Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Student Issues as Related to Culture

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Brandt, Seton Hall University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Engineering, Smith College, and UMass – Amherst). Their research analyzedpersistence in engineering and related STEM majors as well as career interests. The studytested the hypothesis that the primary causes of underrepresentation of women in STEMincluded women having a lower self-assessment in STEM skills compared to males, aswell as family planning and work – life balance issues. Cech et al. also established a newcategory of a self-assessed “Professional Role Confidence,” which they defined asmeasuring the personal comfort level that a qualified female feels with fitting intoengineering as a career. Men reported a significantly higher comfort level compared towomen with respect to Professional Role Confidence.The prospect that gender influences

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amelito G Enriquez, Canada College; Erik N Dunmire, College of Marin; Tom Rebold, Monterey Peninsula College; Nicholas Langhoff, Cañada College; Eva Schiorring, EduData4Action

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

andinvestigation of more complex circuits, and 3) use of open-source software such as FreeMat fordeveloping analytic solutions to complex circuits. We plan to alternate between the threemodalities (hands-on, circuit simulation, numerical analysis) throughout the term. Hands-onactivities will involve setting up basic circuit law and series/parallel experiments; basic first-order RC and RL step response; building and measuring an audio amplifier using an op-amp;working with diodes and transistors as light emitters and switches as well as in switching circuitsfor motor control; use of photo, IR and ultrasound sensors in a microcontroller application, withassociated conditioning circuits; and characterizing frequency response of first- and second

Conference Session

FPD9 - First Year Learning & Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Whalen, Northeastern University; Susan Freeman, Northeastern University; Beverly Jaeger, Susan Freeman and Beverly Jaeger are members of Northeastern University's

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

or interesting they were. Not all of the activities were used by every Professor, in whichcase students were instructed to place an ’n/a’.While Engineering Design sections are taught by individual instructors, the course is conducted with a Page 13.164.3team-planning approach. All three of the authors were involved in co-coordinating this course over thesemesters of interest. Team meetings were conducted for all instructors every two weeks throughout thesemester. It was established that instructors of this course conduct the learning modes in a similar fashion.Accordingly, the results across the sections were combined to yield

Conference Session

History of Aerospace Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Eberhardt, Boeing Company; Lee Jonathan, Boeing Company; Adam Bruckner, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. Educated at MIT, he joined the University of Washington in 1905 as the headof the Mechanical Engineering Department. He had developed the first master plan for the 5University of Washington campus, and served as the University’s engineering consultant.Eastwood's appointment as head of the department was to have originally been one ofexpedience. Unable to find a suitable aeronautics man to run the new department, Bill Boeingput forth the name of Eastwood as a possible candidate, to at least get the department up andrunning until a suitable aeronautical engineer could be found. Harry Guggenheim approved ofthe idea, stating “It would be far better to have a first-rate mechanical engineer andexecutive

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue, Towson University; Jamie Mikeska, Educational Testing Service; Elizabeth Orlandi, Science Education Consultant

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

. As a K- 8 pre-service teacher educator, she includes engineering in her elementary and early childhood science methods courses and developed and taught an engineering methods course for middle school teachers. She also developed a graduate-level engineering education course for PreK-6 teachers. Dr. Lottero has provided professional learning experiences in multiple schools and school systems in Maryland. She has co-authored numerous engineering-focused articles for the teacher practitioner journal, Science and Children, and presents her research regularly through the American Society for Engineering Education. Her current research includes investigating how K-5 students plan, fail, and productively persist, and how

Conference Session

Imagining Others, Defining Self Through Consideration of Ethical and Social Implications

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexis Papak, University of Maryland, College Park; Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park; Chandra Anne Turpen, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

frompredictive analytics to autonomous drone warfare. Gupta, Turpen, and co-researchers, AndrewElby, Thomas Philip, and Daniel Dilliplane, participated in the design of the focus groupprompts. The sessions were loosely structured with planned prompts and activities, but withenough flexibility that facilitators could make decisions about adding new prompts or lettingstudents continue a conversation longer than intended. Ayush Gupta (Ayush) and DanielDilliplane (Dan) served as the facilitators for all the sessions. In addition to participating in thesesessions, students were given supplemental materials to read between many sessions and givenpost-session surveys. The first focus group session focused on students getting to know eachother, getting

