Conference Session

Curriculum Development

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Muldoon, Polytechnic Institute of NYU; Paul T Phamduy, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Raymond Le Grand, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Magued G. Iskander P.E., Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

on the robot’s front, back, or middle asshown in Figure 2. Then the students again perform the aforementioned activity to determine theresponse time of their robot against objects placed at 100cm and 200cm distances from the robot.They analyze their results within each group and share their answers with all the groups. (a) (b) (c)Figure 2: LEGO NXT robots used in the activity with the ultrasonic sensor mounted on the: (a) back, (b) middle, and (c) front of the robot Page 23.329.93.1.6. Evaluation The students obtain qualitative data on their synthesized robot

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Askia Hill, Purdue University; Cordelia M Brown, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

has an auxiliary role[28].B. Felder and Silverman’s Model of Learning Styles (FSMLS) In 1988, Dr. Richard Felder and Dr. Linda Silverman introduced a model of learningstyles, which we refer to as FSMLS, to explain what factors of the learning process wereimportant to engineers[30]. The model consisted of components of existing learning stylesmodels such as Jung and Kolb as well as their some original additions[17]. Descriptions of thedimensions of the model are listed below. • Visual/Verbal - Visual learners are those who like to receive information through images, diagrams, symbols, etc. Verbal learners prefer verbal explanations and written notes to obtain information. • Sequential/Global – Sequential

Conference Session

Bringing Industrial Applications into the Classroom

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zenaida Otero Gephardt, Rowan University; C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Mariano Javier Savelski, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. • Pharmaceutical principles b) The probable oral lethal dose of diethylene glycol is 0.5 g/kg weight. Determine the human weight for which this dose would be fatal. – Unique concern: FDA safeguards and regulation c) Explain why this would be dangerous even if the patient was well above – Institutional memory/history this weight. d) Develop a chronological list showing the wrong steps taken and the • Based on an actual case corrective actions necessary that would have prevented this. Discuss

Conference Session

...by Design

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pat Ko, University of Texas, Austin; Stephanie Baker Peacock, The University of Texas - Austin; Taylor Martin, Utah State University; Jennifer Rudolph; Noel Hector Ramos, Department of Defense Dependent Schools

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

  School   School   School   Minority   #  of  students   student   setting   population   population   participating   population   economically   of  school   in  study   disadvantaged     A   ~2900   ~15%   ~46%   24   B   ~1600   ~65%   ~83%   18   urban   C   ~1800   ~43%   ~58

Conference Session

Dynamics - Wow! They accelerate

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University; James M Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Jeffrey Georgette

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

’ conceptualunderstanding of basic physics concepts (taken from Laws et al.,1). Page 23.761.4Although the exact definition of inquiry-based instruction varies somewhat between differentinvestigators, we will use the defining features offered by Laws et al.1 and highlighted by Princeand Vigeant17 and summarized in Table 2.Table 2: Elements of Inquiry-Based Activity Modules (a) Use peer instruction and collaborative work (b) Use activity-based guided-inquiry curricular materials (c) Use a learning cycle beginning with predictions (d) Emphasize conceptual understanding (e) Let the physical world be

Conference Session

Incorporating Technology into Construction Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Antoine Jean-Pierre Tixier, University of Colorado at Boulder; Alex Albert, University of Colorado

Tagged Divisions

Construction

(MBT) approach 44. Thus, we decided to use the MBT design forthe purposes of this study.The MBT design, depicted as Figure 2, is a series of longitudinal before and after A-B studiesthat is replicated across experimental units (individuals or a group of individuals) within a singlestudy. The intervention is introduced on a staggered basis to each experimental unit. Hence,while one group or subject receives the treatment, the other units perform the role of a controlgroup. Also, the group’s performance in the pre-intervention phase provides an additional controlfor the post-intervention phase and for benchmarking purposes. Hence, if a change is shown tooccur only and if only the intervention is introduces, the researcher can infer causality

