Conference Session

Experiences of Diverse Students

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hank Boone, University of Nevada, Reno; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

peers.Five FG engineering students with high quantitative belongingness were selected for aninterview. A semi-structured interview protocol based in interpretive phenomenological analysiswas used to elucidate the students’ experiences that fostered belongingness. Separate themesfrom each student were created from coding and then overarching themes unified a sharedexperience.The following overarching themes were prevalent among the participants: similarity toclassmates, recognition as an engineer by peers, limited questioning of belongingness, andbelongingness is a state of mind. The results depict that elements of engineering identity play apart in making students feel they belong (e.g., recognition), but in some cases, belongingness isdistinct from

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD) Technical Session 3: Instruction & Information Literacy

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Pixton, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD)

for industryconsensus documents (standards), and documents published through legal review (patents), although students inadvanced writing classes are not asked to complete any scenarios using these paths. These paths will be exercised inthe future with courses that focus on this type of document. How was the info made available? Self-published 3rd Party, Editorial/Fact check only Conference paper Peer-reviewed Journal Where Where Where

Conference Session

Remote and Flipped Instruction in Mechanics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Holte, University of St. Thomas

class 3/26/21 Remote A4WHL Empathic Students read peer writing empathic design, enter comments Design into canvas rubric, and discuss in groups of 3. 4/7/21 Remote L6STF Static Failure Instructor briefly review class-prep video on ductile and Theory presents notes/examples Static Failure Theories for Brittle Materials 4/9/21 Remote A6FTG Fatigue Failure Used Zoom rooms for speed research, and planning for persuasive presentation in the following class period 4/26/21 In- L7FTG Fatigue Failure Instructor presented an

Conference Session

Mathematics in Transition

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Linder, Math Out of the Box; Donna Gunderson, Math Out of the Box/Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

development model where they wereimmersed in tasks in which the facilitator supported an inquiry-based learning environment. The professional development model consisted of two full days of inquiry experience anda half-day at the end of implementation dedicated to reflection of practice. The first day ofprofessional development focused mainly on Algebra concepts and was given prior toimplementing any of the Math Out of the Box lessons. After teachers implemented the tenlessons relating to Algebra, they returned for the second day of professional development dealingprimarily with data concepts. Teachers were also given the opportunity to reflect on the Algebralessons and discuss issues relating to implementation with their peers. Topics such as

Conference Session

Capstone Mechanical Engineering Design

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Darrell Gibson; Patricia Brackin

, design reports alone have been the method by which the students’ performance isjudged in typical capstone design courses. However, this limits the ability of the faculty to determinethe students’ interaction with their companies and also with their peers. The desire to evaluateteaming skills as well as technical competence led the authors to investigate different approaches forassessing student learning. In this paper, the authors demonstrate the use of company evaluations,status reports, student self-assessments, peer reviews, and oral reports, as well as design reports toquantify student performance both as team members and design engineers. These methods will bediscussed and examples presented showing how the results can be used to improve

Conference Session

Values in Engineering: Ethics and Justice-Oriented Engineering

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Radoff, University of Maryland College Park; Chandra Anne Turpen, University of Maryland, College Park; David Tomblin, University of Maryland, College Park; Nicole Farkas Mogul, University of Maryland, College Park; Amol Agrawal; Andrew Elby, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

scaffolding of an STS Posturespedagogy [24], a whole-person approach which aims for students to embody alternativeideologies and practices that stabilize one another. Through service learning, public engagement,practicums, colloquia and peer-bonding activities, students come to participate in culturalpractices that emphasize socio-technical systems thinking, human-centered design, and a cultureof care.We are interested in how students take up these ways of being and doing scaffolded by theSTS-LLC program. We provide observations and descriptions of many of the mutuallyreinforcing skills (practices) and “mindsets,” existing at different grain sizes, that students havefound salient. These salient practices and mindsets manifest in two basic ways: (i

Conference Session

Understanding Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion from Students' Perspectives

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Trauth, University of Delaware; Tia Navelene Barnes, University of Delaware; Jenni Buckley, University of Delaware; Joshua A. Enszer, University of Delaware; Sarah Ilkhanipour Rooney, University of Delaware; Rachel Davidson, University of Delaware; Xiaoxue 'Vera' Zhang, University of Delaware

