Conference Session

Design Cognition II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shraddha Sangelkar, Texas A&M University, College Station; Daniel A. McAdams, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

reflect how a change in user activityaffects product function; the user activities in an activity diagram are independent of the productfunctions. A product representation framework like the actionfunction diagram overcomes thelimitations of the activity diagram, enhances the effectiveness of functional modeling, and Page 25.355.2provides a means to incorporate user-product interactions in the early stages of design.This paper details the procedure for creating actionfunction diagrams with a case study on a canopener. The details of the procedure are based on the authors’ experience in creating, applyingand teaching both actionfunction diagrams

Conference Session

Before and After: Matriculants and Alumni

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen L. Chen, Stanford University; Michelle Marie Grau, Stanford University; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Stanford University; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, SKG Analysis; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Michelle Warner, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF.ReferencesBorden, V.M.H. (2005). Using alumni research to align program improvement with institutional accountability. NewDirections for Institutional Research, 126, 61-72.Buyer, L.S. & Miller, K.J. (n.d.) Increasing survey response rates: Combining experimental manipulations.Retrieved March 19, 2012, fromhttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:EgrP6237otUJ:www.govst.edu/uploadedFiles/Institutional_Research/Survey%2520Response%2520Rates%25206.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgXCHcRZHMa2HgJL6Im4E4LIArBAi6_qgOazdxPKNSRkSc0ANQFmVvWUbVFSAAwFZBPaQnH1qgipIPpGy2w4_Z_4JAZgdqnomSleN6jr2-nIEnVzValyb_mo9T2MhB-jnTj1TfW&sig=AHIEtbRh-5HOn7ezW8KpHVe6bnlTIVnD9A

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education Division

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barry E. Mullins P.E., Air Force Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

professionals six to eight years after their initial cyberspace training. Cyber 300 isdesigned to provide a broad background at the strategic level in “cyber concepts, includingcapabilities, limitations and vulnerabilities and their associated application and employment injoint military operations”19.6. AcknowledgementsThe author acknowledges the funding and support of the Center for Cyberspace Research. Theviews expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy orposition of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.7. References1. D. Drummond, A new approach to China, http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-approach-to- china.html, last accessed 6 January 2011.2

Conference Session

Design Potpourri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Noe Vargas Hernandez, University of Texas, El Paso; Jose Gabriel Davila, University of Texas, El Paso; Jorge Garza-Ulloa, University of Texas, El Paso; Pablo Rangel, University of Texas, El Paso; Julio Adrian Torres

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

models, they all agree on a systematic strategy thatvaries in the number of steps but could be condensed in to four major phases:Planning: the process of clarifying the task based on the next tools: • Design Specifications: is the key document with the information obtained by the customer. • Design Requirements: is the list of technical details that reflect the Design Specifications.Conceptual Design: “Is the part of the design process where the basic solution is laid downthrough the elaboration of a solution principle.” And its main steps are: • Identifying Functions: “Actions that the designed device or system is supposed to take or meant to do” (Dym and Little). • Generating Design Alternatives: Ideation Methods

Conference Session

Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yogendra M. Panta, Youngstown State University; Michael T. Butcher, Youngstown State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

exercises and semester projects may be given from following which reflect theexpertise of the STEM faculty instructors: • biomechanics of locomotor systems encompassing dynamic force and moment analyses applied to the musculoskeletal system, and locomotor energetics and physiological constraints. • biofluids of flow systems encompassing kinematics of fluid flow and its application to blood circulation in the body.Each of these two main technical topics offers lecture, demonstration, laboratory exercises andsemester projects as explained below:4.1 Biomechanics of Locomotor SystemsIt is well understood that structure and function are interdependent for species fitness andsurvival. An understanding of material and mechanical

Conference Session

Towards Global Competency for Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vukica Jovanovic, Trine University; Thomas H. DeAgostino, Trine University; M. Brian Thomas P.E., Trine University; R. Thomas Trusty II, Trine University

