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Displaying results 18331 - 18360 of 32262 in total
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brandon Hathaway, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Ashley Bernal, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Cory Edds, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Neil Miller, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Richard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; David Fisher, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Howard McLean, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Patrick Ferro, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Atomic Packing Microstructure Form Ferrite Kamacite α-Fe BCC Grains Cementite Taenite Fe3X Amorphous Inclusions Pearlite Plessite α-Fe + Fe3X BCC + Amorphous Layered Mix Martensite Cohenite γ-Fe FCC Brittle GrainsThe experiment was planned to target behavior ranges that are applicable to steel. The methodof characterizing the microstructure of steel is to determine the average grain size in ferrite. Thisstudy focuses on determining the average grain size of kamacite found
Conference Session
Women, Minorities and the New Engineering Educator
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brook Sattler, University of Washington; Jessica Yellin, University of Washington; Yi-Min Huang, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
are or what their future plans may be. He strives not tomake assumptions about students or stereotype them.He felt that everyone’s diversity statements were unique and no single statement could sum up theviews of the entire group. These unique statements came from different experiences, emphases,attitudes, approaches, and values. He claimed that the diversity statement was actually a goodexercise because he felt that diversity is becoming more of an issue, even though he chose not toinclude his diversity statement in his teaching portfolio.Participant JI102JI102 had a negative experience with diversity, which influenced how she communicated aboutdiversity. During a university wide workshop discussion about diversity a panelist
Conference Session
Recruiting, Retention and Diversity in Engineering Technology
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Claude Kansaku, Oregon Institute of Technology; Linda Kehr, Klamath County School District; Catherine Lanier, Oregon NASA Space Grant Consortium
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
higher education programs are aimed. Informal educators and K-12 partners Page 12.1301.4provide the opportunity to expand the influence of the NASA programs into the pre-collegestudent pipeline, engaging students early in their academic experience and inspiring them tochoose career paths in the aerospace-related fields.In June 2006, NASA provided The NASA Education Strategic Coordination Framework: APortfolio Approach,7 outlining the strategic plan, implementation, and evaluation of the agency’seducation efforts. As identified in the Education Strategic Framework “pyramid” (see Figure 2)there are four categories of involvement: Inspire, Engage
Conference Session
Re-Imagining the Higher Ed Classroom -- Tablet PCs
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dewey Spangler, Virginia Western Community College; Kimberly Filer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
information gained from this pilot study, activities can be further developed using theTablet PC to enhance the learning of mechanical engineering students. With the study expandingin spring 2008 to include a control group, our goal is to better understand the Tablet PCs impacton the teaching and learning process. Using a refined assessment instrument in a pretest/posttestdesign, we will measure the change in student learning strategies from the beginning to the endof the semester and determine if the table PC is changing the way in which future engineers useinformation to learn.The mechanical engineering department at Virginia Tech plans to increase implementation ofTablet PC based learning in the fall of 2008 when additional ME 2024 instructors
Conference Session
Case Studies & Engineering Education Around the Globe
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adnan Zahed; Abdullah Bafail; Reda Abdulaal; Ali Al-Bahi
Tagged Divisions
International
AcademicAccreditation Unit (AAU) was formed. The unit held its first meeting in May 2005 and definedits mission as: "To Qualify the Education System in the College of Engineering to Meet ABETEC 2000 Standards."The first task carried out by AAU was to define several college and departmental committees toaddress different aspects of ABET preparations. Nevertheless, the main work stream of the unitstarted one month later by a Technical Note that proposed a "Rationale for an ABET EC2000Road Map.” The Note outlined a Tentative Departmental Work Plan and led to a complete 2-year time schedule for both college-level and program-level preparations.The follow-up of the plan immediately indicated several cultural-related problems. Linguisticbarriers led to fruitless
Conference Session
ABET Accreditation of Multidisciplinary Programs
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
-effective plan tobring these products to the marketplace. Typically six different companies are visited duringeach trip. For both the domestic trip and the international trip, every effort is made to orchestratea diverse set of experiences for the students by visiting companies that span the full spectrum ofsize and industry sector. Additionally, every effort is made to include a boutique industrialdesign company in the itinerary.To date, domestic trips have been taken to San Francisco (Silicon Valley), Seattle, Austin,Orlando, and Guadalajara (broadly classified as “domestic” due to NAFTA). The internationaltrips have been to Paris/Rennes (France), Milan, Munich and Barcelona. In 2008, the plan is toreturn to Seattle for the domestic trip and go