Conference Session

Electrical Energy Courses, Labs, and Projects I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ona Egbue, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla MO; Suzanna Long, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Ean-Harn Ng, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

and comprehension categories of Bloom’s Taxonomycognitive domain. In the future this study will be extended to include all six categoriesof Bloom’s Taxonomy cognitive domain including knowledge, comprehension, application,analysis, synthesis and evaluation in order to assess other dimensions of learning.AcknowledgementThis research was partially funded by a grant from the Department of Energy (Award #DEEE0002012)Appendix AElectric Vehicle Survey1. My parents drive. Circle all that apply a) An SUV b) A truck c) A van d) Small Car (e.g. Mini Cooper) e) Large car (e.g. Ford Taurus)2. What is an electric vehicle or electric car?3. Have you seen an electric vehicle or been driven in an electric vehicle. Circle all that apply a) No, I

Conference Session

Embedded Systems and Mobile Computing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alireza Kavianpour, DeVry University, Pomona; Behdad Kavianpour, University of California, Irvine

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

and(ρ,θ) is illustrated in Figure 1. A straight line in the plane is uniquely specified by two parameterssuch as (a, b) in the Cartesian space (a and b represent slope and intercept respectively), or (ρ, θ). Inthe polar (parameter) space where ρ is the length of the line segment from the origin perpendicularto the line, and θ is the angle that the line makes with the positive x axis, measured clockwise. Themost commonly used coordinate system in the Hough Transform implementation is (ρ, θ). With nimage points, the ranges of (ρ,θ) can be taken to be ρ: [−M, M ] and θ: [−π, π] where M depends onthe image size. If we restrict θ to be in [0, π] range, then normal parameters for the line will beunique. With this restriction, every line in the x

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen M Doerr, Syracuse University; Jonas Bergman Arleback, Syracuse University; AnnMarie H O'Neil, C.S. Driver Middle School

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

form 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ! that could be used to describe thedata; (b) give an interpretation of the constants a and b in (a); (c) find the point in time when thevoltage across the capacitor was 0.05 V; (d) compute the average rate of change over threesubintervals, from t = 5 to t = 10 seconds, t = 20 to t = 25 seconds, and t = 40 to t = 45 secondsrespectively; and (e) write two or three sentences interpreting the negative average rate of changedata in (d). 2.0529 − 4.2245 t = 5 to t = 10 : = −0.43 v/s 10 − 5 .27252

Conference Session

Design Methodology and Evaluation 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam R Carberry, Arizona State University; Morgan M Hynes, Arizona State University; Ethan E Danahy, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

of Engineering Education, 96(4), 359-379.14. Crismond, D. P., and R.S. Adams. 2012. “The Informed Design Teaching and Learning Matrix.” Journal of Engineering Education, 101(4), 738-797.15. Cross, N. and N. Roozenburg. 1993. “Modeling the Design Process in Engineering and in Architecture.” Journal of Engineering Design, 3(4), 325-337.16. Lawson, B. 1997. How Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified (3 ed.). Boston: Page 23.1310.8 Architectural Press.17. Lemons, G., Carberry A., Swan, C., Jarvin, L., and C. Rogers. 2010. “The benefits of model building in teaching engineering design.” Design Studies, 31, 288

Conference Session

FPD 1: Projects and Teamwork in First-Year Courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Shepard, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

No visible or functional damage 4 30-34 mph Light to medium cosmetic damage, no functional damage 3 25-29 mph Heavy cosmetic damage and/or minor functional damage 2 20-24 mph Small piece chipped off and/or medium functional damage 1 14-19 mph Large piece broke off and/or significant functional damage 0 < 13 mph Unable/unsafe to operate againTable 2. Performance score relation to grade Performance Grade Total Performance Score A >30 B

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education (DEED) Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin Grimheden, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

relates to coordination within the team.Mechatronics  Having an overview of the The top-three challenges relate bothteam B whole project to project management but also to  Following Scrum agile methods. It is hard to estimate  Estimating time spent on time and it’s hard to follow a method. tasksMechatronics  Reach consensus of what The top-three challenges relate bothteam C to develop, goals within to conflicts between individual goals group and within product and project

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University (Engineering Technology); Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.); Radian G Belu, Drexel University (Tech.); Jack G. Zhou, Drexel University (Eng.)

