Conference Session

Computers in Education 10 - Technology 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Baiou Shi, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Siddharth Ravi; Dan Fenner; Rand Garrity, Penn State Erie

that the size of the stain doesn’t shrink or grow. This creates the thick, dark outline around acoffee stain, which is the “ring” that we see [1].The coffee-ring pattern originates from the capillary flow induced by the evaporation of the drop:liquid evaporating from the edge is replenished by liquid from the interior. The resulting edgewardflow can carry nearly all the dispersed material to the edge. As a function of time, this processexhibits a "rush-hour" effect, that is, a rapid acceleration of the edgeward flow at the final stage ofthe drying process.Evaporation induces a Marangoni flow inside a droplet. The flow, if strong, redistributes particlesback to the center of the droplet. Thus, for particles to accumulate at the edges, the

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 2 - Community Engagement without Frontiers

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Hunt, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Matthew Williamson, University of Nebraska - Lincoln

realistic projects as part oftheir educational preparation. As early as 1997, engineering faculty were noted for using realproject sites for capstone projects. These were still typically simulations without engagementwith real client-stakeholders [1]. Service learning is a ‘credit-bearing, educational experience inwhich students participate in an organized service activity that meets identified community needsand reflect on the service activity in such a way as to gain further understanding of coursecontent, a broader appreciation of the discipline, and an enhanced sense of civic responsibility”[2]. Participation in service learning has been showing to positively impact various studentoutcomes including enhancing student curiosity, connecting

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cyrus Habibi, University of Wisconsin - Platteville

course and bring hands-on experienceto their students.IntroductionLaboratory work has a strong impact on students’ learning and play important role in engineeringeducation. Labs help students to learn the concepts in depth and to gain practical skills, so theycould succeed both academically and in their careers. In the labs students learn how to integratetheory and practice. The labs also teach students hypothesis forming, experimental design andevaluation of results. In most cases, students work as a team in labs which help them with ethics,communications, report writing and team working skills. A survey of student perceptions of thelab work has been published [1]. They found that engineering students see themselves asessentially practical, and

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Thermodynamics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheldon Jeter, Georgia Institute of Technology

community and does not merit much class time. The ability of a substanceor a system or heat to produce useful work is of obvious importance, and investigations of thisissue began in the nineteenth century and continue. Numerous publications address thefoundations and practice of this subject, which is much too extensive to more than nominallysummarize here. It is well known that early investigators included several significant figures,most notably Gibbs, Gouy, and Stodola. Evans [1] and others address this history. Later in thetwentieth century, the concept and application were addressed to practicing mechanical engineersperhaps earliest by Keenan in his highly regarded textbook [2] and in his later research literature[3]. Keenan used the term

Conference Session

WIED: Analysis, Challenges, Success, and Impacts

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roberta Rincon, Society of Women Engineers; Erin Carll; Emily Knaphus-Soran, University of Washington

www.slayte.com The Community College Pathway: A Study of Women in STEMPurpose of the StudyMany women begin their postsecondary education at a community college (CC), so encouragingand supporting them on the transfer pathway is critical for addressing the lack of gender diversityin STEM – particularly in engineering and technology. The National Academy of Engineering(NAE) has highlighted the importance of community colleges in broadening participation inengineering because of the diversity they represent [1] [2]. In fall 2019, approximately 41% ofHispanic undergraduates, 38% of American Indian/Alaskan Native undergraduates, and 31% ofBlack undergraduates were enrolled in two-year colleges in the U.S. [3] Approximately 34% ofwomen undergraduate

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chengyi Zhang, University of Wyoming; Xuanyi Zhu; Ashleigh McManus; Bryan Dyer; Scott Arias

improve outcomes. A well-designed assessment should give insight into bothareas with feedback. In other words, it should be both formative and summative. A formativeassessment can provide information to be used as feedback to modify teaching and learningactivities [1]. This type of assessment is often used to make informed changes to teaching. Theseassessments tend to be "low-stakes" as they are not always factored into final grades [2].Alternately, summative assessments are generally high-stakes assessments and are used to get afinal assessment of how much learning has taken place [3]. To assess programmatic studentlearning outcomes (SLO's), a summative assessment can be used. One such assessment to thisend is the AC exam, which will be