Tagged Divisions

International

of competency factorsand the developmental path of global awareness; from the deficiency stage of ignorance to anideal high level of competence known as adaptability7. Cultural intelligence reflects a capabilityto gather and manipulate information, draw inferences, and enact behaviors in response to one’scultural setting. To be culturally adaptive, a core set of cultural competencies must be mastered.To achieve the adaptation level, skills that include cognition, motivation and behavior have to bedeveloped7. Young professionals need to learn a variety of information about diverse cultures Page 25.490.4and their cultural customs (cognitive

Conference Session

Research Informing Teaching Practice I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Jane Grigg, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

students Page 25.508.3completed the written portion of the problem in class, they completed a subsequent activityinvolving verbal think-aloud reflection on their in-class work before submitting their assignment.As a result, the sample is not inclusive of all students in the class, as some students did notsubmit their assignment and some students did not turn in self-report surveys of mental workloadbut did turn in solutions. Students worked out problems just as they would using traditional penand paper so as not to artificially influence mental workload; however, they were encouraged touse planning techniques including restating the problem

Conference Session

Progress in Manufacturing Education III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Peter Vogt, University of Utah; Stacy Bamberg, University of Utah; Debra J. Mascaro, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

, when evaluators have seen all the availableSPRIAL-MC materials, they will be asked to answer a questionnaire (shown in the next section) tomake necessary improvements. After receiving feedback from evaluators, we will make necessarychanges and then re-evaluate the course materials by the beginning of June ideally with the sameevaluators and questionnaire.6 Course Evaluation QuestionnaireThis questionnaire will evaluate the course by focusing on University of Utah standard courseevaluation questions: • The course objectives were clearly stated • The course objectives were met • The course content was well organized • The course materials were helpful in meeting course objectives • Assignments and exams reflected what was

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lelli Van Den Einde, University of California, San Diego; Terrance R. Mayes, University of California, San Diego; Nathan Delson, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

able to graduate in engineering. 4.6 4.7 2.17% 16 I plan to join a student engineering organization. 4.6 4.8 4.35% Results from questions targeting the five academic preparation workshops that werepresented over the course of the four-day program are summarized in Table 2. Question 1, which targeted the assessment of whether the program fostered a sense ofcommunity among the 22 participants, showed a 28.6% increase between the pre- and post-surveys demonstrating the success of the program in attaining this goal and ensuring that the newstudents feel part of the school of engineering academic learning community. Questions 2 and 3 were designed to reflect on whether the program was successful in

Conference Session

Research in Engineering Education I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hanjun Xian, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Krishna Madhavan, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Borrego M, Newswander LK. Characteristics of successful cross-disciplinary engineering education collaborations. Journal of Engineering Education. 2008;97(2):123.6. Olds BM, Moskal BM, Miller RL. Assessment in engineering education: Evolution, approaches and future collaborations. Journal of Engineering Education. 2005;94:13–25.7. Borrego M. Development of engineering education as a rigorous discipline: A study of the publication patterns of four coalitions. Journal of Engineering Education. 2007;96(1):5.8. McKenna AF, Yalvac B, Light GJ. The role of collaborative reflection on shaping engineering faculty teaching approaches. Journal of Engineering Education. 2009;98(1):17– 26.9. Birnholtz JP. When do researchers collaborate? Toward a

Conference Session

Computer and Informtion Technology-related Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suranjan Panigrahi, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ken Burbank, Purdue University, Statewide Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

decision to join a graduate program.Using the above described factors, (Table 1), a numerical assessment can be made toreflect the distribution of strength and weakness (areas for improvement) for all thesefactors. Rating of four or higher in an attribute represents the strength and a rating belowthree reflects the areas for improvement. The generated assessment information can beused along with opportunities and threat to develop a strategic plan. It is also important toidentify relevant constraints that might have contributed to a lower rating of the attributesand if those constraints are financial constraints, policy constraints, economical issuesetc. The temporal nature of the identified constraints needs to be identified as well.2.2.2

