Conference Session

FPD VIII: Crossing Bridges and Easing Transitions into the First Year

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Judith A. Garzolini, Boise State University; Gary LeRoy Hunt, Boise State University; Joe Guarino, Boise State University; Doug Bullock, Boise State University; Susan Shadle, Boise State University; Cheryl B. Schrader, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

% higher as compared with science and mathematics majors. The grantproposed to (1) integrate the science and mathematics majors with the engineering majors duringsummer orientation, (2) expand student learning community offerings to STEM majors, (3)create a General Sciences course for STEM students who are underprepared in mathematics, and(4) offer an elective, non-credit bearing mathematics online review course, free of charge, tostudents entering the university in STEM majors. An underlying and important rationale forwidening the advisement base to include all STEM majors in an inclusive manner is the fact thatmany freshmen are unsure of their major. Therefore orientation materials were prepared thatemphasized the commonalities between majors

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew L. Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University; Douglas E. Melton, Kern Family Foundation

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

the First Year Engineering Experience committee, chair for the LTU KEEN Course Modification Team, chair for the LTU Leadership Curriculum Committee, supervisor of the LTU Thermo-Fluids Laboratory, coordinator of the Certificate/Minor in Aeronautical Engineering, and faculty advisor of the LTU SAE Aero Design Team. Dr. Gerhart conducts workshops on active, collaborative, and problem-based learning, entrepreneurial mindset education, creative problem solving, and innovation. He is an author of a fluid mechanics textbook.Dr. Doug E. Melton, Kern Family Foundation c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Entrepreneurially Minded Learning: Incorporating Stakeholders, Discovery

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Biwu Yang

what they have learned.This virtual lab provides the opportunity for students to practice in an environment close to thereal world problems.II. Need for Virtual LabIn the curriculum of computer networking technology, lab based hands-on activities will benefitthe learning experience because, typically, our students do not have the opportunity to get hands-on experience by themselves. To mimic a real world computer network situation, severalcomputers are needed to form a network and they serve as the client and server roles in thenetwork. The exercises listed below are typically required for students to better understand andretain the knowledge:• Setup client computer to be connected to network• Setup server computer to be connected to

Conference Session

Tools of the Trade

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas H. Timmer, University of Texas, Pan American; Miguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan American; Connie M. Borror, Arizona State University, West

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

strong reputation of excellence. He has developed a strong track record of teaching effectiveness based on consistently good teaching evaluations, and he has won some departmental awards in this area. Dr. Gonzalez and colleagues from UTPA and Michigan State University were awarded Honorable Mention in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2004 Curriculum Innovation Award competition. Furthermore, his service as an Associate Editor for The IEEE Transactions on Education has provided him with a means of enhancing and maintaining his knowledge on the issues affecting engineering education. In the area of professional achievement, he has been able to obtain over Four Million Dollars in funding for his academic

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liping Guo, Northern Illinois University; Jingbo Han, Northern Illinois University; Andrew Wasonga Otieno, Associate Professor

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

systems and automatic control. Dr. Guo is a senior member of the IEEE and a member of the ASEE.Mr. Jingbo Han, Northern Illinois University Jingbo Han earned the M.S in Electrical Engineering from Northern Illinois University in 2010.Dr. Andrew W Otieno, Associate Professor Dr. Andrew W. Otieno is an associate professor in the Department of Technology at Northern Illinois Uni- versity. He holds a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Leeds University in the United Kingdom. Dr. Otieno has worked in various capacities at several institutions both in the United States and abroad. Since joining the Department of Technology, Dr. Otieno has actively participated in curriculum development. He has extensively revised and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Scott Hassler, Pennsylvania State University, Berks ; Catherine L. Cohan, Pennsylvania State University; Dawn Pfeifer Pfeifer Reitz; Janelle B Larson, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

examine curriculum and rigor and to develop further opportunities to help studentsprepare for the transition to college.As mentioned above, these low-income students appear to be hyper-focused on obtaining acollege degree, but not necessarily an engineering degree. The scholars repeatedly talked abouthow a college degree will help them better their lives, but in these conversations, they very rarelytalked about an engineering degree. Their college-identity (or at least their purpose and goalsrelated to this part of their identity) seems to be further developed than their future-engineeridentity upon entering college. The influence on their future-engineer identities has mainly beenfamily members and not formal engineering educational experiences

