Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Cecilia La Place, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus

a junior engineering project course, whereas this work examinesstudents' experiences who attended hackathons and a project based curriculum. Sample codescan be found in Table 2. Consolidating the process codes in a second round consisted of usingversus coding as an additional method of comparing capstones and hackathons. Code Definition Designing Designing refers to when participants create specifications for a project. Problem Solving Problem Solving refers to when participants are describing specific techniques to approach and resolve a problem, issue, bug, etc. Researching

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - Technical Session 11: Projects

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jack Bringardner, New York University ; Elizabeth Castroverde; Paige Charette, New York University ; Salma Moutasim Salaheldin Abuelgasim, New York University Abu Dhabi ; McKenna Yoshinobu; Rui Li, New York University; Victoria Bill, New York University ; Ingrid Paredes, New York University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

, critical thinking, and design, and how to presentfindings to a group of peers. Thus, the project is a part of the curriculum in that students aregiven project options and must use software, design techniques, and presentation skills tosuccessfully complete the project following the steps of the engineering design process. Studentteams were able to self-select between three different semester long project options.Since two evaluations were done, the main purpose was to assess how engineering students’feelings of self-efficacy changes before a semester-long project versus after the fact regardingthe engineering design process and determine whether documenting this process made an impacton feelings of confidence, success, motivation, and anxiety

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Ralph Budwig; Beyerlein Steve; Matthew Cunnington; Levi Westra; Donald Elger

, Professor Mike Anderson, Dec. 2000.2. Elger, D.F., S.W. Beyerlein, and R. S. Budwig, Using Design, Build and Test Projects to Teach Engineering, Proceedings of the 2000 Frontiers in Education Conference, Kansas City, Missouri, Oct. 2000.3. Foss, J. F., Basic Elements in a Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Experience: An Engineering Science Approach, Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol 110, Mar 1988, p 9-15.4. Lasher, William C., Jack H. Young, and Richard C. Progelhof, A Plan for Integrating CFD into an Undergraduate Curriculum, Final report submitted to the National Science Foundation, Grant # DUE-9651218, www.pserie.psu.edu/cfd/index.html, Jan 4, 2002.5. Novak, J.D., Gowin, D.B., Learning How to Learn, Cambridge: New York, p. xi

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Teresa L. Hein; Dan Budny

are less interested in people and are more interested inabstract concepts. They excel at creating theoretical models, yet are less concerned with thepractical use of the theories. Assimilators are very good at synthesizing disparate observationsinto an integrated explanation. They work well when information is detailed, logical, and orderly.The Converger’s (Type III) dominant learning abilities are Abstract Conceptualization and ActiveExperimentation. These learners excel when given the opportunity to apply ideas in a practicalway. Convergers seem to do best when there is a single correct answer to a problem or question.These individuals tend to be less emotional and do not like to waste time. Convergers would

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William A. Kline, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Douglas E. Melton, Kern Family Foundation

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

as three separate ones with separatecanvases is a teachable concept readily grasped by students.Concepts of ‘Creating Value’ in DesignIn this section, we focus on the opportunities to create value in product design activities. Being agood designer is a hallmark trait of an engineer and design curriculum is an integral componentof engineering education programs. As noted above, success in product design is elusive as 40%or more of products introduced to the marketplace fail to find success1.Concepts from systems engineering have been applied in developing a series of value-connectedviews (tables and diagrams) that have been applied in design courses at all levels22. The viewsare based upon a comprehensive metamodel23 that identifies items of

Conference Session

Projects,Teams & Cooperative Learning

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Samuel Daniels; Bouzid Aliane; Jean Nocito-Gobel; Michael Collura

courses withexposure to content in areas such as mechanics, electrical phenomena and programminglogic. In addition the course contributes significantly to the development of timemanagement, teamwork, and oral and written communication skills. Page 9.1025.1Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition Copyright ©2004 American Society for Engineering EducationIntr oductionTeaching and learning may be enriched by integrating new technologies in theengineering curriculum, particularly in laboratory-based courses. Traditional pedagogicalapproaches of teaching theory before

Conference Session

Assessment of Engineering Leadership Skills

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William J. Schell IV P.E., Montana State University; Paul J. Kauffmann P.E., East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