Conference Session

CoED General Technical Session II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert P. Brazile, University of North Texas; Kathleen Swigger, University of North Texas; Matt Ray Hoyt, University of North Texas; Brian Lee, University of North Texas; Brandon Nelson, University of North Texas

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, it should bepossible to study the patterns among the participating instructors and identify the compatiblecourses. To address this issue, we need to obtain instructor data over several semesters tounderstand which courses and projects were successfully executed.6. AcknowledgmentsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.0705638. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation. We also wish to thank the students who participated in the study, and the manycolleagues (in all four countries who helped make this research possible.7. References[1] P

Conference Session

New Classrooms, New Challenges II: Assessing Non-traditional Approaches

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Cooper, North Carolina State University; Lisa G. Bullard, North Carolina State University; Steven W. Peretti, North Carolina State University; David F. Ollis, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

integrity.” • “I don't want this to turn into some kind of witch-hunt where I have to defend myself for even writing a similar sentence.”These comments reflect the views espoused in other literature on the use of Turnitin6. However,in the selected sample of ChE students, these views were in the minority as indicated by thesmall fraction (<10%) of negative responses from each class. It is suggested by the authors thatthe focus of this particular ChE department on ethics throughout the curriculum may inform themore tolerant nature of students’ views toward their instructor using plagiarism screeningsoftware. Similar views have also been described in other studies pertaining to non-engineeringstudents8, 9.A considerable fraction of students

Conference Session

Design Tools and Methodology II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Joseph Kirstukas, Central Connecticut State University; Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Page 25.222.10 Figure 7: Perceptions of activities related to solid modelingSurvey question 2.3: In response to the optional short answer question, “Please name anyrelevant attributes for successful solid modeling not listed above”, fourteen responses werereceived. Some responses were related to some of the solid modeling techniques that wereemphasized in the course, such as avoiding redundancy of model parameters, and creating simpleand changeable models (3X). Other proposed activities were variations of the existingbrainstorming and visualization themes. The one truly distinct item was “time management”. Itwas mentioned by two respondents and probably reflects that given enough time; practicallyeveryone could create a 3D

Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yaseen Mahmud, Morgan State University; Masud Salimian, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

. Some of the responses: ‘best chance to understandthe material’, 78%; liked the incremental testing aspect, 56%; benefited from the study routine,44%. Other benefits that students noted were: learned and applied time management skills, 78%;increased individualized time with the instructor, 56%; enhanced presentation skills, 56%.Students’ reflections on the structureThis was an innovative method for teaching an engineering class. None of the students hadencountered a format like it before. Students in the topic group were forced into variousstrategies in order to perform. An unarticulated goal of the format was to create a learningcommunity. Toward this end students were encouraged and did form both formal and informalstudy groups. In the

Conference Session

NEW THIS YEAR! - ASEE Main Plenary II: Best Paper Recognition & Industry Day Session: Corporate Member Council Speaker

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University

Tagged Topics

ASEE Board of Directors, Corporate Members Council

learninggains immediately after their completion compared to student performance on the concept questionsseveral weeks after the activity. In addition, 25% of the concept inventory questions reflect the situationsfound directly in the inquiry-based activities. Because of that parallel construction, it would be importantto examine and contrast student performance on questions directly related to the activity from those thatasked students to apply their understanding of the concept to new situations. This latter will provideadditional information about the effectiveness of the activities for promoting transfer, a key educationaloutcome and one that is often difficult to achieve. Finally, it would be beneficial to have additionalmeasures of students

Conference Session

Innovative Course Developments in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Kelting, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Eric A. Holt, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

feedback for each question included a reference backto the content. “Key Points/Make a Note” prompts encouraged students to reflect andsummarize. The instructor provided a comprehensive assessment with immediate feedback at theend of each lesson. When applicable, the feedback directed the reader to the section containingthe information necessary to answering each assessment question correctly.ConclusionThis study agrees with Peterson’s (2008) conclusion that developing a strong relationship withindustry is a vital part of the project based delivery system. Industry relations have beenimportant for the continued development of current material for activities, discussions, lectures,labs, final projects and continued field trips. In light of the