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division (ENVIRON) Technical Session 1 - Sustainability & Environmental Justice

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey M. Bielicki, The Ohio State University; Yun-Han Weng, The Ohio State University; Emily T. Creamer, The Ohio State University; Matthew Judkins Mayhew, The Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering Division (ENVIRON)

(education; engineering; public affairs; arts andsciences; food, agriculture, and environmental sciences; business; law). The OhioState EmPOWERment Program in convergent graduate training for a sustainableenergy future enrolls Ph.D. students studying any aspect of energy from degreeprograms any college in Ohio State and engages them in several curricular andco-curricular elements that are designed to dovetail with their Ph.D. degreeprogram requirements in ways that do not extend their time to graduate. TheOhio State EmPOWERment Program established at Ohio State an energy StudentCommunity of Practice and Engagement (SCOPE), a Graduate InterdisciplinarySpecialization (GIS), and an undergraduate Research in Sustainable Energy(RISE) summer research

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natasha Smith P.E., University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

improvement. The paperwill include details on the experiment and the guided peer review process, as well as logisticalsolutions to achieve the blind peer review.IntroductionThe ability to write effectively is a critical professional skill for the practicing engineer, and thus avital outcome for engineering programs.1 Though many programs require specific writing intensivecourses to build these skills, it is also important that students practice writing as an integral part ofthe broader work of engineering in design and laboratory courses.2 In particular, laboratory reportsare a logical vehicle to synthesize the work of experiment design, analysis, and technical writing.However, simply requiring students produce written reports is of marginal value if

Conference Session

Innovative IE Course Content

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Connie Gomez, Galveston College; Heidi A. Taboada, University of Texas, El Paso; Jose F. Espiritu, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

Page 23.1251.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 To Be Green Or Not To Be Green? Ethical Tools for Sustainability EngineeringAbstractEngineers are increasingly being asked to design products and process that reduce the overallimpact society has on the environment as more people realize the rising need to developsustainable resources and to be responsible when using existing resources. In order to adequatelyprepare students to enter this ever increasing demand for sustainable engineering, students needto have an understanding of the technical needs of society as well as the human component indesign, be it the use of local resources, the lack of surplus

Conference Session

Undergraduate Space Design and Project Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Kuhlman, West Virginia University; G. Michael Palmer, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

less opportunity at WVU for the Aerospace Engineering (AE) majors togain experience working on an open-ended design project in a team environment. Forapproximately the past ten years, AE students have been able to elect to participate in theAIAA “Design, Build, Fly” RC controlled airplane competition and receive credit for one oftheir three required senior technical electives in the AE curriculum. Additionally, for the pastsix years, students can also now elect to participate in the WVU “Balloon Satellites” projectcourse, and can chose to count their course credit for this project as a senior technicalelective. Neither of these open-ended, hands on design projects can be used to fulfill thecapstone design course requirement at WVU; this course

Conference Session

M2A: Learning By Design 1

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Charlotte De Vries, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College; Qi Dunsworth, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College; Dean Q. Lewis, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

and B. K. Hofer, McKeachie's Teaching Tips: Strategies, Research, and Theory for College and University Teachers. (12th ed.) Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.[3] Worldwide CDIO Initiative. www.cdio.org[4] P. Lynch, C. de Vries and D. Lewis, “Integrating an effective first year seminar into a freshman engineering design course.” First Year Engineering Experience Conference. Daytona Beach, FL 2017.[5] G. Lemons et al, "The benefits of model building in teaching engineering design," Design Studies, vol. 31, (3), pp. 288-309, 2010.[6] C. Dym et al, "Engineering design thinking, teaching, and learning," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 94, (1), pp. 103-120, 2005.[7] R. M. Abdulaal, A. M. Al-Bahi, A. Y. Soliman & F. I