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

, insufficient preparation and barriers in recruiting into engineering programs at the K-12 level, low self-efficacy, lack of peer support, inadequate academic advising or faculty support, harmful stereotypes of particular groups that influence interactions in classrooms or in peer groups, and a chilly or unappealing climate [1- 9]. These factors may exist at the level of the institution, the engineering college, and/or the engineering-specific department. Given the current accreditation structure for engineering programs, students’ experiences may be more influenced by institution and college-level factors in their first two years, when they are taking basic science and breadth courses, and shift to department-level factors in their upperclassmen years

Conference Session

Designing and Evaluating Engineering Leadership Programs

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Teresa J. Didiano, University of Toronto; Annie Elisabeth Simpson, Troost Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development

statement. I can clearly explain my strengths, interests, personal 22 qualities, and assets. I can effectively building working relationships with Peer Success Teams 8 others.In an open-ended portion of the post-evaluation we asked: “What do you like about theprogram?” The responses, in order of frequency, were: 1) learning practical skills for the jobsearch such as resume and cover letter writing, informational interviews, and job interviews; 2)the collective

Conference Session

Sustainability & Environmental Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger Hadgraft, The University of Melbourne; Jenni Goricanec, RMIT University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, decision-making and report writing. These are the new basics.Compare this list with the old basics, which includes mathematics, physics, chemistry,applied mechanics, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, etc. These map onto the new basicsthrough the analysis phase (Figure 2). It is clearly time to rethink how we practise engineeringeducation. Yet, the temptation remains to continue with the basic sciences through years oneand two, with some engineering design being introduced in the third or final years. Page 12.654.4Of course, the accrediting bodies have beensaying this for sometime now (above). The

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hui Ma, University of Virginia; Gianluca Guadagni, University of Virginia; Stacie N. Pisano, University of Virginia, School of Engineering and Applied Science; Bernard Fulgham, University of Virginia; Monika Abramenko, University of Virginia; Diana D Morris, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

business market. After moving to Charlottesville, VA, she had the opportunity to teach Multivariable Calculus for UVA SEAS, and she was hooked. She has been teaching Applied Math from that point on and enjoying every minute.Dr. Bernard Fulgham, University of Virginia Bernard Fulgham received his PhD in Mathematics in 2002, writing his thesis in the field of non-associative algebras with advisor Kevin McCrimmon. He began teaching Applied Mathematics at the University of Virginia in August 2004 and became a full-time Lecturer in 2006.Mrs. Monika Abramenko, University of Virginia I studied math in Frankfurt and finished with the German ”Diplom” in Mathematics in 1993. For several years I worked at a bank in Germany. In

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Paying Attention to Retention

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth A. Adams, Chandler Gilbert Community College; Mary Beth Burgoyne

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

a competency gap between graduates’ soft skills (social,leadership, workplace diversity) and what is needed by employers. Students have the content andtechnical knowledge, but they lack the skills and experience to share that knowledge in anaccessible way, with diverse groups and in multiple modes as dictated by the nature of theproject or workplace. Jollands, Jolly and Molyneaux’s 2012 research on engineering curriculumthat requires multiple technical writing, presentation and communication opportunities, thatincludes peer and faculty feedback, better prepares their graduates for the workplace. AnEconomist Intelligence Unit Report, Driving the Skills Agenda: Preparing Students for theFuture (2015), states that the most highly sought after

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 9: Focus on Student Learning, Lifelong Learning, and the Whole Student

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julianne D. Vernon, University of Michigan; Lorelle A Meadows, Michigan Technological University; Stacie Edington, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Page 26.569.2week lecture held in an auditorium seating over 350 students. Despite the best efforts of facultyto engage students in this format, there was little to no meaningful interaction between studentand instructor. The redesign transformed the course into a lecture/discussion style, which waslaunched in Fall 2014. The lecture was still held in a 350-seat auditorium. However, thediscussions section broke the students out into groups of 20 students or less. Upper levelengineering students acting as peer facilitators led the discussion sections. In this study, thecourse transformation included structure and content of discussion sections, training andexperience of peer facilitators, and assessment of the course.Students who are unsure of