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, part programming, and maintenance environment. Using actual CNC equipment ormachine tools to deliver the hands-on experience that is vital to acquiring and demonstratingcompetence might be too expensive, especially when multiple locations are used for trainingpurposes. Software simulators and hardware emulators can mimic the actual lathes, machiningcenters, and compound applications, while lowering the overall instructional cost, enablingstudents to acquire the required skills in a safe environment. The fundamental challengingproblems in manufacturing education are related to: (a) Improving the student–instructionaltechnologies interface to incorporate the required learning tools; (b) Improving teaching andlearning effectiveness in online

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technolog Programs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camilo Vieira, Eafit; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

cyberinfrastructure, computation, and computational tools and methods to: (a) leverage the understanding of complex phe- nomena in science and engineering and (b) support scientific inquiry learning and innovation. Specific efforts focus on studying cyberinfrastructure affordances and identifying how to incorporate advances from the learning sciences into authoring curriculum, assessment, and learning materials to appropriately support learning processes. Page 23.301.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Colombian Elementary Students’ Performance and Perceptions of

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James P. Mwangi P.E., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

(UEH) and exchangenotes with the future Haitian engineers and architects in regard to building design andconstruction curriculum. The group was also able to visit a riverbed where sand and gravel werebeing harvested for the ongoing reconstruction and also witnessed firsthand the roadsideproduction of concrete masonry units (CMU). It was not all disappointments as the studentsspent the last day of their visit at the beautiful Haitian beaches. Figures 1, 2 and 3 capture someof the student visit activities.Figure 1: Community Visits (a), (b) Devastated Neighborhood and (c) New ConstructionSite Page 23.305.3Figure 2: Community Visits (a) New

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Ann Holden, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Kristina M Fields, University of Wisconsin, Platteville

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Education Review B, 2(6b), 572-577.7. Vernier Products. (2012). Retrieved December 17, 2012 from www.vernier.com8. Parker, P. J. (Unpublished manuscript, September 2012). Assessing the Effectiveness of the Sky's the LimitOutreach, 7th-12th Grade Program. Page 23.965.9AppendixAppendix 1 – Final Assessment ReportAssessment ProcessThe outreach programs were assessed using surveys. The surveys were administered at the endof the weekend programs and a 100% return rate was achieved. The survey consisted of 20questions; some of these questions had multiple parts, and thus a total of 55 responses wereobtained from each participant. The creation of the survey was based on a

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education Research

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert J. Albright P.E., University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

, labeled as Car #1 and Car #2, are in a car performance race at anautomobile test track. Car #1, with its lighter mass M and more streamlined design yielding lessair drag as represented through a viscous damping coefficient B, will be considered as thereference car. The following analyses will determine the differences in car performance ofdisplacements, velocities, and accelerations as a function of time, including the steady-statedifferences which can be considered as analogous to steady-state errors in control systems. Therace scenario is represented in the block diagram of Figure 1. x1(t) Car #1 y1(t

Conference Session

Outreach Along the K-12 Pathways to Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet L. Yowell, University of Colorado Boulder; Malinda S Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Page 23.689.11This program can be easily replicated, in that labor costs are almost nonexistent. The programuses a small materials budget, mileage reimbursement of volunteers, and a modest staffingbudget for 6-8 hours a week of personnel time (for clubs organization and activity preparation).For most of the program’s history, personnel time included a CU-Boulder program staff personand an undergraduate student coordinator . b When possible, materials are reused.Although some programs report a difficulty “getting in” with a school, our experience is thatschools are ripe for extracurricular enrichment if the context is appropriate and little planning isrequired on the school’s part. It has taken time to foster a working relationship with the