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Weed Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Neeraj Sonalkar, Stanford University; Ilya Avdeev, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Brian D. Thompson, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Mohamed M. Megahed, Pennsylvania State University; Pratik Subhash Pachpute, Pennsylvania State University,Great Valley

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

and student entrepreneurship. Thompson is also Director of the Lubar Entrepreneurship Center at UWM. He is Co-PI on the Milwaukee I-Corps Site sponsored by the National Science Foundation, and helps lead the program which helps university based innovators explore markets for their technology through lean launch and the customer discovery process. He teaches new ventures as an adjunct instructor in UWM’s College of Engineering and Applied Science and the Lubar School of Business. Thompson was previously Managing Director at TechStar where he helped to launch several companies including MatriLab which won the 2006 Wisconsin Governor’s Business Plan Competition. He previously served on the boards of startup

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Vincent Huerta, Arizona State University; Jeremi S. London, Arizona State University; Amy Trowbridge, Arizona State University; Marvyn Arévalo Avalos, Arizona State University ; Wen Huang, Arizona State University; Ann F. McKenna, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

ecosystem are experiential in nature involving steps towardcommercialization or creating a startup (Duval-Couetil, Shartrand, & Reed, 2016). Theseactivities include the development of a business plan, consulting with practicing entrepreneurs,interviewing potential customers, delivering pitches, applying to grants, and prototyping aphysical product or application. What are not as common, however, are activities that focus oncultivating an entrepreneurial mindset (EM). A mindset can be defined as framework for makingpredications and judging the meanings of events in one’s world (Yeager & Dweck, 2012). Thistrend is changing, however, due to the increasing set of EM focused activities sponsored by theKERN Family Foundation. While the activities

Conference Session

Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Engineering Engagement with Community

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan E. Canney; Yanna Lambrinidou, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Introduction and Chapters 1 & 2 Engineering, the main journal about LTS in engineering. Engineers Without Borders A critical document for how a leading organization in the (EWB-USA) Strategic Plan development and implementation of LTS sees its role in 2015-2020 11 the interaction between engineers and traditionally marginalized communities. EWB-USA has had a significant impact on the spread of LTS in engineering, specifically through international service projects that are

Conference Session

Imagining and Reimagining Engineering Education as a Dynamic System

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Y. Tsai, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kevin O'Connor, University of Colorado, Boulder; Beth A. Myers, University of Colorado Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder; Derek T. Reamon, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kenneth M. Anderson, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

moved througheducational systems; scales are ‘envelopes of spacetime’ into which certain school-basedidentities (and not others) can be folded” (p. 309). Educational scales are consequential forstudents as they define what constitutes success and failure, or belonging vs. not fitting in; asNespor additionally notes, “scale is thus both an object and a means of power in educationalpractice” (p. 309).Nespor (2004) defines five aspects of educational scale: 1. “Scale is made through the production and circulation of artifacts: school buildings, desks, curriculum standards, textbooks, tests, plans, homework assignments, and so forth… scales can also be defined by interrupting circuits of artifacts. Pupil activities may be tightly

Conference Session

Software Engineering Constituent Committee Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Tappan, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

, describes the project, and connects these concepts to studentlearning and a summary of the outcomes.2 Software engineering foundationSoftware engineering is a vast collection of theory and practice with the goal of producing thehighest-quality software at the lowest cost. It shares many characteristics with traditionalengineering design processes, but for the purposes of this work, the following elements are theemphasis. In particular, this course promotes the Agile methodology, which is supposed toachieve the same results without imposing onerous, administration-heavy overhead.1 Agile is nota substitute for proper planning and execution, however, so this freedom demands discipline,which is generally lacking in students at this stage of their

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Evaluation: Impact of Curriculum for PreK-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph E. Michaelis, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin - Madison