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Evan Lemley, University of Central Oklahoma; Sezin Kadioglu, University of Central Oklahoma

lecture notes, tutorials, coding project documentation, and many more.Finally, cloud-based code sharing and versioning systems such as git [10], the fundamentalsystem used by web platform, github [11], have become standard operating procedure forsoftware engineers, so that git and related technologies are creeping into workflows ofengineers that are not software developers.MatlabAll students in the five engineering programs at UCO that take an introduction to engineeringcomputing course are exposed to Matlab [4]. Matlab training is an important skill for manyengineering students especially in signals and control systems. Our curriculum does use Matlabfor courses focused in these areas. The fact that some of our students need to know C, Matlab,and

Collection

2022 CIEC

Authors

MADDUMAGE KARUNARATNE; Christopher Gabany

experimentation, to decide what components to use and purchase, and how to integrate and develop software required. They may use examples that other have uploaded to websites, vendor tutorials, data sheets, etc. Faculty aid is mostly limited to providing high-level guidance or help in specific topics such as Wi-Fi protocols, wireless signal modulation schemes, etc.(B)- Program Specific: An ability to apply project management techniques in appropriateengineering projects: • (Assessment i) This assessment tracks the progress of project tasks scheduled using a Gantt chart, which each group presents to faculty advisor in the weekly memos. The memo is graded using a rubric, and the Gantt chart is one rubric item

Conference Session

Globalizing Engineering Education II: Best Practices

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan McNeill, University of Florida, Gainesville; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

ASEE Global Programs

requirements and launched with only oneinternational destination – China. The choice of this destination was a strategic decision on thepart of program administrators and reflected recognition of the impact that China is having onthe careers of many engineering graduates of today. The GEARE Junior Year program was alsodesigned to seamlessly integrate with the mechanical engineering curriculum at PurdueUniversity. The Spring semester of 2009 was the first semester that the GEARE Junior Yearprogram was offered. Participants in the GEARE Junior Year program study abroad at Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity along with participants in the GEARE program. The focus of the study presented inthis paper was on the first cohort of participants in the program

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamza Kadir, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology) Alumni; Md Jubair Hossain, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology); Nirjhar Das Sharma, Purdue University Calumet; Suraiya Jannat Khan, Purdue University Calumet; Akram Hossain, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #11218PROGRAMMING A SIX AXIS MOTOMAN HP3C ROBOT FOR INDUS-TRIAL SORTING APPLICATIONMr. Hamza Kadir, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology) Alumni Hamza Kadir, M.Sc., currently works as a Controls Engineer in the Packaging Machinery OEM indus- try. He completed his Masters from Purdue University Calumet, majoring in Mechatronics Engineering Technology. He conducted his M.Sc. Directed Project at the Nick and Nancy Wilson Mechatronics En- gineering Technology Laboratory. This project involves integration of modern automation tools for an intelligent part sorting system. He has previously worked with use of

Conference Session

Digital Communications Systems

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Dunne, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Communications Experiments Using an Integrated Design Laboratory,” Proceedings of the 2005 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Portland, Oregon.3. H. Keene and M. Parten, “Advanced Communication Test System,” Proceedings of the 2001 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Albuquerque, New Mexico.4. J. Frolik, “A Comprehensive, Laboratory-Enhanced Communications Curriculum,” Proceedings of the 2004 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Salt Lake City, Utah. Page 11.497.105. J. Frolik, “Laboratory Enhancement of Digital and Wireless Communications Courses,” Proceedings of the 2005 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Ann Strehl, University of Michigan; Robin Fowler, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

Paper ID #25288Experimental Evidence Regarding Gendered Task Allocation on TeamsMs. Elizabeth Ann Strehl, University of Michigan Elizabeth is an undergraduate student at the University of Michigan studying Biomedical Engineering and Applied Mathematics. She has worked as a research assistant for Dr. Robin Fowler in the Technical Communication Department of the College of Engineering for several years focusing on team dynamics for first-year students and also works as a research assistant in the Daly Design and Engineering Education Research Group working on design science based research in senior-level engineering design

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Scott Wayne; Alfred Stiller; Kristine Craven

used for visual aids in the oral communication portionof the project.Another important aspect of a student’s life is the scheduling of classes. As has been mentioned,the first year in the general engineering program includes a common curriculum for allengineering majors. These students are therefore advised by one of two (sometimes three)assigned advisors.Professional DevelopmentStudents beginning their education in an engineering field often are unaware of an engineer’sduties and responsibilities. In order to help them clarify their perception of the field, twoseminar series are organized and attendance is required. The West Virginia University Collegeof Engineering and Mineral Resources consists of nine engineering degree-granting programs