Conference Session

Using Student Competitions to Enhance Learning

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Carroll, University of Louisiana, Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

areevaluated by some form of a final report. In the traditional civil engineering curriculum, undergraduate students take courses withboth lecture and laboratory formats. While the lecture courses provide the opportunity forstudents to absorb new information, the purpose of a laboratory is to expose students to thephysical problems associated with a course and reinforce course content. The traditional type oflaboratory has well-planned experiments, typically containing step-by-step guides leading thestudents through each experiment. Generally in groups of four or five, students in-turn conductthe experiment, regurgitate the results, and prepare a laboratory report, arguably fulfilling ABETstudent outcome (b) “an ability to design and conduct

Conference Session

Preparing for Practice

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Presentacion Rivera-Reyes, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Raymond Edward Boyles, Technology and Engineering Education

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

] developed a study to explore electronic troubleshooting in different contexts of design,production, and repair. He made reference to the model explained by Johnson [11], the TechnicalTroubleshooting Model, that reflected the cognitive process flow of an engineer engaged introubleshooting technical problem. The model is divides into two main phases (a) hypothesisgeneration and (b) hypothesis evaluation. In phase one the problem-solver acquires informationfrom internal or external sources that can be used to support a representation of the problem.Following this representation, one or more hypothesis are developed that may account for thefault. In phase two, the problem solver evaluates a hypothesis generated in phase one andattempts to confirm or

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering (ME) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob Lee Finley; Mehrdaad Ghorashi P.E., University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

constant compared to the closed one. Calculation of the shearmodulus is done by finding the ratio of shear stress and shear strain and it provides, 62.3 GPa. 5. Maxwell’s Reciprocity TheoremMaxwell’s reciprocity theorem is a fundamental theorem in solid mechanics and is valid in thelinear elastic region. Referring to figure 6, this theorem states that if a load is applied at point Bon a specimen and the deflection is measured at point C, then the load is moved to point C anddeflection is measured at B the two deflection values will be the same. One of the most importantapplications of this theorem is the symmetry of stiffness matrices in finite elements method. Dueto this symmetry, only almost half of the elements of these matrices need to be

Conference Session

Motivation and Self-Efficacy

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Melendy Ph.D., George Fox University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

students who believe thatsolving core, upper-division engineering problems is: (a) influenced by their effective use oflower-division mathematics (i.e., their outcome expectancies or OE beliefs); (b) who also haveconfidence in their own mathematical abilities (SE beliefs) should be more skilled at setting-upand solving these problems. The instrument was subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis usingthe structural modeling feature in SAS, v.9. Reliability analysis produced a Cronbach’s coefficient of 0.862 for the mathematics SE beliefs scale and a Cronbach’s  coefficient of 0.797for the OE scale (n = 49). The current standard is that 0.7   < 0.8 is good and that 0.8   < 0.9is very good. These results provide evidence that the pilot

Conference Session

Engineering Identity 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allison Godwin, Clemson University; Geoff Potvin, Clemson University; Zahra Hazari, Florida International University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Engineer Identity: Campus Engineer Identities as Figured World. Cultural Studies of Science Education. 2006, 1, 273–307.(12) Capobioanco, B. M.; French, B. F.; Diefes-Dux, H. A. Engineering Identity Development Among Pre- Adolescent Learners. Journal of Engineering Education 2012, 101, 698–716.(13) Matusovich, H. M.; Barry, B. E.; Meyers, K.; Louis, R. A Multi-Institution Comparison of Identity Development as an Engineer. In American Society of Engineering Education Conference; 2011.(14) Beam, T. K.; Pierrakos, O.; Constantz, J.; Johri, A.; Anderson, R. Preliminary Findings on Freshmen Engineering Students ’ Professional Identity : Implications for Recruitment and Retention. In American Society of Engineering

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hassan Moore, University of Alabama, Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

. Below are the topics covered in the course: I. First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) A. Basic Concepts, Modeling B. Initial Value Problems C. Direction Fields D. Existence and Uniqueness E. Separable ODEs F. Linear ODEs G. Applications (primarily Biomedical, Mechanical, and Electrical) II. Second-Order Ordinary Differential Equations A. Homogeneous Linear ODEs with constant coefficients B. Free Oscillations C. Forced Oscillations D. Electrical/Mechanical Systems III. Multivariable Calculus A. Functions of Several Variables B. Partial Derivatives