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

people learn and use engineering, and cur- rently co-directs the National Center for Cognition and Mathematics Instruction. He is a faculty member for the Latin American School for Education, Cognitive and Neural Sciences. As part of his service to the nation, Dr. Nathan served on the National Academy of Engineering/National Research Council Commit- tee on Integrated STEM Education, and is currently a planning committee member for the Space Studies Board of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council workshop Sharing the Adventure with the Student: Exploring the Intersections of NASA Space Science and Education. At the University of Wisconsin, Dr. Nathan holds affiliate appointments in the Department of

Conference Session

Pedagogies of Making and Design

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Geetanjali R. Date, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Sanjay Chandrasekharan, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

on Pahl and Beitz as depicted by Dubberly.54 According to this process model, “In principle, the planning and design process proceeds from the planning and clarification of the task, through the identification of the required functions, the elaboration of principle solutions, the construction of modular structures, to the final documentationFig. 1: Engineering design process of the complete product.”.53Many models55 of design

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session - Retention Programs for Diverse Students

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer L. Groh, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering

for a personaldevelopment plan; development programs for women leaders, framing said leadershipdevelopment as identity work9; emphasis on factors which contribute to work engagement (e.g.,opportunity for ongoing challenges, novel experiences and continuous learning as well as workmatched to women’s interests and background); and supporting relationships (e.g., mentors andsponsors).Fewer programs and studies appear to be available which specifically address how to preparefemale engineering students for the transition beyond the bachelor’s degree with regard to thepsychological and systemic barriers they will face. Such studies and programs for thispreparation to enter either the workforce or engineering-related graduate programs comprise

Conference Session

Retention

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Niranjan Hemant Desai, Purdue University Northwest; George Stefanek, Purdue University Northwest

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Improving math skills, (STARS) in Engineering Program. Providing community- based support system10 A Comprehensive Plan with Emphasis on Improving math skills, yes Math Preparation to Improve Retention providing community-based and Graduation Rates in Engineering support system, application Fields. of classroom concepts in industry11 Engineering Learning Communities: Improving math skills, Relationships, Results, and Retention. Providing community- based support system

Conference Session

Communication in Pre-College Engineering Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine M. Cunningham, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Gregory John Kelly, Pennsylvania State University ; Natacha Meyer

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

thelevel they were comfortable with—beginning by expressing their ideas in gesture ordemonstration and then adding spoken or written language as they learned or needed it. The experiences of investigating, planning, building, testing, and refining bring learning beyond linguistic barriers. There are many points of entry in a unit of study. The learning in a unit involving engineering moves beyond simple labeling and completing sentence frames. It is dynamic learning and often can be used to reach a student at their exact language acquisition level. The EL teacher and I loved doing EiE together because it was a chance for students to use academic language in authentic situations. The parts of the lesson where materials are tested

Conference Session

FOCUS ON EXHIBITS: Welcome Reception & NEW THIS YEAR! 2018 Best Division Paper Nominee Poster Session Sponsored by Engineering Unleashed

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexis Papak

Tagged Topics

ASEE Headquarters

frompredictive analytics to autonomous drone warfare. Gupta, Turpen, and co-researchers, AndrewElby, Thomas Philip, and Daniel Dilliplane, participated in the design of the focus groupprompts. The sessions were loosely structured with planned prompts and activities, but withenough flexibility that facilitators could make decisions about adding new prompts or lettingstudents continue a conversation longer than intended. Ayush Gupta (Ayush) and DanielDilliplane (Dan) served as the facilitators for all the sessions. In addition to participating in thesesessions, students were given supplemental materials to read between many sessions and givenpost-session surveys. The first focus group session focused on students getting to know eachother, getting

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John M. Santiago Jr., Colorado Technical University; Jing Guo, Colorado Technical University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, the college successfully developed andimplemented a program curriculum involving day and night classes in electrical engineering andcomputer engineering. The curriculum program consists of 11-week courses and allows aflexible schedule for students to successfully complete an ABET-accredited degree in eitherBSEE or BSCE. During 2017, CoE proudly received an ABET re-accreditation for six yearswith no required interim reports.In 2015, the University tasked the CoE to develop a strategic plan in delivering onlineundergraduate and graduate engineering courses. Starting in April 2015, the college embraced aflipped learning approach for future and online delivery of undergraduate engineering courses.One reason for adopting flipped learning concerns