Conference Session

Topics in Computer Science and Programming

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Dean Palmer, Northern Arizona University; Eck Doerry, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

program, creating formative andmutually-supportive friendships that create a support structure that helps students succeed in ourprogram. Page 25.1291.2In this paper we will describe the funding, design, and evolution of the Digital Carnival concept,and reflect on the surveys and participation data collected over the five years since launching theDigital Carnival initiative. The results show that gaming represents a unique crosscut of thestudent population and that these students are not well served by other extracurricular activities.This suggests that gaming can be an important part of student socialization, which can be

Conference Session

Examining Problem-based Learning

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Morgan M. Hynes, Tufts University; Ethan E. Danahy, Tufts University; Danielle Dowling, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

in and reflect upon the engineering design process. His research includes investigating how teachers conceptualize and then teach engineering through in-depth case study analysis. Hynes also spends time working at the Sarah Greenwood K-8 school (a Boston Public School) assisting teachers in implementing engineering curriculum in grades 3-8.Dr. Ethan E. Danahy, Tufts University Ethan Danahy is a Research Assistant Professor in the Department Computer Science at Tufts University outside of Boston Mass., having received B.S. and M.S. degrees in computer science in 2000 and 2002, re- spectively, and a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering in 2007, all from Tufts. Additionally, he acts as the Engineering Research

Conference Session

Research Informing Teaching Practice II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renata A. Revelo Alonso, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Michael C. Loui, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Page 25.1320.8engineering design tradeoffs. Faculty can aid students in making a habit of refocusing back to“big ideas” throughout the course by intentionally making connections between smaller andbigger ideas. For instance, in the design of a project, the assignment might ask students to run acost-benefit or design tradeoff analysis as part of a report. Additionally, students can find reallife engineering projects in newspapers or online articles and reflect on how the skills they arelearning in the classroom present themselves outside of the academic realm6.LimitationsOne of the limitations in this study is in the nature of the course. Although ECE 101 follows apre-defined syllabus and has had similar course objectives over the years, like

Conference Session

Software Engineering Curricula

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Darling Urban, Texas Tech University; Joseph E Urban, Texas Tech University; Susan A. Mengel, Texas Tech University; William M. Marcy P.E., Texas Tech University; Patrick E. Patterson, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

under revision to better reflect the impact that the Internet hashad on software development over the last ten years.A committee was established in 2007 through Stevens Institute of Technology to develop theGSwERC as a new reference curriculum for graduate software engineering. As part of thedevelopment of GSwERC, the committee conducted a survey of 28 software engineeringprograms2. The survey indicates that 25% of the programs are housed in stand-alone softwareengineering departments, 50% are in computer science departments, and the other 25% are invarious other departments. The M.S. in Software Engineering at the University of Texas Austin,for example, is housed in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, while thesoftware

Conference Session

FPD IX: Research on First-year Programs Part III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stanley M. Forman, Northeastern University; Susan F. Freeman, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

successfully able to begrouped into the major categories. These responses included being able to correctly cite works,having ambition(!), being able to see deception in an argument and being involved in classactivities. Page 25.1350.7Global awareness (3.0%)The last category focused on engineers being aware of the linkage between their work and theneeds of the society at large. It was a surprise at first that so few respondents mentioned this,but, on reflection, it may indicate that this is not a skill or attribute particularly lacking in today’smore globally aware student body. This is assumed to be a good omen!Discussion of Pareto application and Use

Conference Session

Energy Education Courses, Labs, and Projects

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl J. Spezia, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Dwight Harold Thomas Jr.