Conference Session

Learning styles affect on students in graphic and design courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lulu Sun, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Christopher D Grant, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

BFigure 1 A: Exploded view of the roller guide, B: 3-D view of the roller guide Page 23.762.3 A BFigure 2 A: Exploded view of the tool post, B:3-D view of the tool postThe end of course evaluation found that, students could follow the directions and accomplish theindividual project on time. However, they felt a guided project lacked challenge, and that theywould like to design a more complex model by themselves. According to the Bloom’s taxonomy,a guided individual project is considered as an application which can be used to test studentproblem solving ability as well as

Conference Session

Capstone Design and Innovations in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hanqi Zhuang, Florida Atlantic University; Oren Masory, Florida Atlantic University; Zvi S Roth

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. For example, according to oursurveys, individuals with physical disabilities who are confined to a wheelchair may experiencelower self-esteem and self-acceptance, and greater social isolation than those without disabilities[3-8]. To address this problem, a group of senior students from mechanical, computer andelectrical engineering disciplines developed a wheelchair which has the following features: a) theseat on the wheelchair can be raised, allowing the user to bring himself to the same eye level of astanding person; b) the seat rotates about its axis allowing the user to address persons on his sidewithout the need to move the whole chair; and c) the seat is mounted at the end of an arm whichcan be rotated, maintaining balance by outriggers

Conference Session

Grasping the "Concept"

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajesh V Shende, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

liquid flows down an inclined plane surface in a steady fully developed laminar film ofthickness ‘h’ as shown in Figure 1. Analyze this flow system by assuming that there is no ‘z’velocity component, no variation in fluid property in ‘z’ direction and pressure and gravity termsare non-zero and answer the following. a) Which co-ordinate system will you take into Y account? b) Is there a need to write equations for all velocity components? If not, then which X ones you consider as non-zero? c) What typical

Conference Session

Improving course effectiveness

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abhijit Gosavi, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

positive outcomes shown in the literature that are particularlyrelevant to us are: a. Students retain what they have learned over a long period of time (Dochy et al.1). b. Students can generalize what they have learned to other areas in related fields (Patel et al10). c. Students are encouraged to be curious (Hmelo-Silver et al.5). d. Students gain more domain knowledge (Mergendoller et al.8). e. Students are encouraged to think simultaneously rather than sequentially and question prior learning (Gallow3).It is necessary to explain how these claimed benefits can result from using PBL. PBL forcesstudents to think on their own. Very importantly PBL helps them recognize that many conceptsin IE were

Conference Session

Robots and K-12 Computer Applications

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Laut, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Magued G. Iskander P.E., Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

you reach your goal, at which time you stop. Next, a control algorithm isdevised where the forward velocity of the robot is equal to a constant multiplied by the distanceto the goal. This algorithm is implemented in a Matlab script, which is shared and discussed withthe students. The script is then executed and the students observe, examine, and critique itsperformance.Figure 3: Real-time visualization of odometry data. Here, the wheel has rotated approximately one and a quarter turn. (a) Dashed line indicates the wheel start position and red line indicates current position and (b) angular position of the wheel in degrees.5. Lesson 2—Classroom Mapping In this activity, we build upon the basic odometry model of the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian J Skromme, Arizona State University; Qiao Wang, Arizona State University; Paul Rayes, Arizona State University; John M Quick, Arizona State University; Robert Kenneth Atkinson, Arizona State University; Tim Frank, South Mountain Community College

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

volunteers weresolicited from students who were enrolled in EEE 202 at Arizona State University in Fall 2012,or who had completed that course in the past year. The 33 students were each given a writtenpre-test and a post-test, each lasting 25 minutes and covering the topics of identifying series &parallel elements in a circuit, and writing node equations for DC resistive circuits. Two differenttests A and B were used, designed to be very similar and of similar difficulty, and students wererandomly assigned take either test A or test B as a pre-test, and the other test as a post-test. The Page 23.1146.9average scores on the two tests were found