Collection

AEE Journal

Authors

Gail Goldberg

: Documentation and analysis of prior solution attempts •  Element C: Presentation and justification of solution design requirements Component II: Generating and Defending an Original Solution •  Element D: Design concept generation, analysis, and selection •  Element E: Application of STEM principles and practices •  Element F: Consideration of design viability Component III: Constructing and Testing a Prototype •  Element G: Construction of a testable prototype •  Element H: Prototype testing and data collection plan •  Element I: Testing, data collection and analysis Component IV: Evaluation, Reflection, and Recommendations •  Element J: Documentation of external evaluation •  Element K: Reflection on

Conference Session

Track: Collegiate - Technical Session 13

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Beth A. Myers, University of Colorado, Boulder; Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Collegiate, Diversity

Advanced placement, accelerated, or honors courses Mathematics Yes Natural Sciences Yes High school course completion Algebra 2 Completed or plan to take Calculus OR Trigonometry OR Completed or plan to take Other math beyond Algebra 2 Physics Completed or plan to take High school course grades

Conference Session

Are You Experienced? Approaches and Tools for Experiential Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Benjamin Z. Dymond, University of Minnesota Duluth; Matthew K Swenty P.E., Virginia Military Institute; Christopher R. Shearer, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

constructability on contract drawings and practical design. To do this,Schemmel introduced a laboratory project in the reinforced concrete design course; studentswere divided into groups of four on the first day of class and the project made each groupresponsible for designing, fabricating, and testing an 8 ft long beam. The students also assigned acost to their effort via a wage scale and invoices; projects that were completed behind schedulereceived a wage decrease. The students were assessed using a written report and oralpresentation. Schemmel reported that the educational benefits of the project outweighed thesignificant time spent by the faculty and students planning and implementing the project. Matsumoto [14] implemented a project-based

Conference Session

FPD5 -- Placement & Early Success

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beverly Jaeger, Northeastern University; Susan Freeman, Northeastern University; Richard Whalen, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

it is oriented to fact, verbal because of the written and spokenwords, active because of the teaming, and sequential because of the natural order of the process.Minor Design Project: Planning & Building / Preparing Demo & Demonstrating. This firstproject is assigned early in the course to individual students or small teams. The same task isgiven to the entire class. They are to build and demonstrate a device of their own design. Theyexperience the design process hands-on with a strong emphasis on the design steps of problemformulation, abstraction and synthesis, and implementation, with some iteration. There aremultiple demonstration days, during which the students review others’ projects and show theresults of their own work. Some

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Llewellyn Mann, University of Queensland; David Radcliffe, University of Queensland; Gloria Dall'Alba, University of Queensland

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

repair an old one. Further, many products in this paradigm areeven designed with a planned obsolescence, designed to be used by a consumer for a few yearsthen discarded for the ‘new’ model.The first change to this traditional design paradigm in moving toward sustainable design occurredwith the focus on eco-efficiency. While it can be argued that eco-efficiency had its roots in earlyindustrialisation3, it has been since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and Agenda 214 that industriesacross the globe have started to embrace the concept. It was officially coined as a term by theBusiness Council for Sustainable Development in 19973.Eco-efficiency itself is based on the idea of doing more with less, doing more with the resourcesthat are consumed, generating

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexis Powe, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

International

, was designed to expose primarily science and engineeringmajors to types of professional writing common to their fields. The course rationale was asfollows19: The ability to communicate clearly and effectively is an invaluable life skill, as well as one of the biggest indicators of an individual’s future success. Strong English writing and speaking skills will help students planning to study or work in the U.S. succeed in their courses and later in their professions. While this course alone cannot guarantee successful English communication skills (students must practice for the rest of their academic careers to graduate with those), it can at least set students on the road to developing

