizing Empathy-Based Course Modules to Enhance Student Motivation inLower Level Mechanics CoursesProf. Norman Reese P.E., LeTourneau University Norman Reese has taught in the engineering technology department of LeTourneau University for 6 years. Previously, he worked in industry as an engineer for NASA and later in manufacturing and renewable fuels. In addition to a research focus in design and testing of wheelchairs for developing countries, he is intrigued by student motivation (or lack thereof). c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Utilizing

Collection

2017 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Ali Self; Hannah Johnson; Molly McVey; Caroline Bennett

Student Perspective of Pedagogies of Engagement Ali Self B.S, Hannah Johnson, Molly McVey Ph.D., and Caroline Bennett Ph.D., PE The University of KansasAbstractPedagogies of engagement have become increasingly prevalent in the teaching of Science,Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) courses. Research shows that students retain andabsorb knowledge more proficiently when they are actively engaged. Most studies focus onquantitative results to support their claim. The University of Kansas School of Engineeringrecently added new facilities which encourage and promote an active learning environment.Having been in place for two years, there was a unique

Conference Session

Assessment of Student Learning and Motivation in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian P. Helmke, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

Paper ID #18299Barriers to Learning in a Large Flipped Biotransport CourseDr. Brian P. Helmke, University of Virginia Brian Helmke is currently Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Virginia. He received the B.S.E. in bioengineering from the University of Pennsylvania, the B.S.Econ. from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and the Ph.D. in bioengineering from the University of California, San Diego. Brian’s research interests include cardiovascular physiology, cellular mechanobi- ology, and nanotechnology-based biomaterials. He is also interested in technology-enhanced teaching

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Steinbrink, Gannon University; Karinna M Vernaza, Gannon University; Barry J Brinkman, Gannon University; Theresa Vitolo, Gannon University; Adam Finn Nogaj, Gannon University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Depart- ment, Gannon University (Erie, PA). Teaching in systems-related fields since 1986, she joined the Com- puter and Information Science Department at Gannon University in 1999. In addition to teaching, she has worked as a systems analyst / programmer on a variety of systems development projects. Her academic background includes a B.S.E. in industrial engineering and a Ph.D. in information science; her industry experience includes systems analysis and cognitive science applications. She was one of the Principal Investigators on two NSF S-STEM and one NSF ADVANCE-PAID grants. With a life-long interest in technology and its potential for enhancing human capabilities, her research includes advances in analytics

Conference Session

Practices for Student Learning Engagement

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ergin Erdem, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

, education of manufac- turing technologies, RFID applications in food and pharmaceutical applications, operations management in healthcare industry. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Incorporating Autodesk Moldflow as a Tool for Promoting Engaged Student LearningAbstractIn this paper, we provide a discussion on implementation of Autodesk MoldflowTM Software forenhancing and promoting teaching activities and enhancing course content offered as one ofmandatory courses in Manufacturing Engineering curriculum of one of the Higher EducationInstitution in United States. The target audience of the course is undergraduate students at junioror senior level. In the paper

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Delson, University of California at San Diego; Jesse DeWald, UC San Diego; Alex Tunchez, UC San Diego; Sebastian Bommer, UC San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

of California, San Diego, and then went on to get a doctorate in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1994. He was a lecturer and Director of the Design Studio at Yale University for four years, and then returned to his alma matter, UC, San Diego, in 1999. He is now a tenured lecturer and Director of the Design Center in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. He teaches hands- on design courses, including an introductory design class, a mechatronics class, and a capstone design class. His interests in design education include increasing student motivation, teamwork, and integration of theory into design projects.Mr. Jesse DeWald, UC San Diego DeWald is an

Conference Session

Action on Diversity - Supporting Students at Multiple Levels

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura K Alford, University of Michigan; Mary Lou Dorf, University of Michigan; Valeria Bertacco, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

Paper ID #18400Student Perceptions of Their Abilities and Learning Environment in LargeIntroductory Computer Programming CoursesDr. Laura K Alford, University of Michigan Laura K. Alford is a Lecturer and Research Investigator at the University of Michigan.Dr. Mary Lou Dorf, University of Michigan Mary Lou Dorf received a B.S. from Alma College (1967). She received a M.S. in mathematics (1969) and the Ph.D. (1990) in systems engineering both from the University of Toledo. In Jan 2002, she joined the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at the University of Michigan as a Lec- turer. She has received multiple

