Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers – II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Barger, University of South Florida; Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida; Robin Little, Douglas L. Jamerson Jr. Elementary School; Chuck Parsons, Douglas L. Jamerson Jr. Elementary School; Kim Parsons, Douglas L. Jamerson, Jr. Elementary School; Pat Van Driessche, Douglas L. Jamerson, Jr. Elementary School; Debbie O'Hare

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

in a grade level appropriatemanner. In this way, the courses represent a formal way to increase teacher knowledge base, amechanism to develop teaching opportunities in our elementary school classrooms, and a state-of-the-art evolving instructional tool that could be used with teachers in training.Our three 3 credit courses proceed through the following topic areas; gravitational andelectrostatic force and force fields with engineering applications, material science fundamentalsincluding band gap theory and properties of materials, energy balance and phase changefundamentals, transport processes, and life science topics as reflected in biomedical engineeringexamples. In many case, the information presented in a class is new to us. In all

Conference Session

Critical Success Factors for Technopolis Creation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

W. Andrew Clark, East Tennessee State University; Peter Hriso, East Tennessee State University; Craig A. Turner, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

situations in their own communities; and • That enhances what is taught in school by extending the students’ learning beyond the curriculum and into the community and helps to foster the development of sense of caring for others.”Eyler and Giles2 find that there is an empirical fit between our goals for students and theoutcomes for service learning. They state that “if we want students who are lifelonglearners, can use what they know and have the capacity for critical analysis, thenprograms like service-learning, which help them construct knowledge from experienceand reflection, should form the core of their educational experience. Service-learning,and especially programs with good community placements, application of service

Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jesse Maddren, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

- fourthsof the programs surveyed utilized some sort of commercial software for solving equations and amajority of the respondents indicated that they required extensive use of the application insubsequent courses. Therefore, it appears that the commercial software applications had moreutility in problem solving.Genik and Somerton1 describe their work in a senior level capstone course in thermalengineering. "Among the topics covered were power system analysis, refrigeration systems,psychrometrics, combustion, heat exchangers, and numerical conduction. Though the list oftopics may seem to be a hodgepodge, it is somewhat reflective of the eclectic nature ofengineering." To combat the perception of this "hodgepodge" of subjects they designed a set

Conference Session

Direct Measures of Student Performance

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred Meyer, U.S. Military Academy; Stephen Bert, U. S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

senior-level capstone designcourse. This paper illustrates a systematic approach across the entire CE program for the directassessment of program outcomes. The civil engineering program outcomes reflect the currentABET 3a-k as well as the ASCE Body of Knowledge (BOK).The approach integrates existing grading practices and correlates the results with the desiredprogram outcomes. This system of direct assessment provides a quantitative assessment withoutincreasing faculty work load, by leveraging what is already being done in the evaluation andgrading of student work. This technique uses embedded indicators, which are specific studentperformance events common to all students in the course such as homework problems, projectsand tests. The program

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wagdy Mahmoud, University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

the software tools are being updated twice a year. FPGA chips and boards become obsolete in a few years. User Guide Reference Getting Started Communication Toolbox 824 Filter Design Toolbox 1786 Fixed-point Toolbox 169 339 Signal processing Toolbox 1043 71 Communication Blockset 246 626 94 Signal processing Blockset 1745 126 Xilinx System Generator 890 Table 1: PDF Documentation size in pagesThe above mentioned challenges reflect

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

interaction per scenario. 5 more minutes to gather your final thoughts and write them down.Submission: Submit electronically a written report. Your responses should include: (a) A summary that indicates that you have captured the spirit of classroom, peer- group discussions. (b) Your own point of view as to how you would handle the Ethics Scenario presented.Requirements: Approximately 100 words per scenario. 4 scenarios, 400 words total.Commentary: Reflect on this classroom exercise and comment on the way it was organized and conducted. (No lectures, but peer-group discussions.) Indicate the importance of Ethics in Engineering Profession. What are your

Conference Session

Computer and Information Technology-Related Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ghassan Ibrahim, Bloomsburg University; Owen Wesstrom, Keystone Communications; Chris Root, PSU/Harrisburg; Kyle Noss, Benatec Associates, PA