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University; Thomas Griffin, Northeastern University; Dongye Shen, Cornell University; Jaison Patel

, construction, and technical writing.2. IntroductionThis work is part of the Dialogue of Civilizations course activities at Northeastern University [1]-[3]. The course titled “Customer-Driven Technical Innovation: Silicon Valley” studies the role ofengineering innovation in addressing customer needs in early start-ups, and the need to conceivea successful innovative engineering design as part of the commercialization strategy. It emphasizesunderstanding how engineering innovation can meet real technical market needs and how to gatherthe necessary, relevant technical information early in the innovation process to produce asuccessful engineering design.The course analyzes common shortcomings of early technology startups and creates anunderstanding of

Conference Session

We Love our MOMs (Mechanics of Materials)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Rodriguez, University of Texas at Austin

. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comAchieving student outcomes with service-learning in Mechanics of MaterialsAbstractThe implementation of experiential learning opportunities in undergraduate courses providesstudents an alternative hands-on learning methodology that can supplement the traditionallecture-style approach. A service-learning model was used in an undergraduate Mechanics ofMaterials course in the form of a semester-long project. The first implementation (Cohort 1)involved partnering with UT Arlington’s College of Engineering and participating in the bi-annual Engineering Saturday event. This event is a K-12 outreach program, which inviteschildren from local K

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 2: Peer Mentoring/Learning, Teaching Assistants, and Career Mentorship

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nina Telang, University of Texas at Austin; Katherine Molina-Gallo, University of Texas at Austin; Elliot Lopez-Finn, University of Texas at Austin

completion for the attendees vs. non-attendees inthese programs was even more pronounced for students with lower pre-semesterGPAs. From these data analyses we have concluded that these programs have afavorable effect on student performance, especially for lower-performing students.Introduction: The Supplemental Instruction (SI) program is an academic support programcreated in 1973 at the University of Missouri in Kansas City (UMKC), to improve gradesin traditionally “difficult” classes, promote student retention and increase graduationrates [1]. The historically successful and evidence-based SI program was implementedin our engineering courses through a collaboration between the School of Engineeringand the campus Learning Center. The

Conference Session

Computers in Education 6 - Best of CoED

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zeynep Akdemir, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); N. Sanjay Rebello

Journal of Physics, 72(1), 98-115. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1614813Finkelstein, N. D., Adams, W. K., Keller, C. J., Kohl, P. B., Perkins, K. K., Podolefsky, N. S., & S, R. (2005). When learning about the real world is better done virtually: A study of substituting computer simulations for laboratory equipment. Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research.Haryadi, R., & Pujiastuti, H. (2020). PhET simulation software-based learning to improve science process skills. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1521, No. 2, p. 022017). IOP Publishing.Karplus, R. & Butts, D. P. (1977). Science teaching and the development of reasoning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 14

Conference Session

PCEE Session 11: Engineering Outreach / Summer Programs

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aimee Cloutier, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Eric Constans, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; James Mayhew, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

the country host outreach events and programs for K-12 aspiringengineers. A common formula for such a program is to provide hands-on opportunities for K-12students of a particular level to learn concepts related to various disciplines of engineering [1] orto base the program on engineering design challenges [2-4]. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic,online outreach programs were relatively rare, although the benefits offered by the online setting(e.g. a lower cost alternative to an in-person experience and the opportunity to engage a broaderaudience) have led to the development of a few online outreach programs [5]. Unsurprisingly, amore popular model for the online outreach camp involves teaching concepts related to computerprogramming [6-7

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Demos and Interactives

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aminul Islam Khan, Washington State University; Olivia Reynolds, Washington State University; Mohammad Hossan, University of Central Oklahoma; David Thiessen, Washington State University; Bernard Van Wie, Washington State University; Prashanta Dutta, Washington State University

module based on in-class implementations atdifferent universities. Assessment of student learning outcomes shows significant improvementin conceptual understanding when these modules are used in the undergraduate class.1. IntroductionTransport courses such as fluid mechanics and heat transfer are core subjects in mechanical andchemical engineering disciplines. Theoretical concepts covered in those courses are highlycomplex and students need to put substantial effort to understand these concepts. Because of thatmost of the classroom time is usually spent to teach those theories and associated postulates.However, our experience suggests that students do not always understand those transport-relatedconcepts that are extensively encountered in

