Conference Session

A Serving Profession: Service Learning in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Gartner, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John TIng, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Oguz Gunes, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Xiaoqi Zhang, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

39 51 CO* Emission (g) 2622 1304 50*HC-Hydro Carbon*CO-Carbon MonoxideAs part of the project, the students did an hour-long volume study at the intersection, includingturning movements, and measured the existing signal timings. The existing cycle length for theintersection was 90.5 seconds, with a green time of 45.4 seconds for Riverside Street and a greentime of 45.1 seconds for University Ave. After the optimization with the measured volume data,the optimal cycle length for the intersection was found to be 55 seconds, green time of 31seconds for Riverside Street, and 24 seconds for University Ave. The HCM level of service forthe intersection was improved from C to B

Conference Session

A Serving Profession: Service Learning in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Robert Houghtalen, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Jesse Houghtalen, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Zachary Johnson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Matthew Lovell, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Maria Van Houten, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

capstone projects will be assigned students and which students to assign to the selected projects. Student Project A Project B Project C … Baker 5 3 Jones 4 5 1 Little 1 4 Smith 5 4 … Total 14 6 12 …In this first year of offering an international project, the international project received the highesttotal score of the eleven potential projects. In fact, 9 of the 31 seniors preferenced the

Conference Session

Feedback and IT: Improving Student Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Ledlie Klosky; Decker Hains, U.S. Military Academy; Jason A. Evers, U.S. Military Academy; Jared B. Erickson, U.S. Military Academy; Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

2006-1450: AIM FOR BETTER STUDENT LEARNING: BEST PRACTICES FORUSING INSTANT MESSAGING AND LIVE VIDEO TO FACILITATEINSTRUCTOR-STUDENT COMMUNICATIONJames Klosky, U.S. Military Academy Dr J Ledlie Klosky, P.E., is an Associate Professor and Director of the Mechanics Group at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY. He earned a B.S. and M.S. degree from Virginia Tech in 1987 and 1989 and his PhD from the University of Colorado in 1997. He is the winner of the national ASEE 2004 Best Zone Paper award and is editor of the McGraw-Hill website www.handsonmechanics.com.Decker Hains, U.S. Military Academy Major Decker B. Hains, Ph.D., P.E., is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil and

Conference Session

A Serving Profession: Service Learning in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Warren Cambell, Western Kentucky University; Shane Palmquist, Western Kentucky University; Greg Mills, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

2006-673: STUDENT ENGAGEMENT ACROSS THE CIVIL ENGINEERINGCURRICULUMWarren Cambell, Western Kentucky University He received his Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from Colorado State University specializing in fluid mechanics and water resources. He is currently the Hall Professor of Civil Engineering at Western. Prior to coming here, he was the City Hydrologist for Huntsville Alabama. As a karst (cave and limestone) researcher, he feels he has come to Mecca. His goals are to improve flood mapping and stormwater system design in karst areas.Shane Palmquist, Western Kentucky University Shane M. Palmquist is an assistant professor of civil engineering in the Department of Engineering at Western

Conference Session

A Serving Profession: Service Learning in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Inniss, Florida A&M University; Enos Inniss, University of Texas-San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

2006-2475: BUILDING A WATER TOWER AND LEARNING ABOUT A ROLEFOR SERVICE LEARNING IN THE CIVIL ENGINEERING CURRICULUMEnos Inniss, University of Texas-San AntonioLeslie Inniss, Florida A&M University Page 11.294.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Building a Water Tower and Learning about a Role for Service Learning in the Civil Engineering CurriculumAbstractService learning is loosely defined as student participation in activities designed to serve amember of the community in a capacity that has a strong relationship to information presented ina particular class or in classes. Based on the experience of having students build a water

Conference Session

Feedback and IT: Improving Student Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Steinborn, Darmstadt University of Technology; Joerg Lange, Darmstadt University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

b am pt n /Si e Co E -Le On On E- ... T e ri l ti o l in ia On ng Sc ater nima rki k, Wo Boo E-M A Content off - Campus Learning Repositories Telemedia Teaching/Learning Management Digital