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

through free space. Propagation coefficient, reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and their use in analysis of RF systems and devices. Introduction to Antennas, as the interface device between transmitters, receivers and free space. Table II RF Experiments Signal analysis using spectrum analyzer Network analysis using of network analyzers S parameter characterization of RF networks Characterization of various RF components, including filters, mixers and couplesThe

Conference Session

Engineering Management Program Management

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Abel, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

1990’sin order to stream line the majority of its’ data collection and display the majority of itsdata in one easily accessible location. However, how each department chose to mold thisdata into the requirements of ABET’s Self Study differed from program to program. Inthe 2003 accreditation cycle, however, many Stevens’ programs liked what EngineeringManagement was doing and chose to have their Self-Studies reflect much of the formatand data used by the Engineering Management Program. Although similarities betweenprograms can be noted for 2003, it should be stated that several of Stevens’ programs alsohad individual data displays and analyses of their own as well.As mentioned above, much of the data was collected through a university-wide

Conference Session

Potpourri Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mara Wasburn, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

engineers. Thisprobably reflects their appearances on several types of television dramas including crime, law,mystery, and science fiction. The only two occupational roles in which the majority ofrespondents had not seen actresses were computer technician and engineer. This is certainly due,at least in part, to the comparative rarity that such roles appear in any variety of programming.When decisions are being made as to the careers to assign female characters in televisioncomedies, dramas, soap operas, and even commercials, having those characters portrayed asengineers or computer technicians would take advantage of a particular opportunity to establishwomen in technology as a part of the natural order of things.Table 1Question: Would you tell

Conference Session

Faculty Reward System Reform

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Keating, University of South Carolina; Thomas Stanford, University of South Carolina; John Bardo, Western Carolina University; Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University; Dennis Depew, Purdue University; Mark Schuver, Purdue University; Eugene DeLoatch, Morgan State University; Stephen Tricamo, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Timothy Lindquist, Arizona State University; Albert McHenry, Arizona State University; Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of; David Quick, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Mohammad Noori, California State Polytechnic University; Joseph Tidwell, Boeing Co.; Roger Olson, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Samuel Truesdale, Rolls-Royce Corporation

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

for a complementaryfaculty reward system for professional oriented faculty in order to advance professional engineeringgraduate education for creative practice. The work by Schoen [Reflective Practitioner] also suggestsseveral professional characteristics that differentiate the creative work of the reflective practitioner in theprofessions from that of the work of research scientists.9A) Professional Scholarship of Engineering, Teaching, EngagementIn order to implement sustainable reform and to develop professional cultures that reward and encourageprofessionally oriented faculty in engineering, the National Collaborative Task Force believes that theterm scholarship should be defined in its broadest sense to include original creative work of

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benson Tongue, University of California-Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

intrigued them.As is by now well understood, however, the modern situation is different. All a student needsto do is demonstrate skills in math and physics in high school and they will immediatelybe told by their counsellors that engineering is a good fit. And the students, by and large,accept this and apply to college as prospective engineering majors. It is only after arrivingat college that they begin to wonder exactly why they said they wished to be engineers -whether it really is the right avenue for them.The intent of our work is to support the education of mechanical engineers in a way thatcomplements traditional engineering education, as reflected in courses such as dynamics,vibrations, and so on. In such courses, the aim is to transmit a

Conference Session

Cognitive and Motivational Issues in Student Performance I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Steif, Carnegie Mellon University; Jamie LoBue, Carnegie Mellon University; Anne Fay, Carnegie Mellon University; Burak Kara, Carnegie Mellon University; Steve Spencer, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Ecological Perspectives, (Hoffman, R. and Palermo, D. eds.) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.5. Palinscar, A. S., & Brown, A. L. (1986). Interactive teaching to promote independent learning from text. Reading Teacher, 39, 771-777.6. Scardemalia, M., Bereiter, C. & Steinbach, R. (1984). Teachability of reflective processes in written composition. Cognitive Science, 8, 173-190.7. Campione, J.C., Brown, A.L. and McConnell, M.L. (1988). Metacognition: On the importance of understanding what you are doing. In Research agenda for mathematics education: The teaching and assessing of mathematics problem solving (R.I. Chales and E.A. Silver, eds.) (pp.93-114). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.8. Schoenfeld, A.H. (1991). On