, the paper identifies biographicalinformation common to those who appear to be most engaged in the topic and compares it toexisting national faculty profiles. These findings are augmented through national survey ofengineering faculty. The survey investigated faculty perceptions on the importance ofengineering leadership development and the manner faculty think these materials should beincorporated in engineering curricula. These perceptions are investigated with respect toparticipant’s backgrounds and experiences outside the academy. This work will be of interest toboth faculty building commitment for and materials supporting integration of engineeringleadership in the curriculum and the engineering leadership profession.IntroductionMany of

Conference Session

First-Year Programs (FPD) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alyssa N Berg, University of Colorado Boulder; Janet Y Tsai, University of Colorado at Boulder; Virginia Lea Ferguson, Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado; Boulder, CO; Beverly Louie, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

beginningtheir research. The students also complete a post-research survey about their experiences. Theundergraduate students gain practical research experience and demonstrate theiraccomplishments in an end-of-semester poster presentation. Both the undergraduates andgraduate mentors complete weekly qualitative reflective questions through an online process.Through both the pre- and post- surveys, as well as reflective questions posed during thesemester, the research team gathered information on maintaining and creating trust in thesementoring relationships. We compared and contrasted our mentor-mentee relationship to theperceived trust model created by Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman1. Our initial findings show thatability, benevolence, and integrity are

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Besser P.E., University of St. Thomas; Camille M. George, University of St. Thomas; Erin Anne Kern, University of St. Thomas; Jenna Laleman, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

experiences through the lens of one’s own cultural worldview. At the acceptance positioncultural difference is experienced as just one of a number of equally complex worldviews. At theadaption position cultural difference is experienced an appropriate alternative behavior in adifferent cultural context. And at the integration position the experience of the person is onewhich allows for movement in and out of cultural worldviews. Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity Copyright, Milton Bennett, Ph.D., used with permissionOutgrowths of the DMIS include the intercultural development continuum (IDC) and theIntercultural Development Inventory (IDI), a 50-item questionnaire. The IDI instrument has

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, University of Texas at San Antonio; Guntulu S. Hatipkarasulu, Texas State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering

gained. When students are involved in creating new artifacts, they are actively engaged in the subject matter. • Evaluate: At this stage, students are asked to judge an idea. This may involve predicting, experimenting, critiquing, or making an argument from evidence. • Analyze: Students begin to develop higher order thinking. They may be asked to compare and contrast or take a concept and break it into parts to explore the relationships present. • Apply: At this level, students begin to put the information they are learning into context. Here they are able to integrate ideas across multiple situations, or utilize the content in a new way. • Understand: At this level, students demonstrate that

Conference Session

Unique Laboratory Experiments & Programs

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

THEO MARYONOVICH; Chris Netherton; Chandra Sekhar; Jai Agrawal; Omer Farook

Session 1292 Computer-Assisted GOAL-Oriented Walking Robot Omer Farook, Chandra R. Sekhar, Jai P. Agrawal, Theo Maryonovich and Chris Netherton Purdue University Calumet Hammond, IN 46323AbstractThe paper discusses a senior design project which was implemented during a two-semestercourse, Senior Design. These two courses are the capstone courses in ElectricalEngineering Technology curriculum offered in seventh and eighth semester. This projectand similar projects provides the student a unique opportunity to design and integrate theknowledge and

Conference Session

Graduate Aerospace Systems Engineering Design

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Brij Agrawal

Reconnaissance office (NRO), Navy, and SpaceIndustry and military faculty including astronauts. In the SSE, the emphasis is on requirements, science and technology/research anddevelopment and acquisition in an operational context. The students get adequate knowledge inall space subsystems/systems integration and hands-on experience in spacecraft design andtesting in order to work as a space system engineer in DoD space program offices. The studentstake at least one course in each spacecraft sub-system and three spacecraft design and integrationcourses. The course matrix is shown in Figure 2 for the Space Systems Engineering. The coursematrix consists of two parts. One part is core courses to meet ESR requirements. The secondpart consists of