Conference Session

Research in Faculty Development

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kristen Ferris, University of New Mexico; Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Pil Kang, University of New Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division

so by a chair following poor teaching evaluations; this typicallydoes not make them more ready to change, however. Our setting, because of the five-year effortto engage all faculty in better meeting diverse student needs, provided an opportunity toinvestigate both groups of faculty. Our study reports on the first four years of the project.The departmental change effort included several strategies, guided by an engineering educationresearcher, to bring about change: threading design challenges through core chemicalengineering courses; switching from bleed-all-over-it, long technical reports to cycles of drafts,peer and instructor feedback, and revision and reflection; and developing ways to assess andsupport professional skills like teamwork

Conference Session

Student Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tracee Gilbert, Virginia Tech; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech; Sharnnia Artis, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Involvement9, and and the institutional conditions that are related toEngagement Student Engagement10 student success.Perspective These perspectives provide insight into those factors that foster student success, whichinclude academic preparation and the student experiences while in college11. Studentexperiences emphasize both student characteristics/behaviors and institutional conditions thatimpact student success. Student behaviors include involvement in extracurricular activities,interaction with faculty and peers, motivation, and commitment, while institutional conditionsinclude the resources and educational practices that facilitate positive student behavior11. Sincethis research is focused on providing the foundation

Conference Session

Addressing the NGSS, Part 1 of 3: Supporting K-8 Science Teachers in Engineering Pedagogy and Engineering-Science Connections

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

So Yoon Yoon, Texas A&M University; Yi Kong, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Johannes Strobel, Texas A&M

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

engineering vocabulary.Engineering Effective ways to integrate engineering into current curriculum, such asIntegration language arts, social studies, mathematics, science, and art lessons.Teaching Teaching practices that include different ways to improve problem solvingStrategies and critical thinking skills: questioning techniques to elicit student responses; writing techniques, such as expository, procedural, and reflective journal writing; and how to make learning more hands-on, etc.Student Teamwork Team building that fosters positive peer interaction and cooperative learning among students to solve problems and complete projects

Conference Session

Knowing Students:Diversity and Retention

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

John Demel

Program (IEP) and the Freshman EngineeringHonors (FEH) Program. These new programs retain part of the traditional material but add inhands-on laboratory experiences that lead to reverse engineering and design/build projects. Therelational practices – teamwork and project management, along with report writing and oralpresentations and ethics have assumed important roles in this program. The programs aredesigned to have faculty from all of the degree granting departments teach freshmen. Theseprograms were developed to improve the retention and early decision to stay or leave for newfreshmen and to lay a foundation to better address some of the ABET 2000 accreditation criteria.Retention has improved markedly. This paper provides a brief description

Conference Session

FPD VIII: Crossing Bridges and Easing Transitions into the First Year

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bernard White, George Mason University; Eileen Patricia Mazzone, George Mason University; Vicki L. Dominick, George Mason University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

interacting with peers and mentors. After muchthought and consideration to the students’ perceived need for a way to bridge the gap betweenhigh school and college, then exploring ways to exploit the capabilities of today’s educationaltechnologies and media resources, the idea of developing an online alternative to the traditionalon-campus Summer Bridge Program was born. Interestingly, a search of the literature did notreveal many previous initiatives employed by other engineering schools to provide an onlineprogram for assisting with transitioning STEM freshmen into college.When Learning Specialists from the University’s Counseling and Psychological Services(CAPS) Office who had provided the lion’s share of workshops on academic skills and

Conference Session

WIED Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aura Tuulia Paloheimo, Aalto University, School of Science and Engineering; Kaisa Pohjonen, Aalto University; Pirjo Helena Putila

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

communal maternity clinics and daycare to esteemed communal elementary schoolsystem. However, our weakness is proven to be the conservative gender attitudes amongteenagers aged 15: mathematics is for boys and reading is for girls. For the skill of reading,this is accurate: girls achieve substantially higher scores than their peer boys. However, inmathematics the margin is small. Even so, most of the PISA-aged girls are not interested inmathematics. They also suffer from a low self-esteem concerning their capabilities in naturalsciences; even though they are talented in mathematics, their trust in their abilities is rockbottom. This phenomenon has strengthened in recent years.15In the oldest and largest institution providing higher engineering