Conference Session

EMD Curriculum Design

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart Kellogg, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

developmental models. The first centers on the requirement to better engage anincreasingly diverse learning community and the second is to develop better thinking skills. It isin the second area that a preponderance of research evidence suggests that universities fallwoefully short. On a 7 point reflective judgment scale1, students enter a university around level3.5 and matriculate with an average score of 3.8 - well below the theoretical optimum offered bybrain research and that level desired by industry.To address these concerns, the Industrial Engineering program at SDSM&T has embarked on along-term effort to reshape the existing curricular components by building developmentallyappropriate integrative threads throughout the undergraduate

Conference Session

Teaching Courses in Renewable Energy Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arthur Haman, University of Detroit Mercy; Robert Ross, University of Detroit Mercy; Mark Schumack, University of Detroit Mercy; Will Wittig, University of Detroit Mercy; David Chew, University of Detroit Mercy; Krysten Dzwigalski, University of Detroit Mercy; Chris Keimig; Meghann Mouyianis, University of Detroit Mercy; Tim Rourke, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

amount of reflected light. The light from the Sun that is not reflected is absorbed insidethe active region of the device. The active region in a solar panel consists of several very thin layers,some only a few atoms thick, of various types of semiconducting materials. The absorbed light generatesequal amounts of positive and negative electric charge inside the semiconductor and a built-in electricfield drives the charge through the circuit as direct electric current. The direct current (DC) is supplied toan inverter that converts it into alternating current (AC). The alternating current is supplied to the existingelectrical power grid of the building thus reducing the need for external power generation.ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER:RENEWABLE

Conference Session

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Instruction

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Maixner, U.S. Air Force Academy; James Baughn, University of California-Davis

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

various lines change as sliding bars are moved. • This reflects changes in cells which calculate humidity ratio • The cells are color coded to correlate to the color of the associated line on the psychrometric chart • For each of these lines, the independent property is dry bulb temperature (Tdb), and the dependent property is humidity ratio, ω.o Lower part: provides an initially blank range where the cadets construct their own psychrometric chart, based on the prevailing atmospheric pressure. Figure 3 provides a view of the lower portion of the worksheet after completion. When completed, this portion of the worksheet is used in conjunction with

Collection

2007 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Amir G. Rezaei; Kyu-Jung Kim; Jawaharlal Mariappan; Angela C. Shih

course modules, the learning units within each of thecourse modules, and then the learning activities within each of the learning units. Detailing theprocess in this way helped development of the course in a number of ways such as: 1. being certain that our student assessment for that learning unit can reflect what our team taught and what we want them to know upon completion. 2. being able to completely map out before we even start thinking about which models/learning units we will make interactive. 3. Identifying the types of interactions/learning experiences we want the students to have will and how we will gather or produce those materials.LEARNING MODULE PLANLearning Module plan consisted of an overview of the course

Collection

2007 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Phil Dacunto P.E.; Mike Hendricks

=vertical stability parameter (a function of downwind distance x, and stability) [m] This equation assumes total reflection of pollutants from the ground, but does not account for aninversion above the effective stack height that would cause additional reflection. By convention, the baseof the source stack was at x = y = z = 0: 2 plume z x stack x=y=z=0

Collection

2007 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Robert Edwards; Gerald Recktenwald

lecture. After the lecture thestudents are asked to conduct a more detailed lab exercise using the same equipment to helpthem gain the deeper understanding they may not have otherwise obtained through the lecturealone. It is important to recognize that there are different types of learners. Kolb (11) describes fourlearning styles: concrete active (activists), concrete reflective (reflectors), abstract reflective(theorists), and abstract active (pragmatists). Each of these types of learners has their ownmethods for gaining knowledge and understanding. No single style of teaching is right foreveryone. It is important to balance class-room activities to be able to reach everyone. Tuan,et.al. (12) have looked at the effect of inquiry-based

Collection

2007 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Daren R. Wilcox; Gerd W. Wostenkuhler

) together. One complex programmable logic device andsmall amount of VHLD code can literally replace hundreds of discrete logic components. The costadvantage held by discrete logic devices for the last several decades has evaporated. The advantagesCPLDs have are in production costs, board area savings, operating performance, reliability, time tomarket, programmability, electromagnetic interference, and design security [3]. Over the last decade,the rapid acceleration of adopting CPLDs has left a pedagogical mess.The typical engineering and engineering technology fundamental digital electronics course, up untilrecently, has reflected the history of digital design. Originally, digital designs were implemented withsmall scale integrated (SSI) devices