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Problem-based and Active Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sami Khorbotly, Valparaiso University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #11120A Project-Based Learning Approach to Teaching Computer Vision At the Un-dergraduate LevelDr. Sami Khorbotly, Valparaiso University Received the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical Engineering from Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon in 2001. He then received the M.S. and Ph. D. degrees both in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Akron, Akron, OH in 2003 and 2007, respectively. He is currently an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Frederick F. Jenny Professor of emerging technologies at Valparaiso University. He teaches in the areas of digital

Collection

2020 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Douglas Bohl

equations of motion for a fluid. Thesecan be expressed in variable form for an incompressible Newtonian fluid as:𝜌( 𝑉⃑ + 𝑉⃑ ⋅ ∇𝑉⃑ ) = −∇𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔⃑ + 𝜇∇ 𝑉⃑ (1)These equations are 2nd order, non-linear differential equations, which is conceptuallyoverwhelming. Even when these equations are simplified, it is difficult to translate themathematical expression into a mental picture of the physical reality. This is true even for manyfaculty who have worked with these equations over the course of a career. Alternate analysismethods that are taught, such as integral analysis, are useful engineering tools but they too oftenremain just equations, with mysterious variables and meaning to the

Conference Session

Pre-college: Summer Experiences for Students and Teachers (2)

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John E. Post P.E., Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

, Arizona during June, 2016.IntroductionWith graduates well-placed throughout the aerospace industry, and with a nearly a century-longtrack record in the field of aviation. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University continues to lead theway in aviation, aerospace, and engineering. On the Prescott campus, the College ofEngineering specializes in excellence in undergraduate education and strives to provide studentswith opportunities for hands-on learning and intensive interaction with the faculty, both insideand outside of the classroom.Due to the hands-on nature of the engineering curriculum, the College has many well-equippedlaboratories that are available to undergraduate students during the regular school year. Duringthe summer, however, reduced demand

Conference Session

Faculty Development

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mel Chua, Olin College of Engineering; Lynn Andrea Stein, Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

when adoptingcurricular culture. Yet we do see a close approximation to cargo culting as an initial approach bymany faculty members. Comments such as “give me your curriculum,” “tell me what I need todo,” and “never mind the why; just tell me how” are commonplace in our experiences ofcurricular culture change [8]. These requests elide the necessity of context-appropriateadaptation, an integral part of curricular culture change.In contrast, our second frame acknowledges learning and culture transfer as a process ofsupported practice, sensemaking, and growth. Cognitive apprenticeship is scaffoldedparticipation in meaningful work embedded in authentic cultural practice alongside multipleseasoned mentors. Cognitive apprenticeship theory was

Conference Session

Graduate Education and Undergraduate Research-related Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nina Robson, Texas A&M University; Joseph A. Morgan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

undergraduate research programs, among them greater retention in the curriculum and greaterlikelihood of enrolling in graduate school. On the other hand, Seymour et al. [11] argue that moststudies of undergraduate research did not include proper control groups, used biased samples orfailed to provide sufficient details of their evaluation methods.The sections that follow provide an overview of our efforts to improve the learning environmentfor undergraduate engineers by incorporating research in a multidisciplinary team environmentand discuss the early accomplishments that our working group has achieved.MotivationThe faculty main goal was to let each student experience being an engineer by introducing anopen-ended research problem, and thereby forcing

Conference Session

Empowering Students: Self-Efficacy, Advising, and Transfer Success

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Martinez, University of New Haven; April Yoder, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

this approach as “advising as teaching.” [2,3, 6] Student ownership over their curriculum and academic experience is a central outcome ofdevelopmental advising, which charges advisors to help students integrate career and academicgoals and address their unique challenges and desires. [2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9] Developmental advisinghas been shown to increase student sa?sfac?on and reten?on, partly because of the personalconnec?on with a mentor. [2, 9] In 2008, Janine M. Allen and Cathleen L. Smith argued thatwhile faculty advisors recognized the importance of career guidance and other support tostudent success, they viewed their own advising responsibili?es as limited to ensuring studentsfulfilled gradua?on requirements. [1] However, Elizabeth Hart