Conference Session

Civil Engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luciana Barroso, Texas A&M University; James Morgan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

students to computational tools used in solving Page 11.1046.3civil engineering problems, (3) evaluate critical thinking and communication skills. The projectsare designed to solved by student teams, who are told they are acting as consultants on theproject posed. These projects are open ended problems with multiple possible solutions and aredesigned to emphasize interpretation of numerical results rather than pure numericalcomputations.Both the scope and nature of the projects can be seen in the sample projects that are given in theappendices (Appendix B is a project from the structural analysis course, and Appendix C is aproject from the

Conference Session

Achieving the Civil Engineering Body of Knowlegde

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Conley, U.S. Military Academy; Decker Hains, U.S. Military Academy; Scott Hamilton, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. He earned a B.S. degree from the United States Military Academy, in 1984 an M.S. degree in Civil Engineering and an M.S. Degree in Engineering Management from Stanford University in 1994. He is currently a member of the ASCE Committee on Student Activities.Decker Hains, U.S. Military Academy Major Decker B. Hains, Ph.D., P.E., is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY. He earned a B.S. degree from USMA in 1994, M.S. degrees from the University of Alaska Anchorage in 1998 and the University of Missouri-Rolla in 1999 and a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from Lehigh University in 2004. He is currently serving

Conference Session

The Senior Experience: Capstone and Beyond

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Large Seagrave

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Submit revised 26- should a proposal include? team Text: 6 individual g Jenn Jan Presentations-a lot more than qualifications Chapter 3 resumes talking about your "numbers".? . Marketing of Professional 31- Team/Company 7 Services: Qualifications, b, e LDR Jan

Conference Session

Physical Models and Other Interactive Tools

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Cleary, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

-681.10. Felder, R. M. (1993), “Reaching the Second Tier – Learning and Teaching Styles in College Science Education,” Journal of College Science Teaching, 23(5):286-290.11. Bloom, B. S. and Krathwohl, D. R. (1964). The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Handbook of Educational Goals. Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain. McKay, New York.12. Engineering Accreditation Commission (2004). “Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs,” ABET, Inc., Baltimore, MD. Table 1. ABET outcomes originally covered in the course and those improved by the addition of physical beam tests. ABET Outcome Covered Improved(a) an ability to apply knowledge of

Conference Session

Feedback and IT: Improving Student Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Roberts, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

teach- Page 11.989.7 ing.” Innovative Higher Education, 50, 168–174.10. Millis, B. J. and Kaplan, B. B. (1995). “Enhancing teaching through peer classroom observations.” Improving College Teaching, P. Seldin, ed., Boston, MA, Anker Publishing, 137–149.11. Estes, A. C. and Ressler, S. J. (2001) “ExCEEd teaching workshop: Fulfilling a critical need.” Pro- ceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, American Society for Engineering Education, Albuquerque, NM, June, CD-ROM.12. French-Lazovik, G. (1975). Evaluation of college teaching: Guidelines for summative and formative

Conference Session

Civil Engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christy Jeon, Georgia Institute of Technology; Adjo Amekudzi, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

2006-2285: INTEGRATING ETHICS INTO A CIVIL ENGINEERING COURSEChristy Jeon, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAdjo Amekudzi, Georgia Institute of Technology Page 11.784.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Integrating Ethics into a Civil Engineering CourseAbstractEthics is a critical component of Civil Engineering education and practice. This paper discussesa case study to integrate ethics into a required undergraduate Civil Engineering course -- CivilEngineering Systems -- at Georgia Institute of Technology. The course introduces systems andsustainability concepts in Civil Engineering planning, design, operations, and renewal, and thuspresents an

Conference Session

Achieving the Civil Engineering Body of Knowlegde

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Karlin, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Andrea Surovek, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