Conference Session

DISTINGUISHED LECTURE: 2019 Best PIC, Zone, and Diversity Papers Live Q&A

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Georgios Georgalis, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Karen Marais, Purdue University at West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

2019 Best Zone & PIC Papers

improvements that instructors can use to give their students morefailure opportunities during PBL.1 IntroductionABET’s Criterion 5 requires engineering programs to provide all undergraduate students a majordesign experience that entails technical knowledge and skills acquired through the curriculum andincorporates realistic standards and constraints. The major design experience mentioned in thecriterion is an example of project-based learning (PBL): the theory and practice of using real-worldprojects that have time restrictions to achieve specific objectives and to facilitate individual andcollective learning [1]. PBL is a learner-centered approach that allows students to engage with anill-defined project to promote research, teamwork, critical

Collection

2012 ERC

Authors

Thomas W Peterson

Engineering Investments at theNational Science Foundation Thomas W. Peterson Assistant Director Directorate for Engineering ASEE – ERC Meeting, 6 March 2012US Trade Balance in AdvancedTechnology Includes • Advanced materials • Aerospace • Biotechnology and life sciences • Electronics, optoelectonics • Flexible manufacturing • IT and Communications • Nuclear • Weapons NSF Science and Engineering Indicators, 20104Charting the course in challenging times Vision/Strategy grounded in core principles Human capital development (GRF

Conference Session

Standards and K-12 Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenny Daugherty, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Rodney L. Custer, Black Hills State University; Debra Brockway, Stevens Institute of Technology; Daniel A. Spake, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

engineering and an inability of teachers to identify their learningoutcomes 6, 7. One of the most alarming aspects of this void was the teachers’ inability to reflecton what they were learning related to engineering, apart from a vague understanding of theengineering design process. Without a clear understanding of core engineering concepts, theconnection to student learning is tenuous at best. This void also poses serious problems for highquality curriculum and assessment. As the NAE Committee on K-12 Engineering Educationobserved, a “critical factor is whether teachers—from elementary generalists to middle schooland high school specialists—understand basic engineering concepts and are comfortableengaging in, and teaching, engineering design”.8This

Collection

2020 ASEE North Midwest Section Annual Conference

Authors

Jeffrey A. Starke P.E., Marquette University; Margaret L McNamara P.E., Marquette University; Richard J. Povinelli P.E., Marquette University; Daniela Castillo-Perez, Marquette University; L. Noelle Brigham, Marquette University

Paper ID #32222Staying Connected – Interactive Student Learning during the COVIDTransition to Remote LearningDr. Jeffrey A. Starke P.E., Marquette University Jeffrey Starke is a retired United States Army Colonel who served as an Associate Professor at the United States Military Academy. He currently serves as a Professor of Practice and is the Executive Director for the Masters’ Across Boundaries Graduate Engineering Program at Marquette University. COL(R) Starke specializes in environmental engineering with interests in drinking water, public health, and microbial- mediated processes to include renewable energy

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Learning and Teaching Experiences

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Haolin Zhu, Arizona State University; Amy Trowbridge, Arizona State University; Keirien Taylor, Arizona State University, UOEEE; Daniel J. Laxman, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Director of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) Grand Challenges Scholars Program (GCSP) at ASU. Through the GCSP, Amy aims to prepare students to become globally and socially aware engineers who will lead future efforts to solve the world’s biggest challenges. Amy also helps new schools to develop GCSPs as part of the GCSP Network New Programs committee. She is also actively involved in the Kern Entrepreneurial Engineering Network (KEEN), focused on students’ development of entrepreneurial mindset through GCSP and curriculum. Amy received the 2019 KEEN Rising Star award for her efforts in encouraging students to develop an entrepreneurial mindset. Amy has contributed to the development of a new hands-on

Conference Session

CoNECD Session: Day 3 Slot 2 - Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 CoNECD

