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Displaying results 1 - 30 of 521 in total
Conference Session
Mathematics Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ravi T. Shankar, Florida Atlantic University; Don Ploger, Florida Atlantic University; Agnes Nemeth, Florida Atlantic University; Steven Alan Hecht Ph.D., Nova Southeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
would have no or minimal difficulty. If,however, the same mathematical expressions or equations are hidden in a context, many studentsdo not know how to start solving that problem.This aversion towards word problems and real world applications is not new; students havealways struggled with them. Even high achieving students who have mastered the math skillsthat lay behind a real life application problem would admit their difficulty and even disliketoward word problems. Some would even come to a standstill or simply give up whenencountered a more involving, multi-step problem where the math skill that needed to solve theproblem is not instantly obvious.III.B. Graphing Calculators and Robots in the Math Classrooms: In a peer reviewedresearch done
Conference Session
Design Based Energy Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Oxana S Pantchenko, University of California at Santa Cruz; Tiffany Wise-West P.E., University of California Santa Cruz; Michael S. Isaacson, University of California, Santa Cruz; Ali Shakouri Shakouri, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
Paper ID #5673Enhancing Student Learning Through a Real-World Project in a RenewableEnergy Courses CourseDr. Oxana S Pantchenko, University of California at Santa CruzMs. Tiffany Wise-West P.E., University of California Santa Cruz My civil engineering background is in utility infrastructure planning, design and project management, specializing in urban water and energy systems. Broadly, I am interested in the sociocultural and political economic dimensions of community-based natural resource management. My current research work is focused on sustainable municipal infrastructure projects, ranging from renewable energy to
Conference Session
Problem- and project-based learning in environmental engineering
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew Ross Pfluger, P.E., United States Military Academy; Matthew P. Baideme, United States Military Academy; Katie E Matthew, United States Army; Stephen A. Lewandowski, United States Military Academy; Jeffrey A. Starke P.E., United States Military Academy; Michael A. Butkus P.E., U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
Paper ID #6254Interdisciplinary, real-world, client-based term projects in an introductoryenvironmental engineering and science courseMajor Andrew Ross Pfluger, P.E., United States Military Academy Major Andrew Pfluger is an officer in the United States Army and an Assistant Professor at the United States Military Academy (USMA) in the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering. He holds two graduate degrees from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University and is a Professional Engineer in the State of Delaware. He current teaches Environmental Science, Environmental
Conference Session
Laboratory Experiences in Electronics and Circuits
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tooran Emami Ph. D., U.S. Coast Guard Academy ; Richard J. Hartnett P.E., U.S. Coast Guard Academy
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
frequency by 15% or more. This creates ateachable moment, as students reflect on their success in one design, and their failure to meetspecifications in another design. In this paper a graphical technique is introduced that helpsstudents to predict the impact of Gain-Bandwidth Product limitation of a µA741op-amp.Recognizing that the real world op-amp itself can be modeled as a first order transfer function,this paper presents graphical techniques that can be used early in the design process to “pre-compensate” for gain-bandwidth product limitations. Using these techniques, students are thenable to meet specifications with their µA741 op-amps. Finally, using a more expensive (LM318)op-amp, with 15MHz gain-bandwidth product illustrate that minimal
Conference Session
Integrating Curriculum and Labs in Engineering Technology Programs
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zhibin Tan, East Tennessee State University; William H. Blanton, East Tennessee State University; Qianru Zhang, East Tennessee State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
in Biomedical Engineering Technology Program (BMET) at the university. After the completion of the project, students are expected to be able to understand the scheme of a real world DSP system, process EEG signals for specific applications and gain the experience in processing the real world signals. In addition, this project is also intended for preparing the motivated high level students for future career in biomedical signal processing areas.I. Introduction As a core course of the BMET at the department of Engineering Technology at the xxx University, the Digital Signal Processors (ENTC 4347) introduces both the basic and advanced digital signal processing theories as well as the hands-on experience
Conference Session
Tablets, Mobile and Technology
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Frank V Kowalski, Colorado School of Mines; Susan E. Kowalski, Colorado School of Mines; Tracy Q Gardner, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