Conference Session
Creating 'Materials' Awareness
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lawrence Genalo, Iowa State University; Scott Chumbley, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
been given at a distance with the help of the Engineering DistanceEducation staff. While this is the cornerstone of the recruitment program, it by no meansis the only piece. There are numerous efforts integrated in this plan including aninnovative, educational, web-based scanning electron microscope that has been usedacross the globe.This paper will describe the presentation and the supplies needed for it. The paper willalso detail the extensive outreach program in the department that has grown during thissame period. A scanning electron microscope featuring web access for K-12 partners is aunique feature of this program. K-12 teachers are given training on the use of themicroscope and then create lessons that they use in their classrooms with
Conference Session
ERM Potpourri I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elif Kongar, University of Bridgeport; Tarek Sobh, University of Bridgeport
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Laboratory for Responsible Manufacturing (LRM) at Northeastern University since September 1999. She has also been employed as an Assistant Professor by Yildiz Technical University till February 2006. Dr. Kongar is currently an Assistant Professor at Bridgeport University and a Part-Time Researcher in the Center for Industrial Ecology at Yale University. Her research interests include the areas of supply chain management, logistics, environmentally conscious manufacturing, product recovery, disassembly systems, production planning and scheduling and multiple criteria decision making. She has co-authored several technical papers presented at various national and international
Conference Session
STEM Pipeline: Pre-College to Post-Baccalaureate
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chris Smaill, University of Auckland; Elizabeth Godfrey, University of Auckland; Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
.Initially, a problem is identified, action is planned and implemented, then the results areevaluated and reflection occurs. The insights gained from the initial cycle feed into theplanning of the second cycle, for which the action plan is modified and the research processrepeated, as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1. The action-research process from Riding, Fowell and Levy 7The aims of the first action cycle (whose results form the basis of this paper) were toinvestigate the level of preparedness that the student cohort brings to a year-one course inElectrical and Digital Systems, to determine key factors that lead to success in this course andto measure the effectiveness of remedial and support mechanisms.Student entry-level
Conference Session
Freshman Design and Other Novel Programs
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rebecca Willits, Saint Louis University
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
control of a group and people tend to listen to me when I do. I have found that I am also pretty good at keeping the group in order, focused, and on some sort of schedule or plan. I believe that I also did a fairly good job of representing the group in situations such as discussions with professors. My personality is very well suited to that of a leader. I did have a few problems being the group leader. My main problem was one of insecurity. I did not know if I was being to bossy or overbearing, but I also did not want the group to get behind. The other problem I had was related to the fact that the project was just beginning. During the first few meetings, we did not know what type
Conference Session
Effective Tools for Teaching Engineering Economy
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Ryan, Iowa State University; John Jackman, Iowa State University; Rahul Marathe, Iowa State University; Pavlo Antonenko, Iowa State University; Piyamart Kumsaikaew, Iowa State University; Dale Niederhauser, Iowa State University; Craig Ogilvie, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy
threeprogressively more complex and ill-structured group problem-solving exercises.Loan AnalysisThe first problem was adapted from a short case study in the course text21. A choice of two carloans was presented: a conventional three year loan or an alternative with lower monthlypayments and a final balloon payment. Similar to a financing company’s advertising brochure, Page 12.1316.9the problem statement contained a fine print, distracting details and a somewhat misleadingclaim as to the money saved in the alternative plan. Students working in teams of 3-4 solved theproblem with markers on poster-sized sheets of paper in a 50-minute session. They
Conference Session
Effective Learning Innovations in Civil Engineering Courses
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Ledlie Klosky; Decker Hains; Timothy Johnson, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, USMA; Jakob Bruhl, US Military Academy, Dept of Civil & Mechanical Engineering; Jared B. Erickson, U.S. Military Academy; John Richards, D/CME, USMA
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Planning for Action Execution Asse ssment & Control Assessment & Feedback Figure 1. The Engineering Design Process utilized in CE300At this fundamental level of education a great deal of emphasis is placed on the problem solvingprocess, and much of the material is presented through focused example problems worked on theboard by the instructor, who models the structured problem solving process expected of thestudent. The course maintains