Authors

Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University; J. McLean Sloughter, Seattle University; Jennifer M. Dorsey, University of Texas at Austin; Rebecca Hartley, Seattle University; Frank J. Shih, Seattle University; Joy Crevier, Seattle University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

Paper ID #32203What’s Next? From Analysis to ActionDr. Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University Agnieszka Miguel received her Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering in 2001 from the University of Washing- ton, and MSEE and BSEE from Florida Atlantic University in 1996 and 1994. Dr. Miguel’s professional interests involve image processing, machine learning, and engineering education especially active learn- ing, diversity, equity, and inclusion, retention, and recruitment. Her teaching interests include MATLAB, circuits, linear systems, and digital image processing. She is an ASEE Fellow and a member of the IEEE, SWE, and Tau

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: Student Thought

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Andrew Olewnik, State University of New York at Buffalo; Randy K. Yerrick, State University of New York at Buffalo; Manoj Madabhushi; Rachith R. Ramaswamy, State University of New York at Buffalo; Yonghee Lee, State University of New York at Buffalo; Hala Alfadhli, State University of New York at Buffalo; Amanda A. Simmons, State University of New York at Buffalo

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

interrelated. These blocks, which include design, analysis,ethics, and laboratory, serve to fragment rather than integrate the curriculum and therefore thelearning experience and preparation of engineering students. The curricula typically includemany levels of pre-requisites and require students fully understand theory before being permittedto practice application. Rather than necessarily informing each other, these insular blocks,typically taught by different entities within the university structure, serve as individualappendages between which the student must somehow identify connections. The authors argued“… the workload of science and math courses can be so overwhelming that students end uplosing interest in the profession for which they are

Conference Session

Writing and Communication I

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Trine Kvidal; April Kedrowicz

American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering EducationEducators generally adopt one of four approaches to improving the communicationcompetence of engineering undergraduates: (1) a required communication course, (2) acommunication lab, designed to provide assistance to students on a voluntary basis, (3)integrated communication and engineering courses, or (4) an integrated communicationand engineering degree program.In the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Utah, a series ofengineering courses have been revised to include significant communication components,such that students will have received instruction in and practiced

Conference Session

The Year of Dialogue: What We Have Learned So Far

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. P. Mohsen, University of Louisville; Ronald Barr, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Campus Representatives

Frequency Weight Factor A. Faculty Issues and Rewards 10 38 B. Pre-College K-12 and Outreach Issues 6 13 C. Curriculum Reform and Evaluation Issues 9 26 D. Outside Resources and Influences 8 29 Page 13.1286.6 E. Research Topics and Issues 9 42 Discussion The RAGS report called for broad reform in K-12 STEM education, and ASEE clearlyhas an opportunity to be a national leader

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Technical Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Dettman P.E., Western Kentucky University; Walter L. Collett, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Ph.D. degree in Engineering from TTU in 1999. From 1999 until 2004 he was employed by Square D Company / Schneider Electric in Nashville, Tennessee, where he served as a senior electrical engineer, then as an engineering manager. He is currently an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green. His research in- terests involve computational electromagnetics, application of electromagnetics to the analysis and design of electromechanical devices, and photonics. Page 22.1090.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011

Conference Session

ET Design Projects

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Ken Burbank

angle selection. A separate analog section is presented which containsa band pass circuit, generating an output suitable for spectrum analysis.Relevance to EET programThe junior level curriculum at WCU includes a course in digital electronics, covering sequentialand combinational circuits. While some lab work is done with TTL devices, many of the labsare performed using the Altera MAX+PLUS II software, and the Complex Programmable Logic Page 8.959.2Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference &Exposition Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering EducationDevices (CPLD) on the Altera UP-1

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Yellamraju Vikas; Tony Ramanello; Kurt Gramoll

environment. Page 5.603.1I. IntroductionThe most promising feature of multimedia and network-based media is its ability to interactivelydisplay complex information or concepts in an accessible and easy-to-understand animatedgraphical form. This is obviously well suited for many educational applications, but it isparticularly attractive for use in engineering education where abstract mathematical models andfundamental physical principles must be employed to solve practical problems. One of the moredifficult issues to deal with in the engineering curriculum, especially at the introductory levels, isthis process of abstraction of real and practical