2006-25: BEYOND THE CLASSROOM: USING A LECTURE SERIES FORMATTO GIVE ENGINEERING STUDENTS A SOCIETAL AND GLOBAL CONTEXTAndrea Surovek, South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyJennifer Karlin, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Page 11.271.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Beyond the Classroom: Using a Lecture Series Format to Give Engineering Students a Societal and Global ContextIntroductionABET 20001 recognized that, in order to be successful, engineers require skills above andbeyond a technical knowledge base. Among the ABET criteria that address nontechnical skills isoutcome h which states that students must be able to

Conference Session

Where are We Going? The Future of Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Harichandran, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

2006-1207: CURRENT RESEARCH THRUSTS IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION: A BIG 10+PERSPECTIVERonald Harichandran, Michigan State University Ronald Harichandran is professor and chairperson of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Michigan State University (MSU). He has been chairperson since 1995 and is a Fellow of ASCE. His department leads the largest engineering-based study abroad programs in the country. He currently serves on the ASCE Department Heads Council Executive Committee, the Accreditation Committee of the ASCE Committee on Academic Prerequisites for Professional Practice, and the ASCE Body of Knowledge II Committee. He is the

Conference Session

Where are We Going? The Future of Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Lee Hansen; Jorge Vanegas, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

2006-1779: A GUIDING VISION, ROAD MAP, AND PRINCIPLES FORRESEARCHING AND TEACHING SUSTAINABLE DESIGN ANDCONSTRUCTIONKaren Hansen, California State University-Sacramento Assistant ProfessorJorge Vanegas, Georgia Institute of Technology Page 11.49.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 A Guiding Vision, Road Map, and Principles for Researching and Teaching Sustainable Design and Construction ABSTRACTThe Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (A/E/C) industry plays a critical role in delivering adiverse range of Facilities and Civil Infrastructure Systems (F&CIS), including

Conference Session

Physical Models and Other Interactive Tools

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Miller, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

typical truss, what kind of error would you expect in regards to computing axial force values based on using a pinned-joint assumption versus a restrained-end (i.e., rigid connections) assumption? a. Less than 1% b. About 5 % c. About 10% d. About 20% e. About 40% 2. Which of the following factors would you expect have the biggest influence on the difference between pinned versus restrained end axial force values for a truss? a. The span of the truss. b. The materials used to make the truss. c. The joint details. d. The slenderness of the members. e. The shape of the truss. 3. Without doing any calculation, about how many zero-force

Conference Session

The Senior Experience: Capstone and Beyond

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Yost, University of Kentucky; Derek Lane, University of Kentucky; George Blandford, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

(e.g., c c c). The student can alsosplit their answer if they are unsure (e.g., c c a) or guess if they have no idea (e.g., a c b).Guessing could potentially award them one point on the question. But a confident correct answerawards them the maximum points for the question. A note of caution: the effectiveness of thisassessment is still heavily dependent on the instructor’s ability to craft clear, appropriate, andsufficiently challenging questions. Confusing, overly detailed, or “tricky” questions will erodethe usefulness and could potentially result in unproductive team discussions. In some respects this RAT process can be compared to an expanded (and a bit more formal)think-pair-share process, in that students are asked to think about the

Conference Session

The Senior Experience: Capstone and Beyond

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Dunn, University of Maine; Bryan Pearce, University of Maine-Orono

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

consisting of presentations to clients, plan development, and marketingmaterials.This paper will discuss how project management tools are introduced to civil engineeringstudents and how these skills are utilized in developing the preliminary capstone proposal.BackgroundThe development of CIE 413 Project Management was based on several TC2K/ABET criterion 2objectives. Each of these objectives helped formulate the strategies used to present projectmanagement topics in both active and reflective learning methods. The objectives that wereapplied included: a. demonstrate an appropriate mastery of the knowledge, techniques, skills, and modern tools of their discipline, b. apply current knowledge and adapt to emerging applications

Conference Session

The Senior Experience: Capstone and Beyond

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Niehaus, University of Cincinnati; Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

