Collection

2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Donald D. Joye

Now That Computers Are Here, What Do We Do In Lab? DONALD D. JOYE Department of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085DONALD D. JOYEDr. Joye has been at Villanova for 30 years and counting. He graduated from PrincetonUniversity (B.S.E. 1967) and did graduate work at Lehigh (M.S. 1969, Ph.D. 1972). Hismajor interests are in Fluid Mechanics, Heat Transfer, Mass Transfer, Polymers andRheology. He has five years industrial experience with Sherwin-Williams Chemicals,Engelhard, and Hercules, Inc. doing process engineering, patents, and process R&D. He hasheaded the laboratory program in chemical engineering at Villanova

Collection

2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Atin Sinha

facility. He is a licensed professionalengineer. 622 A Reverse Engineering Project for an Introductory Engineering CourseAbstractA reverse engineering project is used as a part of the laboratory class of the introductory levelundergraduate engineering course every fall since 2007 to train students attending transfer engineeringprogram conducted by Albany State University with Georgia Institute of Technology. In earlier yearsstudents scanned their teammate’s face which proved to be a challenge. The new reverse engineeringproject introduced in 2009 allowed students to scan a part in NextEngine and rebuild it in RapidWorkssoftware that proved to be significantly easier and guarantees project

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Liao, Wayne State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

storage engineers and technicians. Thispaper presents the collaboration between university and community colleges to create anadvanced energy storage curriculum; setup an industrial-based energy storage laboratory;develop and deliver a short course for on-site training of engineers, technologists, and collegeinstructors working in the alternative energy and advanced automotive propulsion fields; developand deliver a series of workshops and seminars for K-12 science teachers, corporate partners,energy and automotive professionals; and provide transfer student advising by university faculty.1. IntroductionThe growing demand for energy and the increasing concerns about man-made climate changeshave called for clean and sustainable energy development

Conference Session

Design and Graphics Potpourri

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle Patrick Hewerdine; James M. Leake, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; W Brent Hall, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

. Engineering programs have difficulty teaching GD&T due to its complexrule based nature, as well as the time needed to do the subject justice. Page 22.1017.2The focus of this paper, then, is the development of a hands-on, visually based method forteaching geometric dimensioning and tolerancing. In order to be successful, the program mustprovide an ample introduction to GD&T, while presenting the subject in a stimulating andsuccinct manner. To attain these goals two laboratory units are developed; one unit focuses onthe fundamentals of GD&T and the other focuses on its application.In the first laboratory unit a portable coordinate measuring

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching: Mechanics

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffery S. Thomas, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Richard H. Hall, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Timothy A. Philpot, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Douglas R. Carroll, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

possible inthe traditional lecture-and-textbook class format. The study described in this paper examines theeffectiveness of asynchronous online video that has been used in various ways in a Mechanics ofMaterials course over the past four years. The content delivered via the Internet includedconcept videos, problem-solving videos, and videos of demonstrations and laboratory activities. In this study, four differing approaches to present the Mechanics of Materials course toapproximately 1000 students in 17 course sections over a four-year period were compared. Thefirst approach involved traditional, face-to-face lectures. The second approach completelyreplaced the face-to-face lectures with videos recorded by the instructor outside of the

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education Division

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathaniel Bird, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

the weekly directed laboratory assignments as well as the quarter-long project.As part of the course, students were required to purchase their own Arduino board and afew other parts. This is a departure from the way this course has been run in the past inour department, where the school maintained a set of microcontrollers that were onlyavailable during the laboratory sessions. However, due to the desire to incorporate aquarter-long project and potentially longer laboratory assignments, restricting the use ofthe Arduino boards to laboratory sessions was not feasible, so students were required topurchase their own boards. Costs were kept in line with previous iterations of the courseby requiring a much cheaper textbook, however.The following

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Willie K. Ofosu, Pennsylvania State University, Wilkes-Barre Campus