Conference Session

Introducing Active Learning into ME Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Linsey, University of Texas-Austin; Brent Cobb, U.S. Air Force Academy; Daniel Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kristin Wood, University of Texas-Austin; Saad Eways, Austin Community College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

INTUITION Manner in Which a Person Evaluates Information T Focuses on objective facts and causes & effect. Focuses on subjective meaning and values. F THINKING FEELING Manner in Which a Person Comes to Conclusions J Focus is on timely, planned decisions. Focus on process oriented decision-making. P JUDGEMENT PERCEPTION2.2 VARK OverviewThe present work also builds on student learning preferences as obtained from an instrumentcalled the VARK Catalyst. Rather than being a diagnostic tool for

Conference Session

Engineering Management Program Management / IE and EM Program Mangement / Engineering Management Program Management

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign; Raymond Price, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

multidisciplinary engineering activities, buildteams, motivate people, create organizational structures conducive to innovative and effectivework, plan and facilitate meetings, solve problems, among others (Askew, & Price, 2003;Thamhain, 1992b; 2004a).“Increasingly, those who hire engineering graduates look for employees who are not onlytechnically proficient, but who also have demonstrated leadership and initiative in team settings”(Yost, 1998, p.1). In addition, as Farr (1996) stated organizational influences such as global andincreased competition are forcing junior engineers into more managerial and leadership roles.Therefore, in order to get hired and later on get promoted, today’s engineers need to have goodleadership skills. Consequently, as

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristina Elizabeth Krause, The Center for Engineering Learning and Teaching - University of Washington; Cynthia J. Atman, University of Washington; Jim L. Borgford-Parnell, University of Washington; Ken Yasuhara, Center for Engineering Learning & Teaching (CELT), University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

parking area where they’ll be coming from. So, it’ll be – they don’t have to drive all the Page 23.380.10 way around, go across parking lots or an entrance to a driveway/exit to get over to the gate.PeopleEric spent the least amount of time, of all the participants, thinking about people and their use ofthe playground. This seems to be the result of a rigid plan of action in his mind, which focusedon implementation of specific equipment and playground elements and stressed finishing thetask, rather than relating the context of playground space to the community that would use it.KnowledgeEric made six assumptions with the idea that

Conference Session

Using Computers, Software, and Writing to Improve Mathematical Understanding

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

N. Jean Hodges, Virginia Commonwealth University, Qatar

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Page 25.815.6juniors. Most students were non-native English speakers from diverse countries, and all of themare, or plan to become, design majors. Course Activities. Over several years, the teaching strategies and assignmentrequirements for MATH 131 have evolved to accommodate students‟ generally non-Americancultures, their English-as-second-language (ESL) needs, and their individual learning andinformation-processing preferences. After a writing center instructor administers and evaluateslearning style preference and brain hemispheric preference tests given during the first few daysof class, the professor prepares teaching strategies that address visual, auditory, tactile, andkinesthetic preferences as needed for the specific class

Conference Session

Professional Aspects of Graduate Engineering Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joy Watson, University of South Carolina; Jed S. Lyons, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

others are not interested in the depth of their project andneed to present a project to other employees with different backgrounds. Cathy stated that if ayoung Ph.D. can communicate coherently and present plans clearly he or she will have access topeople whom his or her peers cannot access. Additionally, a Ph.D. needs to be organized, thinkcritically, be able to plan, research, and determine the next step based on the results of a previousstep.Cathy’s doctoral work had some short term relevance in industry that helped her transition fromacademia to industry. She felt isolated because she was the only person doing research in herarea. Cathy developed a network of people to discuss potential solutions to problems. Unlikeher academic experience, in

Conference Session

Methodological & Theoretical Contributions to Engineering Education 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice L Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Canek Moises Luna Phillips, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

reliability: How can the The data needs to be collected and Procedures for generating and research process be made as recorded in a dependable way. representing knowledge need to be independent as possible from established and documented. random influences? Page 24.633.8    One of this paper’s authors participated in a Q3 workshop in 2013 organized around this typologyto discuss its merits and weaknesses, and attempt to put it into practice in our own researchcontexts. The workshop hinged on the concept of a “quality plan,” which