thetraditional classroom, for example in a distance-learning environment or for Just-in-TimeTeaching (JiTT), is also discussed.To provide additional context, a brief overview summarizes some of the varied applications andsettings in engineering education in which the use of InkSurvey has been previously explored:increasing learning gains, improving problem-solving skills, and enhancing learning gainsachieved when coupled with computer simulations. Real-time formative assessment collectedwith InkSurvey is blind to gender, personality biases, and other stereotypes, making it aparticularly effective tool in group and cooperative learning environments. This also opens thedoor to additional applications in non-academic settings as well.IntroductionWhen the
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Malinda S Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Dana E Schnee, University of Colorado, Boulder; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Derek T Reamon, University of Colorado, Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
, since the students do not select theirsection of FYEP knowing the type of project in which they will participate.Our focus groups reflected the overall quantitative gains in perceived knowledge and skills Page 23.1213.13across treatment conditions. All three focus groups involved discussions on learning, theusefulness of knowledge gained on future experiences, and wishing they had better understoodthe applicability of the projects course at the time. Students who engaged in community ortheoretical client-based projects spoke more often of real-world motivation and practicality,while students within the different conditions preferred the type
Conference Session
INT. Engineering Education: Developments, Innovations, Partnerships, and Implementations
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James L. Barnes, James Madison University; Susan Kubic Barnes, James Madison University
Tagged Divisions
International
providing a value-added component for technology-oriented universities toextend the curriculum experience by providing both undergraduate and graduate students aresearch experience3 with real-world problems, opportunities and applications. The authors of this paper present a comparative analysis of technology and innovation-oriented centers. To gain an understanding of such centers, the authors focused on recognizedcenters to examine their mission, goals and objectives, research focus, business model,competitive perspectives, growth anomalies, principles of specialization, and innovationcapabilities. Based on this comparative analysis, the authors developed a set of relevantconclusions and recommendations for technology innovation centers
Conference Session
"How Do We Compare?" - Students, Case Studies, and Learning Approaches
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Allison Godwin, Clemson University; Geoff Potvin, Clemson University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
23.872.9peers (p<0.01). They also reported a greater frequency of tinkering with things (p<0.01) andparticipating in science or engineering hobbies outside of class (p<0.05). This positive view oftechnology may highlight students' interest in engineering specifically. These students may viewengineering as a way to use technology in their careers to benefit the world around them.Including descriptions of technologies that are utilized in the chemical engineering profession isa possible way to validate such students' interests and help them see how the engineering theorytaught in traditional engineering classrooms connects to the “real world.”Chemical engineering students display significantly higher SAT math scores than chemistrystudents (p<
Conference Session
Involving Undergraduates in Research
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Randel L. Dymond, Virginia Tech; Vinod K Lohani, Virginia Tech; Daniel S Brogan, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Manuel Alejandro Martinez, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
regarding LabVIEW instruction led todevelopment of additional curriculum activities targeted at demonstrating real-world applicationsof LabVIEW. This included a data acquisition (DAQ) learning module and extension of thismodule to discuss water sustainability concepts by accessing real-time water data from an on-campus creek. Demonstrations of this lab have been presented to ~5,000 engineering freshmensince 20091. Additional grants led to the creation of the LEWAS, and in a case study with 150engineering freshmen in the spring 2012 semester, it was shown that having access to real-time Page 23.783.2water and weather data through the LEWAS improved
Conference Session
Computer Hardware and Simulation
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael G. Morrow, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Cameron H. G. Wright P.E., University of Wyoming; Thad B. Welch, Boise State University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
pedagogical approachfavored by the authors is a three-step method of teaching DSP.20 1. First, we teach the theory along with interesting and motivating real-time demonstrations, often using the highly versatile winDSK8 tool we’ve developed. 2. We then have students implement a particular concept using MATLAB, until they are com- fortable with the basic topic. 3. Finally, we have them “de-vectorize” their MATLAB code with real-time operation in mind, and convert it to C, then compile and run it in real-time on high-performance DSP hardware.This three-step method of teaching DSP has now been used by many educators at various insti-tutions around the world. It has been found to get students past their initial trepidation with
Conference Session
POTPOURRI
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Afsaneh Minaie, Utah Valley University; Ali Sanati-Mehrizy; Paymon Sanati-Mehrizy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Reza Sanati-Mehrizy, Utah Valley University
Tagged Divisions
Computing & Information Technology