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Morteza Nagahi, Mississippi State University; Raed Jaradat, Mississippi State University; Samaneh Davarzani, Mississippi State University; Mohammad Nagahisarchoghaei, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Simon R. Goerger, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Paper ID #31150Academic Performance of Engineering StudentsMr. Morteza Nagahi, Mississippi State University Morteza Nagahi is a doctoral candidate and graduate research assistant at the Management Systems Engi- neering Lab at the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at Mississippi State University. Pre- viously, Morteza received a bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Tehran and a master’s degree in Business Administration from Mazandaran University of Science and Technol- ogy in 2012 and 2014, respectively. Currently, Morteza is working as a graduate research assistant on an

Conference Session

College Engineering K-12 Outreach III

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Sarah Nation; Leah Jamieson; Jill Heinzen; Carla Zoltowski; William Oakes; Joy Krueger

pollutants through the soil and into the groundwater wellheads along with the water cycle on the surface. Water and pollution movements are shown with LED’s. Mixer – density is demonstrated with an interactive exhibit that allows children to mix colored tanks of water and oil and observe their mixing and separation in a settling tank.The EPICS teams have continued to be integrated into the operation of IS which also serves as ascience resource for area schools. Many schools use facilities like IS to insure they meet statescience standards. These standards and the use of the exhibits to meet these standards becomepart of the design constraints. An example of this is the Wellhead Protection/Water Cycleproject. Initially, it was

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 5: From Functions to Big Data–A Hands-on Challenge

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Emre Tokgoz, Quinnipiac University; Hasan Alp Tekalp; Elif Naz Tekalp; Berrak Seren Tekalp, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Paper ID #29726Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of University Students’ Ability toRelate Calculus Knowledge to Function GraphsDr. Emre Tokgoz, Quinnipiac University Emre Tokgoz is currently the Director and an Assistant Professor of Industrial Engineering at Quinnipiac University. He completed a Ph.D. in Mathematics and another Ph.D. in Industrial and Systems Engineer- ing at the University of Oklahoma. His pedagogical research interest includes technology and calculus education of STEM majors. He worked on several IRB approved pedagogical studies to observe under- graduate and graduate mathematics and engineering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Amoruso, University of Central Florida; Ivan Garibay, University of Central Florida; Joel Alejandro Mejia, University of Cincinnati; Laurie O Campbell, University of Central Florida; Florencio Eloy Hernandez, TAMUCC; Ronald F. DeMara P.E., University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

education to explore how language, race, and socialization shape engineering pathways and engineering practice. In 2025, Dr. Mejia received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) Award for his contributions to engineering education.Dr. Laurie O Campbell, University of Central Florida Laurie O. Campbell, Ed.D., is an Assoc. Professor of STEM and Instructional Design and Technology, at the University of Central Florida. She pursues research related to STEM curriculum and STEM identity among underserved and underrepresented populations, pDr. Florencio Eloy Hernandez, TAMUCC Hern´andez currently serves as a Professor of Chemistry and Dean of the College of Science at Texas A&M

Conference Session

S6B: Full Papers - One Size Does Not Fit All

Collection

14th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience (FYEE) Conference

Authors

Djedjiga Belfadel, Fairfield University; Isaac Macwan, Fairfield University; John F Drazan, Fairfield University

Tagged Topics

Full Papers

rational decisions taken with creativeproblem-solving to achieve certain stated objectives within prescribed constraints. The role of design inan engineering curriculum is a key factor contributing to its success [1]. Engineering design projectsprovide students with a broad view related to the material presented in lectures. Through project-basedlearning, students are encouraged to assume responsibility for their learning experience and to shift from apassive to an active learning style [2,3]. To contribute to the development of engineering students, weincorporated a team-based design project informed by service-learning into a first-year engineeringcourse. This paper aims to outline the implementation of this project and evaluate its

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Frederick Carroll, University of Florida; Janice Mejía, Northwestern University; Kent J. Crippen, University of Florida; Sheila Castro, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

Mej´ıa, Northwestern University Dr. Mej´ıa is an Associate Professor of Instruction in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences. She also teaches in the Design Thinking and Communication (DTC), Masters in Engineering Management (MEM), and College Prep programs. Her research interests focus on mixed methods research in engineering education, curriculum assessment and development, and engineering identity.Dr. Kent J. Crippen, University of Florida Kent Crippen is a Professor of STEM education in the School of Teaching and Learning at the University of Florida and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Sheila Castro, University of Florida Sheila Castro is a