• Five High-end Computer Workstations • AUTO-CAD (run from OCC license• HP B/W Laserjet Printer server) MICROSTATION• HP Color Printer • HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS• HP Large scale Design Plotter • WaterCAD• 50-inch Plasma with Smart-Board and • MS Office multi-media hook-up. • Wordperfect • Visio • Adobe Acrobat • ArcView GISFigure 1 shows the layout of the work spaces and equipment provided in the Center. (a) Conference Area with Smart-Board (b) General Layout

Conference Session

Achieving the Civil Engineering Body of Knowlegde

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Enno Koehn, Lamar University; James Koehn, Chadron State College; Sunil Paleru, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

BOK criteria, the 21st century civil engineer must demonstratethe following:3 1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering. (ABET a) 2. An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as analyze and interpret data. (ABET b) 3. An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. (ABET c) 4. An ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams. (ABET d) 5. An ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems. (ABET e) Page 11.1104.4 6. An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility. (ABET f) 7. An ability to

Conference Session

Progress on Raising the Bar

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

for BOK fulfillment. “BABET” refers to an ABET/EAC accredited baccalaureate degree in civil engineering. “M/30” refers to a master’s degree or approximately 30 semester credits of acceptable graduate-level (or upper-level undergraduate) courses in a technical or professional practice area related to civil engineering. “E” refers to engineering experience. For this path, the accreditation process provides validation of the baccalaureate component of the BOK. Validation of the “M/30” program will be provided by an approved outside entity, which might also be ABET. • B + MABET & E – This secondary path is currently being explored by ASCE for fulfilling the Civil Engineering Body of

Conference Session

Achieving the Civil Engineering Body of Knowlegde

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred Meyer, U.S. Military Academy; Allen Estes, U.S. Military Academy; Ronald Welch, U.S. Military Academy; David Winget, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

., Enhancing Student Learning: Emphasizing Essential Competencies in Academic Programs. King’s College Press, Wilkes-Barr, PA, 1988.4. Winget, David G., CE492 Annual Design Assessment and Course Assessment Documents, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, USMA, 2005.5. Keith, B., LeBoeuf, J., Meese, M., Malinowski, J., Gallagher, M., Efflandt, S., Hurley, J. and Green, C. “Assessing Students’ Understanding of Human Behavior: A Multi-Disciplinary Outcomes-based Approach for the Design and Assessment of an Academic Program Goal.” Teaching Sociology, Vol. 30, 2002, pp. 430-453. Page 11.1032.8

Conference Session

Civil Engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

straight grading scale was used: 85 to 100= A, 75 to 84.99 = B,65 to 74.99 = C, and 55 to 64.99 = D. The use of a straight scale reduced competitiveness andhelped convince many that there is no penalty for helping each other.4) Difficulties that have arisen: Some of the challenges that have characterized the experience,and worthy of mentioning, were: i) English language-related issues: English was a secondlanguage to all students in the course. Therefore, instructor’ understanding, patience, and supportin overcoming students’ deficiencies in oral and written English, was required and appreciatedby all. ii) Lack of courage to express one’s self: Despite the fact that students wanted to beactive learners, and to express their view in the open; many

Conference Session

Where are We Going? The Future of Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen Estes, U.S. Military Academy; Ronald Welch, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

change as well.AcknowledgmentsAny opinions expressed here are those of the authors and not necessarily those of any supporting agencies.Bibliography1 Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the 21st Century. Committee on Academic Prerequisites for ProfessionalPractice, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia: ASCE, 2004.2 “Interpretation of the ABET Engineering Critieria for Civil and Similarly Named Programs”, Commentary,Version 1.1, Committee on Curricula and Accreditation, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia:ASCE, 20043 Bloom, B. S., ed. Taxonomy of educational objectives, New York: Longman, 1956. 4 Boyer, E.L. Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate, A Special Report. The

Conference Session

Progress on Raising the Bar

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Russell, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Thomas Lenox; Stuart G. Walesh S.G., Walesh Consulting; Richard O. Anderson; Gerald E. Galloway, University of Maryland-College Park; Craig Musselman; Wayne R. Bergstrom; James K. Nelson, University of Texas-Tyler; James O'Brien