more effective fall detection prevention or monitoring of many long-termchronic diseases.20Collection of Long-Term Databases of Clinical DataSensors link the physical with digital world by capturing and revealing real-world phenomenaand converting these into a form that can be processed, stored, and acted upon. The data that isgathered by the sensors in a WMSN can be used in two ways20: 1. Healthcare applications that leverage wireless sensor networks analyze the data gathered by sensors to infer and make decisions about the state of a patient’s health and wellbeing. By improvement in monitoring consistency, continuous monitoring enhances data quality and precision for decision support leading to better titration of
Conference Session
"Modular" Learning
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Matthew Cooper, North Carolina State University - Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
analysis using the same rote problem-solution procedures specified in the lecture. Thistype of “plug-and-chug” approach only requires students to (1) remember the problem-solutionprocedure, (2) understand how to apply the problem-solution procedure, and (3) apply theprocedure to the given data. While this approach can be used to evaluate students’ application ofstatistical concepts to engineering data, due to its deficiencies students often struggle tounderstand the relationship between statistics and the real-life processes to which they will beapplying statistics in their careers.A particular concept in engineering statistics for which the rote problem-solution approach isespecially poor is the subject of design of experiments (DOE). The DOE
Conference Session
K-12 Robotics
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Krystal S Corbett, Cyber Innovation Center; JoAnn M. Marshall, Cyber Innovation Center/National Integrated Cyber Education Research Center
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
, onlythose students receive benefits from the extracurricular activity. Additionally, since the activity isusually informal, the students may only identify the activity as extracurricular and not makeconnections between the activity, their schoolwork, and real world applications. Byincorporating after school activities with content in the classroom, deeper connections can bemade as well as impacting a larger demographic of students. Thus, integrating informal learningwith formal learning serves the dual purpose of reaching more students as well as providing avehicle for interactive learning activities in the formal setting. This paper provides a frameworkfor interweaving regional informal learning activities with a sequence of elective courses
Conference Session
Software Applications in ET Programs
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth W. Jackson, Southern Polytechnic State University; Gregory L. Wiles P.E., Southern Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
short, problem-based courses with low enrollment (2-5 students) do not map conveniently to the traditional teaching schedule of faculty, they canprovide a unique opportunity for service both to students and to the university, especially insummer semesters. In addition, the National Academy of Engineering has recognizedexperiential learning which involves solving open- ended problems that are complex and illstructured as a critical competency for engineers in the 21st century.This paper describes the design of a special problem course in which we use the case method toteach industrial engineering technology students nonlinear integer programming, while providinga collaborative learning experience in solving a simulated real world problem. The
Conference Session
CAD Assessments, Trends and Applications
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Whalen, Northeastern University; Chirag Patel; David Joseph Tortoriello; Justin Baldacci, ASME Northeastern chapter; Jeffrey Speroni
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
, abstraction and synthesis, implementation, andreport writing and presentations in relation to projects that students produce in teams.There is a strong emphasis on applying technical knowledge and developing problem-solving and decision-making skills. In the second semester of the first year, students takea Problem Solving and Computations course that is focused on algorithmic thinking andthe solutions to real-life problems using software tools such as Mathworks’ Matlab andthe C++ programming language. Here problems are derived across all majors. Inaddition students will take a complement of Math, Physics and Chemistry courses inpreparation for their first co-op.Engineering and Design. One third of the class contact time of the Engineering andDesign
Conference Session
K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rebecca Arielle Citrin, Lafayette College; Arthur D. Kney, Lafayette College
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
questionnaires will be developed to demonstrate two-tiered assessment, which aims toanalyze the students’ understanding of the concepts presented through FUTURE WORLDS, ratherthan purely being able to recall the facts and definitions illustrated during interaction. One goalfor the game is for students to be able to apply prior scientific knowledge in order to developsolutions to real world situations, which requires the students to think critically about the variouspuzzles in the game. The before and after questionnaires will utilize two-tiered assessmentstrategies, as the questions proposed will not only ask students to answer a specific question, butwill all ask the students to explain why they chose that answer. By requiring the students toprovide a
Conference Session
Real and Virtual - "New" Approaches to Teaching "Old" Courses
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Darinka del Carmen Ramirez, Tecnológico de Monterrey (ITESM), México; Manuel E Macías, ITESM, Campus Monterrey
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