Conference Session

Mentoring & Outreach for Girls & Minorities

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Backer, San Jose State University; Belle Wei, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

undermined by amyriad of additional non-cost-related sociocultural factors”.9 Therefore, a way to expandparticipation by Hispanic students is to allow them to pursue personally rewarding, group valuedinterests while providing them with a rich and dense social support network. We includedcomprehensive student mentoring as an integral part of the HCB initiative to draw the highschool students into both the university and the technology communities.Several studies10 11 12 show that Hispanics generally have greater intrinsic motivation orunderlying interests in social and relational issues. That is, they could be attracted to computingif it was presented in a social context as a means to solve “community problems” that were

Conference Session

ECE-Career Development and Program Structures

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela Bhatti, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jacqueline Rohde, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

interests are in sociocultural norms in engineering and the professional development of engineering students. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Designing Futures: ECE Graduate Students’ Experience with a Professional Development and Career Planning ModuleElectrical and computer engineering (ECE) degree programs aim to prepare their students tosucceed in their future professional endeavors. Not only must these programs help equip studentswith disciplinary skills and knowledge, but they must also help students develop the mentalhabits that will enable them to find career success. Given the breadth of career opportunities inECE, there is an opportunity to integrate professional

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Christopher G. Braun

result, theyend up with a higher level of design skills because they can implement their higher levelelectronics designs. Lastly, the setup, use and curriculum for this facility has been disseminatedamong a wide group of educators. With a new educational emphasis towards concurrentengineering that combines an understanding of design and production, other institutions will beable to use this prototyping facility as a model in developing their own approach.Based on my discussions with industry employers and my own experience, I believe it isimportant for students to graduate with the knowledge on how to make their designs become areality. Without sacrificing other aspects of their education, we are able to improve our studentslearning experience

Collection

2019 ASEE Zone I Conference & Workshop

Authors

Pong P Chu

be configuredduring synthesis.Figure 7. Block diagram of thermal monitor subsystem Figure 8. Block diagram of heat generator core Figure 9. Block diagram of LUT-FF chain5. Curriculum integration In the past, it is hard to obtain the device junction temperature and adjust the systemoperating frequency. When the subjects of power analysis and thermal management arediscussed in class, the exercises and homework assignments are mainly theoretical analysis onpaper. The thermal monitor core and heat generator core can be used for hands-on experiments toobserve the power and thermal behavior of physical digital systems. Two experiments aredescribed in the following subsections. These experiments are part of the computer engineeringlab

Conference Session

Strategies to enhance student learning

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Josh Ramey, Colorado School of Mines; Judy Schoonmaker, Colorado School of Mines; Sarah M. Ryan, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

). Agrowing body of data supports the conclusion that active learning is indeed superior to thetraditional lecture format, both in terms of student retention and student performance(Natl.Acad.Sci, 2009; AAAS, 2011; PCAST, 2012; Singer, 2012). Recent efforts at ColoradoSchool of Mines to integrate biology into our engineering curriculum have led to a revisedfoundational biology course that has rigor and relevance for our engineering students. The movefrom traditional lecture to an active learning environment was key in our efforts to engage ourstudents, with the intent of improving our students’ comprehension of biology. Our course re-design involved a three-pronged approach in which we: (1) renovated a classroom to create astudio environment with wet

Conference Session

Historical Perspectives for Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

. Boelter rose to the position of Associate Dean by1943. The earliest proposal to offer an engineering curriculum at the Los Angeles campus datedback to 1937, but it was only in the context of war preparedness that the University of CaliforniaRegents finally authorized an engineering degree program in 1941, initially in industrialtechnology. It was through direct legislative intervention, as backed by a special appropriation aswell as through the vocal support of a UCLA alumni organization, that UC President RobertGordon Sproul was compelled to open a new College of Engineering at UCLA in 1944. Involvedin the planning process, Boelter placed himself in the candidate pool for the deanship.11Boelter is generally credited with pioneering a unified