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Gehringer, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

associated with online courses, online exams may be used in any kind of course. Theyhave their own benefits, such as randomized parameters and randomized ordering of questions andanswers, and their own drawbacks, such as facilitation of certain kinds of cheating [JIR]. Most onlineexams are administered through learning-management systems (LMSs), but standalone online homework-delivery systems are also used, such as Webassign and WeBWorK. Recently, Turitin’s Gradescope,which began as a platform for grading paper exams, has developed software for online administration ofexams.In this paper, we consider the features and limitations of online exams in the five LMSs with the largestmarket share at the beginning of the 2021–2022 academic year (Figure 1

Conference Session

Computers in Education 5 - Modulus 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adurangba Oje, University of Georgia; Oluwafemi Sunday; Nathaniel Hunsu, University of Georgia; Dominik May; Robert Baffour, University of Georgia

and safe environment [1]. Engineering instructors can facilitatepractical learning and students can practice laboratory procedures and observe otherwise abstractconcepts in a safe setting with little concern about the cost-related inhibitions that accompany thetraditional instructional laboratory in engineering. Educational VRs are also employed in theclassroom to facilitate experiential learning [2]. Students could, for example, engage in hands-onlearning activities like manipulating virtual objects and engineering instruments. Additionally,students could observe and learn cause-and-effect relationships between engineering phenomenaand even interact with engineering ideas or equipment in virtual space by modifying variables andrecording

Conference Session

PCEE Session 4: Resource / Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynn Albers, Hofstra University

the redesign of a first year program-ming for engineers course at Hofstra University. The pedagogy has been redesignedusing an activity centric model [1]. This course is also offered in four local highschools as part of the K-12 outreach program, Pathways to Engineering, sponsoredby the School of Engineering. Teachers received professional development and usethe curriculum to teach classes of 15-28 students. The students have the option totake the course for three credits and receive an official transcript from the university.MaterialsThe materials needed can be found on the original activity developed at IndianaUniversity, Bloomington and funded in part by the National Science Foundation andIndiana University 1995. For convenience, they are

Conference Session

Computers in Education 10 - Technology 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Schaffer, Mission College; Fadi Castronovo, California State University, East Bay; Osiriz Durana

see the resulting power through anumeric display and the amount of light generated. The goal of this paper is to share the designchoices and development of the IVR serious game for use in an Introduction to Engineeringvirtual classroom to enhance the teaching of wind energy conversion. Learned lessons will beshared to support other instructors that are planning on pursuing similar research and/orimplementing innovative technology in their courses.1. Introduction In recent years, Virtual Reality (VR) has become a more common platform to use inclassrooms to enhance pedagogy. Many former researchers have used VR to help their studentsunderstand previously hard-to-grasp concepts and increase enthusiasm in classrooms based onthe VR modality

Conference Session

PCEE Session 4: Resource / Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hoda Ehsan, The Hill School

) AbstractFor decades, informal education research has provided evidence of the importance of parents’involvement in pre-college students’ STEM learning. Previous research has put efforts intounderstanding the roles parents play to better engage children in engineering in out-of-schoolsettings [1][2][3][4]. On the other hand, the shift to online learning during the pandemic and lackof access to external educational resources have highlighted the importance out-of-schoollearning, including the very important role parents play in providing elite education for children[5](also look for the special issue at Journal of Pre-college Engineering Education Research [6]However, when it comes to engineering education, parents, with no engineering background

Conference Session

ERM: Instruction and Engagement

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yonghee Lee, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); David Evenhouse, Purdue Engineering Education; Edward Berger, Professor of Engineering Education and Mechanical Engineering; Jeffrey Rhoads, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Anastasia Rynearson, Campbell University

, and mathematics (STEM) education. Alternative to traditionalengineering instruction that focused on delivering content knowledge, researchers havepromoted active learning that focus on increasing student participation and engagementlearning [1], [2]. However, despite consistent efforts to disseminate active learningpedagogies, traditional lecture still dominates undergraduate STEM education [3]. Manyresearchers contend that various challenges hinder instructors from adopting using research-based instructional strategies (RBIS) due to student resistance, limited time for coursepreparation, and lack of institutional support and rewards [4] - [6].To promote the use of RBIS for instructors, Froyd et al. [7] maintain that researchers aim