the classroom at the same time, in away that the instructor could be explaining the problem and solving it on the blackboard. Withthis technological aid, the instructor has the possibility to have three teaching tools at the same Page 23.1077.3time: 1) the blackboard, to solve the equations and do the mathematics; 2) the Graphical UserInterface (GUI), which shows the process; and 3) the Audio and Video Interface of the realequipment of the lab. Using all these elements, the learning experience in the classroom is highlyincreased, allowing the students to interact with real world applications of the concepts they arelearning about
Conference Session
Real and Virtual - "New" Approaches to Teaching "Old" Courses
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James P Abulencia, Manhattan College; Margot A Vigeant, Bucknell University; David L. Silverstein, University of Kentucky
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
requirements (Burke and Snyder – 2008). Doing so can help inspire and engage this newage of students who are more used to digital tools and devices. Even the more traditional learnercan use the sites as an opportunity to gain understanding in new technology, which can becomeskills for future careers. Other work have utilized video technology with Chemical Engineering students.Liberatore has utilized YouTube to relate course topics to real world applications (Liberatore –2010). Falconer and colleagues have compiled screencasts where a narrator goes over aparticular chemical engineering concept, or a detailed problem solution (Falconer 2009 and 2012).A recent paper from JEE states that students who use screencasts and perceive their benefit
Conference Session
Real and Virtual - "New" Approaches to Teaching "Old" Courses
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel D. Burkey, University of Connecticut; Daniel D. Anastasio, University of Connecticut; Aravind Suresh, University of Connecticut
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
Gamification Gamification, or the introduction of game-like mechanics into non-game contexts, hasreceived increasing attention recently, largely for its perceived ability to motivate participantsinto desired courses of action by making mandatory or mundane tasks rewarding in some way.Examples of this in the business world include frequent flyer reward programs, social programssuch as FourSquare or Facebook Check In, and app-type gamification of to-do lists, weight-lossprograms, or exercise programs. Application of gamification to education is a logical extension, as it has the potential tomotivate students to perform extra learning tasks that they might not otherwise do by couchingthose tasks in the larger context of a game, or by
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rocio Alba-Flores, Georgia Southern University; Fernando Rios-Gutierrez, Georgia Southern University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
system for autonomous navigation. Implementing three different mobile robotcontrollers, namely, PID, FL, and ANN, in the same platform provided students with a more clearunderstanding on how a control system operates on a particular plant. Also, by implementing differenttypes of controllers they learned to evaluate the performance of each controller, and obtained a bettersense of the characteristic of the different controllers. Overall, qualitative comments of students indicatethat the addition of the team based-project have been a positive addition to the control systems course,that have allowed them to have a better understanding of what a control system is, and how it can beapplied to the real world applications. Also the students found an
Conference Session
Construction Industry Issues in the Classroom
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tulio Sulbaran, University of Southern Mississippi
Tagged Divisions
Construction
digitalteleconferencing on the go. In this way the iPhone would allow planners and managers to speakface to face with on-site personnel anywhere in the world as long as there is an available internetconnection [7]. (See Figure 3) Page 23.197.5 Figure 3: iPhone 4 [5]Blackberry: The blackberry is an adaptable smart phone for on-site personnel. The Blackberry iscapable of internet access, sending and receiving email, and taking digital photographs. Thereare also a wide variety of existing applications for the construction field such as ConstellationHomebuilding Systems, BuilderMT, ReportAway! ForFreshbooks, TeleNav Track
Conference Session
Tricks of the Trade
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ruth E. H. Wertz, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Student
. Ms. Wertz’s research interests include teaching and learning engineering in online course formats, and the development of information literacy in engineering students. Page 23.1247.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Theory to Practice: A Reflection on the Application of Engineering Education Coursework to New Course Development I. IntroductionOne significant challenge for many students is translating theories learned in the classroom toreal-world applications. In this paper I present a model for translating learning and
Conference Session
K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Farshid Marbouti, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Johannes Strobel, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
’ thinking. Research on MEAs reveals that these activities byproviding a context for precollege students to explain thinking and justify conclusions,highlight the aspects of literacy that lead to students success; MEAs also help to identifyspecific areas that need attention in instruction [8].Fig 1 – MEA model design process.MEAs involve students in communication, teamwork, critical thinking and problem solving,which are all necessary skills in engineering education [9, 10]. Mousoulides and English [11]argue that “engineering model eliciting activities in elementary school mathematics curriculacan engage students in creative and innovative real-world problem solving and can increasetheir awareness of the different aspects of mathematical problem