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Haritha Gnanasegar, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Tawni Paradise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Ramida Theeravachirakul, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Soumya Khanna, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Margee Pipaliya, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

country of study (ie. mismatchbetween Australian and China writing styles) may cause complications for students who are in awriting-intensive program [1]. Other challenges include engaging in a new social environment [10] requiring students tosocially and emotionally adapt while potentially leading to culture shock or cultural clashes [1,3,9,12]. This can be aided with supporting relationships among international peers or withdomestic students, as these forms of mentoring are successful in previous literature [4,5]. Mostmentoring opportunities discussed in the literature focus on connecting international studentswith other international students and do not engage much with domestic students, but the desireto connect with domestic students

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division: Online Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Emery Mertz, Arizona State University; Haolin Zhu, Arizona State University; Amy Trowbridge, Arizona State University; Alicia Baumann, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

industry practices, ePortfolio documentation of skills, andcollaborative peer engagement unlike anything currently available in Introduction to Engineeringcourses in the MOOC community. In the first offering of this course, 4,014 students wereenrolled including 69 students who paid a small fee to be ID-verified in order to potentiallyreceive a certificate for completion of the course; 22 students successfully completed the course.This paper describes the course goals, structure, and design including specific challenges relatedto designing a course for the MOOC environment. The implementation of the course will also bediscussed, including preliminary data on the effectiveness obtained from an end-of-course surveyadministered to students enrolled in

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

)approach dominates research but they argue (echoing Newman [1]) that the “theinterconnection among the forces influencing student change highlight the need to considertheoretical conceptions from multiple disciplines in designing studies of college impact” (p.630).Reporting their findings (which applied to the US) they write, One of the most striking features of the full corpus of the post-1990 research we reviewed is the broad scope of the dimensions of student lives that change with exposure to college. Even after adjusting for other forces, and even if the exposure lasts for only a year or two, college changes students to a degree unattributable to normal maturation or other influences outside the academy

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen L. Kitto, Western Washington University; Debra Sue Jusak, Western Washington University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

currently under construction. Initially, the purpose of the website wasenvisioned as a repository of project resources, but as our research proceeded, it becameobvious that the students perceived the concept map and web tools as essential parts of theproject and their view of their personal success strategies.Overall, the basic principles implemented in the project are supported by theory based incognitive and social constructivism and the substantial body of evidence that favorscollaborative learning and the inductive approach over the traditional lecture driven,deductive teaching approach. Collaborative learning, active/inquiry learning, conceptlearning, peer learning, problem/case-based learning, low stakes quizzing, mini-lectureswith just-in

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara A. Atwood, Elizabethtown College; Brenda Read-Daily, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

interest, whileexercising creativity and communication skills.The creative fiction assignment was conceived upon realizing that generating ethical dilemmaswith “grey areas” and no obvious “right answer” required a nuanced level of ethicalunderstanding. At that point, instructors turned the tables on the students and provided historicalcase studies for reflection during class sessions, but asked the students, in small groups, to createtheir own fictional “case studies” as a culminating assignment. Students were initiallyencouraged to write a 1500 word creative short story, but other genres were approved. Theassignment has been implemented with 95 students over two years.MethodsInstitution and Ethics CurriculumThe authors are both assistant

Conference Session

FPD4 -- Hands-on & Real-World Studies

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Bland, John Brown University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

requirements? 3)understanding the engineering design process, 4) beginning to learn basic engineering computertools, 5) developing writing skills, and 6) establishing ethical engineering practices.The course begins with understanding what engineering is. There is the classical definition thatengineers use science to solve problems. Most programs have come to recognize that this is anoversimplification of the engineering discipline. The students are taught that engineers have toconsider many elements that go beyond the physical sciences and mathematics. There are theadditional, broader issues of economics, politics, environment, health, safety, quality, ethics,culture and other contemporary issues.Along with an understanding of general engineering