Conference Session
Preparing Civil Engineering Students for a Flat World
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Ledlie Klosky; Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
and delivering content, and a plan for evaluating student work. The workwas presented as a “mission accomplished” to the administration, and won wide acclaim withinthe institution despite the lack of initial formal approvals.The Gold StandardEmboldened by Klosky’s success in offering the CE364 remote learning experience to a singlecivil engineering major, Ressler developed and taught an introductory engineering course to fournon-engineering majors who were studying abroad in three different countries during the fallsemester of Academic Year 2006-7. The course was CE300, Introduction to EngineeringMechanics and Design, which covers statics, basic-level mechanics of materials, and anintroduction to the engineering design process. CE300 is taken
Conference Session
Web-Based Education
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eugene Ressler, U.S. Military Academy; Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy; Catherine Bale, U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
occur when the contest was advertised in metropolitannewspapers and other media with large audiences as planned for the Bicentennial. Some furtherback-of-the-envelope calculation indicated that a 0.03 second service time provided anacceptable performance margin. The same calculations indicated that an inexpensive0.4 megabit per second Internet uplink would serve all purposes except downloads of the clientsoftware. The client has therefore been distributed through volunteer educational institutions,including ours, through their high-bandwidth connections to the Internet.Special technical requirementsA few fascinating problems in software design are inherent in the rules of the contest. One isthe need to reject bridges that are duplicates of
Conference Session
New trends in ECE education
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
images. Note that in the future our department is planning tooffer an introductory freshman level MATLAB course which should eliminate the needto spend time at the beginning of each course to teach MATLAB.The lecture material, hands-on examples, and in-class computer exercises were blendedtogether to form a unique interactive learning experience. All lectures (delivered viaPowerPoint) contained numerous MATLAB-based examples and students were requiredto experiment with short programs during the presentation. Each class period included alonger computer exercise designed to give the students opportunity to practice thematerial they just learned.The author experimented with two methods of incorporating interactive exercises into theclass. In the
Conference Session
Introducing Active Learning into ME Courses
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ali Al-Bahi, King Abdulaziz University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
applications enforced such that students realize the different knowledge other students have?29. Are out-of-class activities designed such that all team members have to participate?Instructional Methods to Address the 2nd Pillar of Active/ CooperativeLearning: “Individual Accountability”30. Does the grading system allocate at least 25% of the final grade to individual work?31. Are learning structures (such as Jigsaw) which enforce “Teach it to someone else” encouraged?32. Is individual contribution to team reports demonstrated and rewarded?33. Is random checking (i.e. selecting students at random to answer a question) used to assist individual accountability?34. Are individual quizzes, examinations, presentations, etc, planned to
Conference Session
Design Projects in Wind and Solar Energy
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Recayi 'Reg' Pecen; Francis Praska, University of Northern Iowa; Ashraf Al-Qassab, University of Northern Iowa
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
primary questions collected were: • How much power/voltage/current will this system produce? • What can you do with the power you produce? • Isn’t it hard to build? • Is it expensive? • Can I come and look at it when it’s finished?This paper describes detailed design and construction of an axial flux wind turbine/generator.This includes a cost analysis, and pictures of the project phases. Graphs showing wind speed andelectrical power data during testing are obtained. A brief layout of the educational module thatwill be taught with all the information is compiled into a teaching plan. Students involved in theproject have gained knowledge and skills in electrical and mechanical areas. They also
Conference Session
Engineering Practice for a Moral World
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paul Rossler, Oklahoma State University; Martin High, Oklahoma State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
that provide a basis for the opinion. An example issue is shown below. May an attorney engaged by a client for counseling in estate planning and trust matters provide estate planning services to the client and (1) offer to sell to the client financial products, such as insurance or securities, which the attorney is licensed to sell; or (2) refer the client to a business in which the attorney owns an interest (or from which he or she receives compensation) for the purchase of such products? 35In answering this particular question, Model Rules 1.7(b), Concurrent Conflict of Interest; 1.8(a),Business Transactions with Client; and 2.1 (Role of Attorney as Advisor) were considered. Theopinion concludes: “[i]f the
Conference Session
Using Teams, Seminars & Research Opportunities for Retention
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carolyn Vallas, University of Virginia; Anaïs Miodek, University of Virginia; Larry Richards, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