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

by providing the students with realizable concept ofelectromagnetic radiations. The versatility of the computer enables different types of antennameasurements to be made, and various parameters to be determined. This paper discusses theusefulness of computers in antennas laboratory exercises in a Telecommunications course. Italso discusses student design experiments, and experiments planned for the next step of thelearning experience.IntroductionExplosion of information transmission in the information age is evidenced by the dependenceon information in all spheres of life. In its electrical form, information may be in the form ofvoice, video, or data and transmissions of these require different ranges in the frequencyspectrum. As a result of

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byron L. Newberry, Oklahoma Christian University of Science and Arts; Richard Miller, Oklahoma Christian University of Science and Arts; Robert Andrew Stevenson, Oklahoma Christian University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

enrollment, in the fall of 2009 Oklahoma Christian Universityadopted aspects of the Wright State University model1 for mathematics education by introducingan introductory ENGR-1113 Foundations of Engineering Mathematics course as a prerequisitefor first-level calculus enrollment. This course consists of both lecture and laboratory periodswhich are designed to strengthen basic algebra and trigonometry skills while also introducingstudents to foundational elements in calculus, differential equations and other higher-levelmathematics.The early part of the course is designed to cover trigonometric and algebraic fundamentals inorder that students may review these basics necessary for upper-level mathematics andengineering courses. The later-half of the

Conference Session

Impact of the Gulf Coast Oil Spill on Chemical Engineering Education & Misc.

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Frances C. Ray-Earle, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Center for Biorefining & Biofuels (C2B2); Nancy S. Tway, University of Colorado

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

practices in engineering education. His current duties in- clude assessment, evaluation and research for the ITL Program’s and BOLD Center’s hands-on initiatives.Frances C. Ray-Earle, Colorado Center for Biorefining & Biofuels (C2B2), University of Colorado at Boulder FRANCES C. RAY-EARLE is the center coordinator for the Colorado Center for Biorefining and Biofuels (C2B2), a collaborative research and education center of the University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado State University, Colorado School of Mines and the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable En- ergy Laboratory. She holds a B.A. in Spanish and Interdisciplinary Humanities from the University of San Diego and is an MBA candidate at the University

Conference Session

Recruitment, Retention, and First-Year Programs in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector A. Ochoa, University of Texas, Tyler; Mukul Shirvaikar, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Shirvaikar is the Chair and Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Texas at Tyler, where he develops curriculum and laboratories in computer engineering. Prior to this he worked at Texas Instruments specializing in real time imaging systems. Dr. Shirvaikar graduated with his doc- torate from the University of Tennessee. He also has a M.S. degree from the University of Maine, and a B.Tech. from Banaras Hindu University, India. His current research interests include real time imaging and engineering education. Page 22.1455.1 c American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

ELOS Best Paper Nominations

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Liao, Wayne State University; D. Fu, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

educating engineering students in this new and emergent technology of electricdrivetrains.In response to the need of a trained and educated workforce in vehicle electrification, severaluniversities and colleges recently have developed projects, courses, and degree programs fortraining students and automotive engineers and technicians in electric-drive vehicle technology[5-10]. Developing new education and training for electric-drive vehicles requires carefulplanning of support laboratory, equipment and facilities. Existing courses in power electronicsand electrical machines can be expanded and their laboratory resources leveraged with moderatecost. However, the costs will increase if the instruction includes hands-on experience withelectric-drive

Conference Session

ECE Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin P. Pintong, Binghamton University; Douglas H. Summerville, Binghamton University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

with minimum modification. The summer 2010 course therefore served as a trial to collectand evaluate data to determine what aspects of the course, such as lecture, laboratory, andhomework, need to be changed. From analysis of the data collected, we believe that the summer2010 online circuits course delivered an experience somewhat comparable to an on-campusversion of the course.This initial report provides qualitative analysis of the initial run of the online circuits from theperspective of teaching staff and students. Recommendations are based on staff observations andprior research in online education. More quantitative analysis will take place after summer 2011,at which point we will have data from both the spring 2011 circuits and online

Conference Session

Experiential Learning and Globalization in BME

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Judy L. Cezeaux, Western New England College; Michael J. Rust, Western New England College; Robert Gettens, Western New England College; Richard D. Beach, Western New England College; Jason A Criscuolo, Western New England College