Conference Session

Mechanical and Architectural Engineering Laboratories

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Teodora Rutar, Seattle University; Gregory Mason, Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Figure 4. Students are allowed onereport re-write after they receive grades. The purpose of the re-write is to reinforceunderstanding of the concepts, and hone their report writing skills. Students are provided writtenfeedback on their graded labs. LAB #1 – Pre-Lab Assignment In order to prepare for the lab #1, please make sure that you learn the following concepts before the next lab: Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and electric motors - principles of operation. Obtain your information from textbooks and other peer reviewed publications. Page 22.434.6

Conference Session

Using Computation and Modeling, Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rodrigo Cutri, Mauá Institute of Technology, Brazil; Nair Stem, Mauá Institute of Technology, Brazil; Octavio Mattasoglio Neto Neto, Mauá Institute of Technology, Brazil

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D)

pandemic, the projectwas not evaluated. In 2022, the “evaluation laboratory” tool of Open LMS was added to theproject in design thinking methodology. Using this tool, students can submit the initial seminarplanning to be evaluated by teachers and at the same time do peer review of other groupsactivities. They can ask questions and make reflections about other groups activities sodeveloping critical thinking during this process before submitting the final seminarpresentation. The project has attended expectations, resulting in better academic performance,as well as contributing to the development of the competencies and skills that were aimed tobe developed.IntroductionThe Physics subject is applied to the First-Year students of the Engineering

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Cornucopia #2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Tonya Whitehead, Wayne State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

foreign. As has been seen at other universities, thiscontributed to students’ lack of engagement and dissatisfaction [1].Females and minorities are chronically underrepresented in engineering [2] and industry iscontinually calling for additional engineers [3, 4]. Extensive research has been done on ways toincrease student engagement and success in STEM fields [5-7]. The 2012 President’s Council ofAdvisors on Science and Technology report Engage to Excel lists these as strongly supportedpractices: small group discussion and peer instruction, testing, one-minute papers, clickers,problem-based learning, case studies, analytical challenges before lectures, group tests, problemsets in groups, concept mapping, writing with peer review, computer

Conference Session

Computer and Electrical Engineering Technology Innovations

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Loker, Pennsylvania State University-Erie

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Page 13.1405.3 Europe, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) coordinates regulatory efforts. Other countries have their own regulatory agencies, but many of them accept either the FCC or ETSI as proof of compliance. ‚ Network Topology: Due to the limited transmit power which reduces the maximum transmission range, multihop networks are needed. In multihop networks, the message source and destination addresses are not necessarily within range, and communication may occur through intermediate devices that relay messages. This happens with devices that are configured as peer-to-peer. ‚ Self-organization: To enable ease of installation, WSNs need to be self-organizing. Thus

Conference Session

Student Division Diversity and Persistence Related Technical Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Blake Gegenheimer, STEP; Charles Algeo Wilson IV, Louisiana State University; Adrienne Steele, Louisiana State University; Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University

Tagged Divisions

Student

% of responses state that SI gavebenefit in developing problem solving strategies. 33.9% of students who went on to write furthercomments also stated that SI assisted in problem solving. This supports the hypothesis thatstudents regularly attending SI are gaining a valuable skill that can be applied outside of theclasses in which SI is offered. Overall, SI is an effective tool to help students enrolled in engineering programs. Majorleaps in persistence can be made with relatively low cost. Not only is this useful for students, butit is often fun. Students seem to enjoy attending SI due to a welcoming atmosphere presented bya peer; this creates an environment where students are more willing to learn. The authors are notclaiming that SI

Conference Session

Fundamental: K-12 Students and Engineering Design Practices (Part 2)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle E Jordan , Arizona State University; Mia Delarosa

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

creative endeavors, partialknowledge students have about new content, and negotiation of social roles, responsibilities andpositions all present communication challenges as students engage in design projects8. Moreover,complications abound because the various contingencies are interdependent (e.g., knowledge ofcontent constrains solution options). Effective engineering design learning depends onstructuring a predictable environment in which students feel safe to explore and create withinbounded constraints. Incorporating classroom structures to facilitate productive peer-to-peercommunication is one part of creating such an environment.Research in learning and motivation presents multiple perspectives for educators and researchersto draw from as