frequently madeavailable to undergraduates. While completing whatever technical training they require to workin the lab, participants create a plan of research with their mentors taking into account therelatively short, ten-week, time frame of the research experience. In this period the student musthave time to complete the planned research, analyze findings and write up their results. One ofthe stipulations is that the research be relevant to the faculty-mentor’s overall research goals sothat the student is involved in a meaningful way. During the course of their research, theparticipant meets regularly with their mentors which include the faculty member as well as withthe graduate students, post-doctoral researchers and even undergraduate
Conference Session
Engineering, Engineers and Setting Public Policy
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Reisel, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Tagged Divisions
Engineering and Public Policy
research. The first report presented a detailedsummary of their research, intended primarily for the instructor. The second report was a shortsummary of their findings, which were distributed to everyone in the class.The next stage of the project lasted for two weeks. In this part, the students were to read thesummaries provided by the other students, and then develop their own vision of the electricitygeneration infrastructure in the United States in the year 2030 and their plan on how to get to thatpoint. The students then submitted their proposed plan, representing the development by eachstudent of their own proposed energy policy for electricity generation.Some of the benefits of this project are (1) the increased awareness on the part of the
Conference Session
Issues of Outreach and Interest in Engineering
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Meagan C Pollock, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
shown in Figure 2. Firstidentify desired results, then determine acceptable evidence, and finally plan learningexperiences and instruction. This process is an alignment of content, assessment, and pedagogy. Page 23.544.6Figure 2 Wiggins & McTighe Stages of Backwards Design • Iden&fy  Desired   2   • Plan  Learning   Results   • Determine   Experiences  and   Acceptable   Instruc&on   Evidence
Conference Session
First Year Engineering
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Irene B Mena, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Thomas A. Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
-year engineering experience at the University. Itanswers the following research questions: (1) How do students define engineering? (2) Why arestudents planning to major in engineering? (3) What are some of the positive experiences instudents’ first year of engineering? and (4) What are students’ perceptions of the followingengineer of 2020 skills and attributes: communication, creativity, global and multidisciplinaryteamwork, and ethics?Data for this study was collected using surveys and interviews. A total of 665 first-yearengineering students completed a survey in the fall 2011 semester. Forty first-year engineeringstudents who completed the survey participated in one one-hour semi-structured interview in thespring 2012 semester. The results
Conference Session
Laboratory Development in ECE I
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John M Robertson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Robert John Bowman, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Douglas A Mercer, Analog Devices Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
led them all to buy. By the end, only 8 % said they would consider selling it. Page 23.576.9One of the first issues to emerge was that almost no-one in the class used any standardizedprocess to plan, set up, execute and report experiments. Their previous experiences in traditionallab classes had provided this process but it had not been emphasized to the point where it was aroutine sequence of actions. When students work on their own, a more systematic approach isneeded so they were given a sequence adapted from experimental design within capstoneprojects. It has seven stages: purpose, scope, design, approvals, execution, analysis and reportso
Conference Session
Engagement in Formal and Informal Learning Environments
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeffrey H Rosen, Georgia Tech - CEISMC; Cher C Hendricks, Georgia Institute of Technology; Norman F. Robinson III, Georgia Institute of Technology - CEISMC; Julia Sonnenberg-Klein, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
transcript, and asecond wrote, “I always planned on being in the technology field, so I thought this was a goodway to start.”Pre/Post DifferencesWe used paired sample t-tests to examine pre/post differences in students’ interest in science,math, and future science or engineering careers. Because our sample size was small (n=22), largepre-post differences were necessary to find statistical significance, so we have also reportedstandardized effect sizes, using Cohen’s d as a measure of effect. With Cohen’s d, standardizedeffect sizes are described in standard deviation units, which explain the magnitude of differencebetween scores. An effect of .2 is considered small, .5 is considered moderate, and .8 isconsidered large.14Although there were no
Conference Session
Case Studies in Entrepreneurship
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Alex Kotlarchyk
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