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

field of biomedical engineering and typical career paths for BME students on Monday.Other lectures included training on laboratory safety related to biological, chemical, and physicalhazards as well as an introduction to the laboratory experiences. Finally, a local surgeon thatworks with the BME faculty on design of breast surgery devices gave a lecture on hisexperiences in the medical field. Evening activities included a scavenger hunt, design of balloonpowered vehicles, and the viewing of the movie “The Island” with a subsequent discussion ofmedical ethics and human cloning. The program culminated with an awards dinner and gamenight in the campus center. A brief schedule of the program is shown in Table 1.Laboratory experiencesThe overarching

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Stephanie Luster-Teasley, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

spring of 2009-2010, an introductory environmental engineeringcourse was re-designed to include four new environmental laboratory modules that use aninquiry-based “open” experiment for enhanced student learning. This research was fundedthrough the NSF Innovations in Engineering Education (IEECI) program to develop modulesutilizing the pedagogy of problem-based learning and case studies to teach new environmentalsustainable design concepts. Problem based learning (PBL) and case studies are novelapproaches for laboratory modules. In PBL and case studies, students are assigned real-worldproblems to discuss, research, and solve as teams. This method diverges from the traditional“step-by-step” method currently used in laboratory courses and provides

Conference Session

Computational Tools

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thad B. Welch III P.E., Boise State University; Sam Shearman, National Instruments

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

within university communication systems classrooms,teaching laboratories, and their natural follow-on coursework (e.g., SDR, CR, DigitalCommunications, Wireless Communications, and Satellite Communications).This paper will discuss the utilization of National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW-based virtualinstrumentation with the USRP and a UHD-based software driver to rapidly create real-timecommunication systems demonstrations for the classroom and/or laboratory settings. Thecombination of the USRP, UHD, LabVIEW, and Windows support enables implementation andexploration of both foundational and more advanced concepts related to signal processing andcommunications.1 IntroductionUniversities have been teaching software defined radio (SDR) courses and

Conference Session

Computational Tools

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

) digitalcontrol using both conventional and intelligent control algorithms for speed control of the DCservo-motor and level-control of dual water tank system, and (ii) remote activation andobservation of these devices over the internet. These devices have been installed in theUniversity of Maryland Eastern Shore Mechatronics and Automation Laboratory(UMESMAL).Other equipment in the laboratory includes LEGO Mindstorms Robotics Invention System/NXT,CONTROL LAB from LEGO-DACTA, MIT HandyBoard and Handy Cricket for outreachactivities to middle and high school students and/or freshman design projects; a four degree offreedom industrial SCARA robot, a computer vision system that can work with the SCARArobot for flexible automation tasks, as well as independent

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Methods and Learning Models

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean-Claude Thomassian, State University of New York, Maritime College; Risa Kumazawa, Duquesne University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

design of electronic circuitsare included in the course. The course also offers a laboratory component that introducesstudents to simulation/modeling CAD tools such as PSpice and Mathematica’s toolbox AnalogInsydes for the design and analysis of electronic circuits. By the middle of the semester studentsare assigned into groups to complete a midterm project where they build, test, and present theirwork. Several mini-projects are assigned throughout the semester. The prerequisite for thiscourse is Circuit Analysis. The assessment for the course is as follows: 20% Laboratory, 10%Home Work, 10% Quizzes/Presentation, 30% Midterm Exam, 30% Final Exam. The majority ofthe students are from the electrical engineering program since this is a core

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Zafrul Hasan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

fault detection techniques, 4) adopt design for testability approach, and Page 22.456.3 5) implement the above concepts in a laboratory set-upLecture contents can be developed as described in the following paragraphs.Motivation for testing / Introduction: This topic is included in order to make the case of testingimportant. The enhanced complexity and cost of testing integrated circuits (ICs) and systemsneed to be highlighted. Effect of an undiagnosed fault may be huge when detected later. The caseof Intel floating-point bug is an example.Testing Combinational Logic: The stuck-at model needs to be introduced. Testing individualgate and

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Technical Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Reid, Ohio Northern University; Susan M. Montenery, Ohio Northern University; Courtney M. Hetrick, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