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

video. Multimedia creates large files Custom animations available that must be downloaded. No streaming. MathCAD Easily displays complex Not designed to create equations and graphs. presentations. Changing parameters reflected automaticallyScreen Capture Panopto Server-based system integrates Editing tools crude and difficult multiple

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janice M. Margle P.E., Pennsylvania State University, Abington; Catherine L. Cohan, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Yu-Chang Hsu, Boise State University; Jill L. Lane, Clayton State University; Amy Freeman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Javier Gomez-Calderon, Pennsylvania State University; Dhushy Sathianathan, California State University, Long Beach; Renata S. Engel P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

in engineering.Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are thoseof the authors and do not necessarily reflect views of the National Science Foundation. Page 25.1367.17

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David H. Hoe, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

theavailable funding allowed the two sophomore students to be paid for only ten hours per weekduring the summer months. It is gratifying to see that the summer research experience had apositive impact on the students’ plans for graduate school as reflected in the response to thefourth statement.Summary and ConclusionsSeveral important lessons learned for enabling successful undergraduate student research inFPGAs are now summarized. First, while rather obvious, it is worth stating again, the importanceof finding the right quality of student. Students who are motivated and especially those who arepondering graduate school are key.8,18 All five of the students represented in this paper areconsidering graduate school or have already applied. (One of them

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hong Man, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

progresses, the fact those online students have less interaction with the instructor is reflected Page 25.1396.15 by the increase in their time spent on the exercises and their perceived difficulty levels.3. When the difficulty level (NDI) of the lab exercise is high, as seen in Lab 6 (NMR), on- campus students may learn slightly better than the on-line students. Lab 6 is generally considered by students as much more difficult than other labs. Students' behavior in this lab is worth careful study.4. Lab 7 has relatively low NDIs and high PPIs across all semesters. This may have an interesting implication, i.e. students tend to learn

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation of K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tracey Louise Collins, North Carolina State University; Eric N. Wiebe, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

form through this project. The MISO project will benefit by being able toproduce a valid and reliable common survey instrument, as well as being able to use the resultsof the surveys in their research. Without each other, neither of these results would be attainable.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.(DUE-1038154). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation.   Page 25.1414.10References

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation of K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University; Galen E. Turner III, Louisiana Tech University; Eric Deemer Ph.D., Louisiana Tech University; Krystal S. Corbett, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

way through themaze of clues throughout the entire campus.On the first day of the camp, each school is presented with a locked box. After performing whatamounts to a brute-force attack on the box and determining the appropriate combination, the studentopen the box to reveal a collection of puzzles. The puzzles themselves lead to other puzzles that arescattered across the campus. These puzzles are of a nature that reflects the topics of the camp. Onepuzzle, for example, requires the students perform a walking Boe-bot program whereby each clue ispresented in the form of a Boe-bot program in PBASIC and leads them to another clue in another part ofthe campus. Several puzzles involve using cryptographic concepts learned in class with a few

Conference Session

Before and After: Matriculants and Alumni

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marisa K. Orr, Purdue University; Nichole M. Ramirez, Purdue University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Valerie Lundy-Wagner, New York University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

affords models of postsecondary outcomes.Even when PES is included, the model still captures less than 3% of the variance present in thedata. Thus, it is critical to recognize that the value of the model is in understanding the effects ofthe model’s variables on the behavior of groups of students. It would be unwise to use this modelto predict the likelihood that a particular student will graduate in engineering. One promisingaspect of this research is that PES reflects the cultural and economic resources of public schools; Page 25.1427.8unlike race or gender, school environments can be changed. Future research along these lines canhelp

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marisa Hamilton, Riviera Kaufer High School; Lee Clapp, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Mohamed Abdelrahman, Texas A&M University, Kingsville

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Foundation under Grant No.EEC-1106529, Research Experience for Teachers in Manufacturing for Competitiveness in theUnited States (RETainUS). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views ofthe National Science Foundation.Bibliography1. University of Georgia, River Basin Center (no date). Georgia’s Aquifers. Retrieved January 8, 2012, from http://www.rivercenter.uga.edu/education/summit/general/geology/ aquifers.htm.2. Brain, M., & Lamb, R. (2000, October 9). How Nuclear Power Works. Retrieved July 6, 2011, from http://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power.htm .3. Texas Mining and Reclamation Association [TMRA] (no date). In