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cristal Monet Johnson, Carl Wunsche Sr. High School; Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Paper ID #17687MAKER: Urban Search and Rescue Robot: Visual Localization and Naviga-tionMs. Cristal Monet Johnson, Carl Wunsche Sr. High SchoolDr. Sheng-Jen ”Tony” Hsieh, Texas A&M University Dr. Sheng-Jen (”Tony”) Hsieh is a Professor in the Dwight Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M University. He holds a joint appointment with the Department of Engineering Technology and the De- partment of Mechanical Engineering. His research interests include engineering education, cognitive task analysis, automation, robotics and control, intelligent manufacturing system design, and micro/nano manufacturing. He is also

Conference Session

Getting Into Graduate School

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Student

Paper ID #19000Getting Great Recommendation Letters: A Practical GuideDr. Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University Katy Luchini-Colbry is the Director for Graduate Initiatives at the College of Engineering at Michigan State University, where she completed degrees in political theory and computer science. A recipient of a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, she earned Ph.D. and M.S.E. in computer science and engi- neering from the University of Michigan. She has published more than two dozen peer-reviewed works related to her interests in educational technology and enhancing undergraduate education through hands- on

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Abdullah Konak, Penn State Berks ; Anuvrat Sheoran, Pennsylvania State University - Berks Campus

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic SectionSpring Conference: Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland Apr 7 Paper ID #20827A Lightweight Collaborative Virtual Computer Laboratory for Cybersecu-rity EducationDr. Abdullah Konak, Penn State Berks Abdullah Konak is a Professor of Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State Uni- versity Berks. Dr. Konak received his degrees in Industrial Engineering, B.S. from Yildiz Technical Uni- versity, Turkey, M.S. from Bradley University, and Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Konak’s current research interest is in the application of Operations Research techniques to

Conference Session

Aerospace Hot Topic: Unmanned Aerial Systems

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael C. Hatfield, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; Catherine F. Cahill, Alaska Center for UAS Integration, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; John Monahan, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Upward Bound

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Paper ID #18361UAS Curriculum for Students Using an Active Learning ApproachDr. Michael C. Hatfield, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Michael C. Hatfield is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and Associate Director for Science & Education, Alaska Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration. He earned a B.S. in electrical engineering from Ohio Northern University; an M.S. in electrical engineering from California State University Fresno, and a Ph.D. in Electrical/Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Alaska Fairbanks.Dr

Conference Session

Global Graduate Studies and Programs Abroad - Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary K. Nave Jr., Virginia Tech; Amy L. Hermundstad, Virginia Tech; Michael Stewart, Virginia Tech; Michele Ruth Waters, Virginia Tech; Emily Garner, Virginia Tech; Mohammed Seyam, Virginia Tech; Chelsea R. Corkins, Virginia Tech; Karen P. DePauw, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

. of Com- puter Science, Virginia Tech) conducts research on the micro-coordination – tight coupling of behavior to possibility in the moment – of individuals with each other and technology in co-located and remote settings. He employs Research Through Design to explore how ICTs function to facilitate our feelings of togetherness. This interest stems from and supports his work designing, building and researching assistive and educational technologies.Ms. Michele Ruth Waters, Virginia Tech Michele Waters is a PhD student in the Biomedical Engineering (SBES/BEAM) department at Virginia Tech. Originally from New York, Michele attended SUNY Stony Brook and CUNY City College (Grove School of Engineering) for her B.S

Collection

AEE Journal

Authors

Jae-eun Russel; Mark Andersland; Sam Van Horne; John Gikonyo; Logan Sloan

specificinstructional strategies and technologies used in the student-centered section are discussed.Key words: Large classes, circuits, blended instructionFALL 2017 1 ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION Large Lecture Transformation: Improving Student Engagement and ­Performance through In-class Practice in an Electrical Circuits Course INTRODUCTION In traditional large lecture courses in engineering, most class time is focused on content delivery,and consequently, most practice occurs outside of class. This paper examines the potential

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I - Curriculum I

Collection

2017 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Amitabha Bandyopadhyay, State University of New York, Farmingdale

Tagged Topics

Main Forum (Podium Presentation)

2017 ASEE International Forum:Columbus , Ohio Jun 28 Paper ID #20735Preparation for ABET Accreditation at an Indian University – An ABETTeam Chair’s PerspectiveDr. Amitabha Bandyopadhyay, State University of New York, Farmingdale Dr Bandyopadhyay is a SUNY Distinguished Service Professor and Chair of Architecture and Construc- tion Management Department at Farmingdale State College. He is also the Director of Green Building Institute at the college. He was (2012-13) the Chair of Engineering Technology Accreditation Commssion of ABET. c American Society