Conference Session
Computers in Education (CoED) Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alexander Hans Nagl, Penn State Berks; Rungun Nathan, Penn State Berks
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
. He has active research in the area of lift in Porous medium with Dr. Qianhong Wu (Villanova University). He is an active member of ASEE and ASME and reviewer for several ASME, IEEE and ASEE, FIE conferences and journals. Page 23.1393.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Work-in-Progress: iOS® Devices as DAQ and Hardware for Experiments in Class to Enhance the Real Touch, Feel and See Experiences In today’s world, sensors are everywhere and they are used extensively inevery walk of life. Sensors are used for opening and closing
Conference Session
Robots and K-12 Computer Applications
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeffrey Laut, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Magued G. Iskander P.E., Polytechnic Institute of New York University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
real-world applications. This paper considers a novel application of the LEGO Mindstorms platform and theRWTH-Mindstorms Toolbox for Matlab5,6 to create a series of classroom activities that exposeand engage middle school students in all aspects of controlling a differential-drive mobile robot.LEGO bricks are used to construct a mobile robot consisting of two non-steerable, poweredwheels, and one castor wheel. The mobile robot uses a bluetooth connection to transmit wheelrotation data to a computer base-station running the Matlab program. An odometry modelrunning on Matlab uses the wheel rotation data to keep track of the rotation and displacement ofthe robot on a Cartesian plane. This hardware-software platform is used to create and
Conference Session
Robots and K-12 Computer Applications
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert L. Avanzato, Pennsylvania State University, Abington
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
-world problems which are best solved by teams ofrobots which are able to communicate, share resources and coordinate tasks. Applications, suchas search and rescue, exploration, mapping, reconnaissance, and remote data collection may allbenefit from robot teams or swarms, which rely on multi-robot communication technology. Forexample, researchers have proposed a robot swarm solution to effectively contain oil spills in theocean.1 The robots, equipped with skimmers, use GPS and radio communication technology tocoordinate operations. Once the spill is contained by the robot team, a ship can pump the oil intocontainers for removal and storage. In another research effort, the coordination of a ground robotand a micro aerial robot is leveraged in
Conference Session
Bringing Industrial Applications into the Classroom
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emilia Golebiowska; Giovanni Kelly II; Yassir M. Samra; James P Abulencia, Manhattan College
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
materialfor biodiesel. The university also intended on using the waste cooking oil from the schoolcafeterias to produce biodiesel. However, there is no concrete plan on implementation.Methodology The biodiesel initiative at XXXXX College began as an independent research projectinvolving two Chemical Engineering students. They were tasked with finding a productionmethod and a plan for third world nations to be able to produce enough biodiesel to provide asufficient amount of energy for several applications. The biodiesel was produced from bothvirgin vegetable oil and waste cooking oil from the college’s cafeterias and was analyzedthrough collaboration with the Mechanical Engineering department. This was done using a Listerengine to determine
Conference Session
Bringing Industrial Applications into the Classroom
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Margot A Vigeant, Bucknell University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
notbe required to taste anything prepared in or for class. Counsel also required that the classavoid working with raw meats. Students signing up for the course provided a signedrelease recognizing that they would be expected to handle and prepare food in this courseand to disclose any allergies or religious / cultural food prohibitions. In practice, this wasseldom a problem.Course Design and StructureThe complex nature of the subject matter combined with the relative ease of connectingthe material to ‘real world’ experiences and the instructor’s desire to makeexperimentation a significant portion of the course suggested a problem-based learningformat could be a successful pedagogical approach (26). The course is therefore brokeninto six
Conference Session
Bringing Industrial Applications into the Classroom
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zenaida Otero Gephardt, Rowan University; C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Mariano Javier Savelski, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
produce larger amounts • Pharmaceutical Principles of ibuprofen in less time and more economically. a) Compare the atom economies to determine which process has the best – Multi-step API synthesis b) synthesis efficiency using this metric Review the literature to determine what other aspect of the new process is a – API process development green improvement Cann and Connelly, M.E. Real World Cases in Green Chemistry, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000