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Martello, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Jonathan Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

through peer- and self-evaluation, and studentsassess their development of life-long learning skills through reflective essays. Course lettergrades are computed as a weighted average of the individual competency grades. The thread ofcompetency assessments provides students with valuable information concerning theirdevelopment of nontraditional skills that they could use to further their learning by identifyingand reacting to their specific strengths and shortcomings. The emphasis on the formativefeedback provided through the instructors’ competency assessments is illustrated in thefollowing student quotations. One particular thing that sticks out for me is your grading. Rather than saying, "You're a smart guy, this is a pretty good paper

Conference Session

Marketing Engineering to Minority Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John Duffy, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

school as their male counterparts, females do not chooseengineering in the same proportions.14 Julie Chen, a female faculty member in MechanicalEngineering, reflected on her observation that her women students tended to be A and Bstudents, while her male students covered the full range of grades. From talking to students sheobserved that if girls were very smart in HS science and math, they were encouraged to considerengineering. But male students of any achievement level were not discouraged from pursuing aninterest in engineering.15 The recent in-depth EWEP study interviewing girls ages 14 – 17provides insight into why. Relevance emerged as the key career motivator for girls. They needto be able to picture themselves doing that job, and to

Conference Session

Professional Graduate Education & Industry

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Keating, University of South Carolina; Thomas Stanford, University of South Carolina; John Bardo, Western Carolina University; Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University; Stephen Tricamo, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Eugene DeLoatch, Morgan State University; Dennis Depew, Purdue University; Mark Schuver, Purdue University; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University; Albert McHenry, Arizona State University; Timothy Lindquist, Arizona State University; Joseph Tidwell, Boeing Co.; Mark Smith, Rochester Institute of Technology; Raymond Morrison, Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co.; Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology; Norman Egbert; David Quick, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Roger Olson, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Mohammad Noori, California State Polytechnic University; Samuel Truesdale, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Edward Sullivan, California Polytechnic State University; Joseph Rencis, University of Arkansas; Carla Purdy, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

productiveengineering careers in industry. As reflected by the National Society of Professional Engineers(NSPE), there are “nine levels” of progressive professional responsibility and leadership abilitiesrequired in creative engineering practice. Undergraduate engineering education prepares the engineerfor entry into the profession at Level I Engineer. But, it does not prepare the engineer for creativepractice at all levels of engineering. Further professional studies, experience, and actual creativeperformance are required beyond entry-level for further professional development in engineering.Finding # 5: Revitalizing the U.S. Engineering Workforce for leadership of technologicaldevelopment & innovation in industry is one of the nation’s primary engines

Conference Session

Engineering Student Involvement in K-12 Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Mahler, The Boeing Company; Ann Broughton, Purdue University; Barrett Caldwell, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the Purdue campus and learn aboutastronautical engineering and space exploration with the university student volunteers. PurdueFall Space Day has gained recognition across the State of Indiana as an exceptional space-relatededucational outreach event. This high profile event reflects well on Purdue University and theevent’s sponsors and receives significant media coverage. In order to allow other universitiesacross the globe to learn about PFSD and successfully implement their own student-led serviceeducation event based on the PFSD model it is important to share the PFSD model, includingideas for funding through grant proposals and business sponsorship, and the lessons learned insustaining PFSD.Fall Space Day OverviewThe basic premises

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dorin Patru, Rochester Institute of Technology; Daniel Phillips, Rochester Institute of Technology; Eric Peskin, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE)

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Page 12.149.2a microcomputer and its peripherals, and its lab content was significantly revised two years agoto reflect this. “Computer Architecture” currently incorporates a blend of computer architectureand logic design. An associated lab for this course was introduced in the fall of 2003 in whichstudents are guided through a bottom-top design activity that results in the implementation andtesting of a complete microcontroller of simple complexity that is emulated in a reconfigurablelogic device.The paper first presents each course and associated lab content. Then it continues to show howthis two course sequence serves in conveying computer engineering principles to electricalengineering students. Finally, possible future improvements are