events based on entries in the Google Calendar are not immediate, but only guaranteed to occur 15 minutes before or after the scheduled time of the event. To overcome this, they plan to trigger events using email notifications for sprinkler start and stop times, since the IFTTT email interface triggers events immediately.  Client Receiver and Transmitter Page 23.623.12 This portion of the system is set up to receive signals from a server application and usesthe decision that it receives to either interrupt the sprinkler system or not. In either case, it willcommunicate the result of the Decision Algorithm to the
Conference Session
Biological and Agricultural Engineering Education Technical Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Abby M Kelly, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; David Jones, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Roger Michael Hoy, University of Nebraska; Evan Curtis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Angela Kaye Pannier, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Richard R. Stowell P.E., University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Tagged Divisions
Biological & Agricultural
of the assignments, and the way in which student designs were evaluated, ascompared to the exercise at Bucknell University.RDC durationTo address the challenges of slow-paced, non-technical lectures, as well as the issue of time andproject management, we gave students just two weeks to complete the RDC (See Figure 1 for anexample timeline). Getting through all the major phases of design in only two weeks makes theexperience more challenging for students, gives a sense of urgency to what might be consideredslow-paced lectures, helps students to remain on schedule, and heightens the need for efficientproject planning and management of time and personnel.Figure 1: Two-week rapid design challenge schedule for Fall 2012 semesterAssignments
Conference Session
Bringing Industrial Applications into the Classroom
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maddalena Fanelli, Michigan State University; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University; Dennis J. Miller, Michigan State University; Martin C Hawley, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
planning and designstages. This is an approach that we expect to successfully address the new requirements of theAIChE Program Criteria; moreover, we expect that our students will graduate with abilities inprocess hazards analysis that will be of benefit in the workplace.BackgroundIn response to the updated ABET Program Criteria for chemical engineering that now requireconsideration of hazards associated with the processes that our students design, analyze, andcontrol, we have acknowledged the need to provide additional exposure to risk assessment andmore rigorous safety considerations in our baccalaureate chemical engineering curriculum.Therefore, we are adding simplified Process Hazard Analyses to both Unit Operations andProcess Design courses
Conference Session
Engineering Leadership Development Division Technical Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kirsten S. Hochstedt, Penn State University ; Andrew Michael Erdman, Pennsylvania State University; Richard John Schuhmann, Gordon–MIT Engineering Leadership Program
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Leadership Development Division
graduation he chaired the local Jaycees, Department of Social Services Advisory Council, GE Share Board, and Curling Club; and served on the Human Services Planning Council, United Way, Chamber of Commerce, and Capital Fund Drive Boards of Directors. Erdman has also lectured on lead- ership topics at Penn State and RPI. He returned to campus frequently as a recruiter (25 years) for GE and Lockheed Martin, serving on the Penn State College of Engineering Advisory Council (former chair of the Engineering Science & Mechanics council), helped establish an Alumni Advisory Board, and cur- rently serves as the Vice President of the College of Engineering Alumni Society. Affiliations include the Penn State Alumni Association
Conference Session
New ECE Courses
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Constance D. Hendrix, USAF Academy; Danial J. Neebel PE, US Air Force Academy; Ryan Jay Silva, U.S. Air Force Academy
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
is simply not possible toboth lecture on the material and allow students enough time to properly accomplish eachassignment while having access to their instructor. This is the flipped-classroom approachdescribed earlier. As shown in Table 2, each lesson plan falls into one of four categories: lectures(10 lessons), labs (15 lessons), projects (11 lessons) and exams (four lessons). Lecture periodsactually have very little lecture time from the instructor, but instead include live demonstrationsand students working problems at the board or on the computer.During lab days, the instructor generally expands the discussion of the topic in the readingmaterial to tie the material to the real world through a demonstration or examples. The studentsuse
Conference Session
New Course Development Concepts in ET I
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College; Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico College; Alfredo J. Perez, Northern New Mexico College; Raul R Peralta, Northern New Mexico College
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
devise action plans to be implemented toobtain the target.Given that the level of attainment of a student outcome is measured in multiple classes, theDepartment defines the overall level of attainment of a student outcome for the Information Page 24.60.12Engineering Technology (IET) program as follows: • For 100-level and 200-level classes, the Department assigns 1 point if the level of attainment is marked as Target in progress. • For 100-level and 200-level classes, the Department assigns 2 points if the level of attainment is marked as Target met. • For 300-level and 400-level