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

could, prior to submission of anapplication to a licensing board; review a candidate’s program to determine that the coursestaken had indeed fulfilled the post-baccalaureate requirements. CE BOK Fulfilled ABET Validated Primary B +(M/30) & E BOK ABET Secondary B + M & E Figure 5.-Paths to Fulfill CE BOK• The committee reviewed a number of organizations capable of either validating the credentials of +30 providers or reviewing the

Conference Session

Civil Engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stanley Rolfe, University of Kansas; Francis Thomas, University of Kansas-Lawrence

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

discipline of education and practice. b. Engineering requires a body of distinctive knowledge (science) and art (skill). 4. It must have group consciousness for the promotion of technical knowledge and professional ideals and for rendering social services. 5. It should have legal status and must require well-formulated standards of admission.”Furthermore, AAES states that those who claim to practice a profession must: 1. “Have a service motive, sharing their advances in knowledge, guarding their professional integrity and ideals, and rendering gratuitous public service in addition to that engaged by clients. 2. Recognize their obligations to society and to other practitioners by living up to

Conference Session

Physical Models and Other Interactive Tools

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Welch, U.S. Military Academy; James Ledlie Klosky

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

treatment of steels (post 1870,anyway) in order to make a shoe that was both hard enough and tough enough to take thekind of beating that a galloping horse can dish out. I suppose you could also wear chaps anda 10-gallon hat while doing this demonstration, but I've never been inspired to go quite thatfar...B. Statics: The Amazing Weight-Loss Program!! Figure 7. The Amazing Weight-Loss ProgramBottom Line Up Front: This is a simple demonstration of the perpendicular and parallelcomponents of a force vector on an inclined plane developed by Tom Messervey and JohnRichards. By weighing a student or instructor first on the floor and then at some inclination,a “loss of weight” is observed (Figure 7).PrincipalThe spring scale is

Conference Session

Achieving the Civil Engineering Body of Knowlegde

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Welch, U.S. Military Academy; Allen Estes, U.S. Military Academy; Fred Meyer, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Training (CTLT) where students spend three weeks as a lieutenant in a real Army unit(the USMA equivalent of a Co-Op experience), and the summer training programs where theupperclassmen form the cadre that teach and lead the under classes. The day to day activitiesduring the academic year are administered through a student chain of command where everystudent will hold several leadership positions throughout their four year education. A number of Page 11.236.11other courses such as Military Science and Military History have a distinct leadership focus.V. b. Program Areas for ImprovementThe program needs improvement in Outcome 14 as it pertains to

Conference Session

Civil Engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Parker, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

ClassroomAbstractThis paper will describe recent innovations in the Fluid Mechanics course (CE3300) at theUniversity of Wisconsin-Platteville. The innovations include learning activities and feedbackmechanisms. Specifically, the innovations are: “Challenge Problems”; in-class “physicalmodels”; a “Create-A-Lab” exercise; and an effective grading rubric for laboratory reports.Significant Learning ExperiencesIn “Creating Significant Learning Experiences” (Jossey-Bass Publishers, 2003) by L. Dee Fink,guidelines are provided to help instructors create significant learning experiences for theirstudents. The basis of Fink’s model is the concept of “integrated course design.” In anintegrated course, the Learning Goals, Teaching and Learning Activities, and Feedback

Conference Session

Where are We Going? The Future of Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adnan Javed, University of Florida/Boyle Engineering; Fazil Najafi, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

2006-2199: DUAL OR COMBINED DEGREE PROGRAMS AT UNIVERSITYLEVELAdnan Javed, University of Florida/Boyle EngineeringFazil Najafi, University of Florida Page 11.500.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 DUAL-, OR COMBINED-, DEGREES PROGRAMS AT UNIVERSITY LEVELAbstractIn recent years, there has been a new growing trend towards dual or combined degreeprograms, both at undergraduate and graduate levels within fields of engineering andsciences. Different departments at various colleges and universities throughout the nationare presently offering either combined intra-departmental BS/MS or MS/PhD programs,and/or dual inter-departmental graduate degrees. There are different