Conference Session

EMD Curriculum Design

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rashmi Jain, Stevens Institute of Technology; Ozgur Erol, Stevens Institute of Technology; Anithashree Chandrasekaran, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

authors who pioneered in publishing on the BPR related topics orthe practitioners who have applied BPR programs revisited the subject and evaluated the claimswhich appeared in the earlier publications12, 13, 14. This second generation literature discussed thepros and cons of BPR concepts, provided insights for success and failure factors and mostimportantly revealed the unrealistic expectations and misconceptions from the concept admittingwhat was missing in the earlier literature. For example, Michael Hammer’s confession appears ina Wall Street article late in 1996 stating that he reflected his engineering background but failed toappreciate the human dimensions of the reengineering programs15. Even why the criticism of thetopic was on the rise

Conference Session

New Tools in Teaching and Learning Biomedical Engineering Concepts

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathy Schmidt, University of Texas-Austin; Mia Markey, University of Texas-Austin; Thomas Milner, University of Texas-Austin

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

faculty at three top-tier institutions. Thereforethese students may not reflect typical DE students who select distance delivery Page 12.553.3because of work schedules and family obligations or because they do not have tospend time traveling to campus. This is not say that these students will be atypicalwith expectations for interaction and timely instructional feedback, but ratherthese students should be highly motivated and should not find DE isolating and ahindrance because of their self-discipline.Purpose of the StudyIn order to identify the functional skills that faculty need to possess in order toeffectively teach at a distance, we wanted to begin by

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alex Waskiewicz, University of Colorado at Boulder; Deniz Gurkan, University of Houston; Ideen Taeb, University of Colorado; Driss Benhaddou, University of Houston; Frank Barnes, University of Colorado; Alan Mickelson, University of Colorado at Boulder

optic channel noise3. OTDR Determine medium & connector parameters using back- reflected energy4. Optical Sources Examine stimulated and spontaneous light emission5. Fiber Dispersion Detect pulse spreading due to modal dispersion in a 250 meter fiber6. Optical Receivers Quantify noise spectra & noise profile as a function of received power3.1 - Video: LecturesEach of the six lectures consisted of approximately 50 minutes of a prepared presentation by the Page 12.150.5professor. The majority of lectures were

Conference Session

Redefining the Boundaries of Engineering and Liberal Education: Contributions to the Year of Dialogue

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Grimson, Dublin Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

and their relevance to EngineeringHistorically the five main branches are generally agreed to be Epistemology, Metaphysics,Ethics, Logic, and Aesthetics. The contention is that by careful reflection on what constitutesengineering from the perspective of each of the above five branches, something definitiveemerges about ‘engineering’: in effect the branches are the ‘microscopes/telescopes’ that areused to examine and observe the subject.Table 1 summarizes the five branches of philosophy, and provides a simple description of eachbranch, and gives some examples of the categories within each division. It is admitted that the‘question’ that each branch attempts to address has shifted over the centuries but the definitionsgiven in the Table are

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Scott Moor, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne; Polly Piergiovanni, Lafayette College

. The survey starts with four open-ended questions:1. What do you remember about using the kits?2. What do you see as the purpose of the Lego kits in class?3. What was most helpful about using the kits?4. What improvements would you like to see in the kits or their use?The first two are primarily factual questions. In addition to providing a window on the students’memory and understanding of the kits they also encourage the students to reflect on theirexperiences before the move on to surveys later questions which ask for their opinions.Table 1 shows a content analysis of the results of this survey over four semesters. All areasmentioned by more than three students total are included in this table. The most common thing

Conference Session

Effective Tools for Teaching Engineering Economy

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phil Rosenkrantz, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

is an attempt to provide credibleevidence that on-line technologies can produce learning outcomes that are at least equivalent toface-to-face classes.Part 2 - On-line Teaching Options, Strategies, and ConsiderationsThere are many books and articles that talk about on-line teaching and learning in highereducation. To provide context for the rest of the paper, it is helpful to reference a very excellentarticle that presents the usage of web technology as a ten-level continuum 1. Note: An emailresponse from one of the developers of the ten-level continuum indicated that there is really a 12level continuum. The Twelve Level Continuum is reflected in Table 2