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 5: STEM Teacher Instructional Moves

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shaffiq Welji, University of Georgia; James Drimalla, University of Georgia; Aida Alibek, University of Georgia; AnnaMarie Conner; Lorraine Franco; Jenna Menke, University of Georgia; Tim Foutz, University of Georgia; Barbara Crawford

Technology into Georgia’s Elementary Science Program • Bridges for Engineering Education © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Analyzing Teacher Supports for Collective Argumentation in Integrative STEM Classrooms (RTP)AbstractThe Next Generation Science Standards [1] recognized evidence-based argumentation as one ofthe essential skills for students to develop throughout their science and engineering education.Argumentation focuses students on the need for quality evidence, which helps to develop theirdeep understanding of content [2]. Argumentation has been studied extensively, both inmathematics and

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Best of Works in Progress

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hao Jiang, Lawrence Technological University

entrepreneurial mindsets in studentsthrough formalized training and practices on specific subjects 1,2,3 . Traditional engineeringcurriculum overly emphasize the knowledge and technical skills by considering these are mostimportant preparations of graduates for the workforce. In recent years, it has been increasinglyrecognized that graduates with entrepreneurial mindsets are even more highly demanded andvalued because such mindsets require years of practice while technical engineering skills, incomparison, can be more readily learned during the job positions 1 . One pioneering organizationin the field of EML is the Kern Entrepreneurial Engineering Network (KEEN), which establisheda framework to infuse EML into curriculum content and delivery in order to

Conference Session

PCEE Session 4: Resource / Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erica Marti, University of Nevada - Las Vegas; Rebecca Kober

ability to direct path vs. indirect reduce the warming effect of sunlight. path of sunlight) Redesign and retest.Lesson Summary by DayEach lesson would last 35-45 minutes. The lessons could be completed consecutively or with separation (e.g.,once per week). It is not recommended to change the sequence or skip days. Summary Activity Assessment Day 1: Students observe the warming effect Students will observe and contrast the Science Journal Introduction to of the sun through the infrared

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holly Golecki, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Sara Lamer, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Elizabeth McNeela, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Thomas Tran, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Aasiyah Adnan, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

outreach efforts by schools and robotics organizations, girls do not participate in pre-college robotics at the same rate as boys [1]. Sullivan et al. reported low confidence in technicalactivities related to robotics as a reason for the participation disparity [2]. An analysis of pre-college extracurricular activities and their mapping to engineering majors showed the disciplineswith high percentages of male students, such as mechanical engineering and electrical engineering,had more students tinkering with electrical and mechanical components outside of school prior tostarting college [3]. When girls are not part of extracurricular robotics programs, they miss vitalopportunities to develop tinkering self-efficacy. Attracting more girls to

Conference Session

PCEE Session 12: STEM, Technology, and Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Jennifer Taylor, University of Colorado Boulder; Ivonne Santiago, University of Texas at El Paso

Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com 1 Principles for Designing Engineering Curricula Grounded in Environmental Justice (Fundamental)For generations, People of Color within the United States have been disproportionately exposedto environmental hazards that deny fundamental human rights, such as access to clean air, land,water, and food.1,2 Environmental inequities range from siting waste facilities in predominantlyBlack communities, to placing highways through low-income communities, to ordering migrantworkers to use hazardous chemicals, to

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holly Golecki, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Tashia Lewis

mealand re-imagine the meal using different textures, delivery methods, and presentations. This paperwill detail connections between the curriculum used for the “Food as a Building Material”project and the Next Generation Science Standards. We will also provide teacher reflectionsfrom our implementation to inform future implementations by other teachers.IntroductionEngaging K12 students in engineering education can broaden their perspectives of career options[1],[2]. There are some challenges to bringing engineering to the K12 classroom includingteacher confidence [3] and availability of resources [4]. Food provides an accessible platform topractice engineering. Courses across the spectrum of education have been developed around thetopic of

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Integrating Design Across the BioE/BME Curriculum