. Page 22.179.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 An Innovative Interdisciplinary Student Project: Engineering and NursingAbstract:Typical projects involving engineering students identified as „interdisciplinary‟ usually involvedifferent disciplines within engineering. Projects that are truly interdisciplinary can bediscovered when faculty from different areas of campus work together toward the developmentof a project involving students from outside their respective discipline. This paper presentsresults of one such arrangement.During a tour of a new nursing laboratory, engineering noticed possible design improvements invarious manikins (life-sized

Collection

2011 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Megan F. Dunn; W. Roy Penney; Edgar C. Clausen

Bernoulli Balance Experiments Using a Venturi Megan F. Dunn, W. Roy Penney and Edgar C. Clausen Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering University of ArkansasAbstractTwo simple and inexpensive venturi experiments were developed for use in either the laboratoryor classroom. The purpose of this paper is to present the equipment, procedures andexperimental results for these experiments, as used in a junior level fluids laboratory. In the firstexperiment, a shop fabricated venturi was employed to determine the experimental minor losscoefficient, K, in an unsteady-state system. The throat velocity determined by the Bernoullibalance was about 16

Conference Session

Experiential Learning in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Robert W. Hendricks, Virginia Tech; Cortney V. Martin, Virginia Tech; Peter Doolittle, Virginia Tech; Richadr Lee Clark, Virginia Western Community College

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, Curriculum, andLaboratory Improvement Phase II grant, awarded in 2008, have been accomplished. Theseinclude the publication of the 3rd edition of the laboratory manual in 2009,1 the development ofon-line multimedia learning materials to support student experimentation outside of theclassroom,2,3 vodcasts on measurement techniques used in individual experiments linked directlyto the lab report template,3 and the development of on-line classes for two circuits laboratorycourses.4 The first is a d.c. circuits course is designed for off-campus students and the second isa supplement to increase independent learning by students in the a.c. circuits course. Theassessment of the learning materials and evaluation of the project has been initiated.In addition

Conference Session

Effective Projects and Experiments in Instrumentation and Control

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akram Hossain, Purdue University, Calumet; Md. Rasheduzzaman, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Applications Department of IEEE/IAS. He authored more than 25 refereed journal and conference publications. In 2009 he as PI received NSF-CCLI grant entitled A Mechatronics Curriculum and Packaging Automation Laboratory Facility. From 2003 through 2006, he was involved with Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL in developing direct computer control for hydrogen pow- ered automotives. He is also involved in several direct computer control and wireless process control related research projects. His interests are in the area of industrial transducer, industrial process con- trol, modeling and simulation of Mechatronics devices and systems, wireless controls, statistical process control, computer aided design and fabrication

Conference Session

ELOS Best Paper Nominations

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ridgely, California Polytechnic State University; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

AC 2011-1530: MODEL-ELICITING ACTIVITIES IN A MECHANICALENGINEERING EXPERIMENTAL METHODS COURSEJohn Ridgely, California Polytechnic State University John Ridgely is an associate professor of mechanical engineering at California Polytechnic State Univer- sity in San Luis Obispo.Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University Brian Self is a Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at California Polytechnic State Uni- versity in San Luis Obispo. Prior to joining the faculty at Cal Poly in 2006, he taught for seven years at the United States Air Force Academy and worked for four years in the Air Force Research Laboratories. Research interests include active learning and engineering education

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Potpourri I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sohum Sohoni, Oklahoma State University; Donald P. French, Oklahoma State University; YoonJung Cho, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. His research focus is on biology education including the use of inquiry and tech- nology in the teaching introductory biology lecture and laboratories. He has published articles on the impact of teaching in reformed courses on graduate students.YoonJung Cho, Oklahoma State University Assistant professor in the School of Applied Health and Educational Psychology at Oklahoma State Uni- versity. Her research is focused on students’ achievement motivation and self-regulated learning process as well as teachers’ motivation and its impact on instructional practices, both in traditional classroom setting and online instruction. She published articles on graduate teaching assistants’ professional devel- opment as well as

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andy S. Zhang, New York City College of Technology; Iem Heng, New York City College of Technology; Sidi Berri, New York City College of Technology; Farrukh Zia, New York City College of Technology