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holly Golecki, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Karin Jensen, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Sara Lamer, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Calvin Costner, Advanced Design & Manufacturing Institute; Sara Vohra; Isabel Miller, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

of Biomedical Devices in an Engineering Design Project to Promote Student WellnessIntroductionMental health issues are prevalent on college campuses. Self-reported mental illness [1],utilization of mental health services [1,2], and treatment rates [1,2] have all increased in the pasttwo decades, with the COVID-19 pandemic causing further stress [3,4,5], anxiety [3,5], anddepression [4,5] in students. Further, some research suggests engineering students face moresevere mental health challenges than students in other disciplines [6]. Unfortunately, not allstudents dealing with a mental health challenge receive support or reach out for professionalcare. Students face many barriers to help-seeking, such as personal stigma

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Barton, Mississippi State University; John Aaron Grimes, Mississippi State University; Shelly Sanders, Mississippi State University; Alexis Nordin, Mississippi State University

Powered by www.slayte.com WIP: Comparing Engineering Faculty’s Perceptions of Undergraduate Student Writing Abilities with Students’ Self-PerceptionsThis Work in Progress Paper compares faculty perceptions of engineering undergraduates’writing skills to students’ self-perceptions of their writing abilities. While the importance ofwriting to professional success is widely recognized [1], [2], numerous studies have shown thatuniversity faculty rate their students’ writing as poor or inadequate for workplace expectations[3]–[5]. In engineering education, writing is an essential part of the design process [6].Matusovich et al. [7] have described the importance of writing in the disciplines in

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Djedjiga Belfadel, Fairfield University; Elif Kongar, Fairfield University; John Drazan, Fairfield University; Isaac Macwan, Fairfield University; Michael Zabinski

the semester, studentspresented their group projects in the classroom to their peers. In this paper, we report and analyze projectdata of TDP projects. 1 1. IntroductionEngineering design is defined as the communication of a set of rational decisions obtained with creativeproblem solving for achieving certain stated objectives within prescribed constraints [1,2].The role of design in an engineering curriculum is a key factor contributing to its success.Engineering design projects provide students with a broad view related to the material presented inlectures. Through project-based learning, students are encouraged to assume responsibility for theirlearning experience and to shift from a

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidi Sherick, University of Michigan; Pauline Khan, University of Michigan; Tershia Pinder-Grover, University of Michigan; Deborah Covington, University of Michigan

paper will focus on the faculty and staff initiatives initiated at the Universityof Michigan, a large, public Research 1 institution, in the College of Engineering. This paperalso emphasizes the important factors needed to map this effort to the socially engaged designprocess (SEDP) (https://csed.engin.umich.edu/socially-engaged-design-process-model), a designprocess that considers broad contexts through an equity-centered lens that includes social,cultural, and other contextual factors (See Appendix A). It includes five stages: explore, define,ideate, develop, and realize. The paper will highlight the basic model of the process, thepractices faculty developers implemented, and the specific way the SEDP can be applied fororganizational change

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Integrated Engineering and Interdisciplinary Impacts

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alisson Bedón, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Holbeein Velásquez, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Miguel Andrés Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Milagros Jiménez, Universidad San Francisco de Quito

Engineering at Virginia Tech (2019), as well as two Graduate Certificate in Engineering Education and Future Professoriate. (i) ENGINEERING EXPERIENCE: Miguel Andrés was Project Manager of PREINGESA where he has directed construction projects in the development of urban infrastructure for urbanizations such as earthworks, drinking water works, sewerage, underground electrical cables and fiber optics, roads, aqueducts, water reservoirs, housing construction, among others. He was also a Project Management Associate for a Habitat For Humanity housing project in the USA. (ii) RESEARCH: Miguel Andrés' research focuses on (1) decision-making for the design and construction of infrastructure projects, (2) the planning of sustainable

Conference Session

Computers in Education 7 - Modulus 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud Quweider, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; Fitratullah Khan; Liyu Zhang; Hansheng Lei

cyber security professionals is at an all-time high, especially with the exponential risein cyber-related crimes that are affecting businesses from government agencies to hospitals andhealth care clinics, banks and financial institutions, schools and universities, and to corporates andprivate businesses [7-13]. In fact, according to the quarterly data breach analysis report publishedby the Identity Theft Resource Center, we are poised to break records this year [1] when it comesto statistics on data breaches, ransomware, and phishing. Therefore, protecting digital assets anddefending against internal and external digital threats in all forms is essential to the country’scontinued economic, social, and military success, especially in an ever