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

instructor to simulate real life product designactivities inside the classroom and laboratory. Not only were students exposed to the latest inmechatronics, they also learned the concurrent engineering design approach. Students were givena framework of fundamental design knowledge with hands-on cross-disciplinary activities thatallow them to develop an interdisciplinary understanding and integrated approach to productdesign. Through these hands-on activities, students will also learn the concept of productlifecycle management and sharpen their teamwork skills.Curriculums of the all three programs (mechanical engineering technology, electro-mechanicalengineering technology, and industrial design technology) will be modified to create cross

Conference Session

Experiential Learning Programs and the Transition to Industry

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Hoe, University of Texas, Tyler; Mukul Shirvaikar, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

interests include the areas of reconfigurable computing, analog circuit design, and semiconductor testing.Mukul Shirvaikar, University of Texas at Tyler Dr. Mukul Shirvaikar is the Chair and Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Texas at Tyler, where he develops curriculum and laboratories in computer engineering. Prior to this he worked at Texas Instruments specializing in real time imaging systems. Dr. Shirvaikar graduated with his doc- torate from the University of Tennessee. He also has a M.S. degree from the University of Maine, and a B.Tech. from Banaras Hindu University, India. His current research interests include real time imaging and engineering education

Conference Session

Great Ideas for Projects that Teach Instrumentation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Keller, University of Tulsa; Jeremy S. Daily, University of Tulsa

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

instrumentation and measurement typically have two objectives: 1)introducing the students to essential and modern engineering instrumentation and 2) developingthe ability of students to plan, execute, and analyze engineering experiments. The projectdescribed in this paper encompasses all of these objectives and introduces students to practicalaspects of control systems. The multi-week laboratory exercise requires the students to interfacewith laboratory hardware and modern instrumentation with only limited guidance from theinstructor. The self-guided problem solving approach to instrumentation gives students a deeperunderstanding of the nuances and complexity of developing and implementing multi-componentinstrumentation systems. Additionally, the

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abed El Hameed El Madwar, University of Northern Iowa; Kenan Baltaci, University of Northern Iowa; Reg Recayi Pecen, University of Northern Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Page 22.923.5 Figure 3: Electronic Load EL200 1 Figure 4: Voltage Converter VC100 1ExperimentsThree laboratory exercises were introduced at the end of the Electric Circuit course that requiredconnecting the fuel cell system as shown in Figure 5. All students were undergraduate majors inthe EET program. A graduate assistant supervised twenty students to perform the experiment.The students were assigned as teams to perform the experiment on ten sessions that took abouttwo days. Each team consisted of two to three students. Although this system was not introducedin detail in the lectures, particularly the chemistry of the Hydrogen fuel cell, the authors believeit is a potential educational tool to extend

Conference Session

Materials Experiments, Labs, Demos, and Hands-On Activities

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David S. Cottrell, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Chung-Suk Cho, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Materials

,masonry, metals, wood, and other materials. With an enrollment of approximately 85 studentsfor Spring 2011, this course features two 75-minute lectures plus a weekly 3-hour laboratory.The laboratories explore material properties through design, placement, and testing and areconducted parallel with class topics to reinforce classroom instruction and enhance theprogression from one topic to the next. In fact, this parallel structure of the classroom andlaboratory program has proven essential to the course’s success in giving the students the abilityto link what is being taught to them during the weekly lectures to the laboratory work with thesame materials during the same week. Specific laboratory topics that are covered include: • Aggregate

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum, Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Guerra, NASA Headquarters; Wallace T. Fowler, University of Texas, Austin; Martin James Brennan, University of Texas, Austin, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Prerequisites for Capstone Design Abstract A NASA project to improve university design education curricula has resulted in the addition of an undergraduate introduction to systems engineering and a spacecraft subsystems modeling laboratory as prerequisites to the capstone spacecraft/mission design course in aerospace engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. The systems engineering course materials, created by the second author, are based on NASA systems engineering practices and available in the public domain on the internet (http://spacese.spacegrant.org). The current paper summarizes the content of the systems engineering course, as well as a companion lab on modeling spacecraft subsystems, and focuses on the positive