Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Anne Schmitz, Gannon University; Nicholas B Conklin, Gannon University; Quyen Aoh Aoh, Gannon University

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data that can be used to validate the models I build. Here at Gannon University, I will continue building computational models with a focus on the knee to optimize surgical techniques (e.g. ACL reconstruction) to restore normal function after injury. When I’m not doing research, I enjoy going swimming and playing my violin.Dr. Nicholas B Conklin, Gannon University Nicholas B. Conklin received a B.S. in applied physics from Grove City College in 2001, and a Ph.D. in physics from Penn State University in 2009. He is currently an associate professor and chair of the Physics Department at Gannon University, Erie, PA.Dr. Quyen Aoh Aoh, Gannon University Assistant Professor of Biology c

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2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Vasudeva Rao Aravind, Clarion University; Marcella Kay McConnell, Clarion University of Pennsylvania

. & Koedinger, K. R. An effective metacognitive strategy: Learning by doing and explaining with a computer-based Cognitive Tutor. Cogn. Sci. 26, 147–179 (2002).11. Olsen, J. K. et al. Authoring collaborative intelligent tutoring systems. CEUR Workshop Proc. 1009, 1–10 2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Spring Conference, April 6-7, 2018 – University of the District of Columbia (2013).12. Woolf, B. & McDonald, D. D. BUILDING A COMPUTER TUTOR: DESIGN ISSUES. Computer (Long. Beach. Calif). 17, (1984).13. Arroyo, I. et al. A multimedia adaptive tutoring system for mathematics that addresses cognition, metacognition and affect. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 24, 387–426 (2014).14. Blair-Early, A. &

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia; Mohammad Ali Rahimi, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

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male and female end connectingone side to the wall outlet and the other for the load device. As the relay turns off, the system tooturns off. Figure 2: Component IntegrationII.C Software designThe software design portion consists of Part A which focuses on the microcontroller receivesdata outputted by the pins of the Kill-A-Watts LM2902 operational amplifier. Using a built inArduino function ‘analogRead’, an array is created for the high and low current, and voltagevalues. In part B, an average of these array values are taken and the RMS value is calculated forpower, current, and voltage. A. Value Measurement Teensy runs a toggle that is activated on the Rising and falling edge from Q3, the collector on

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Melanie Villatoro P.E., New York City College of Technology; Karla Karolin Peña, Student; Janet Liou-Mark, New York City College of Technology, CUNY

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, and the formation of mentor/mentee relationships. PLTL has been provento provide a greater sense of belonging for students that attend the workshops.11 It is believed thatthe creation of small learning communities between students affects them positively meaning theymight have a higher chance of getting a grade of A, B, C, or D.10 Students are able to master thematerial when they have PLTL sections, it allows them to retain the information because they wereactively engaged in solving the problem.12 Implementation of active learning through PLTL hasimproved retentions rates by 15%.13Peer-Led Team Learning in StaticsThe Construction Management and Civil Engineering Technology (CMCE) department offersassociate degrees in Civil Engineering

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Jose M Reyes Alamo, CUNY - New York City College of Technology

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learning to program. (2005). (Accessed: 20th February 2018)2. Rodrigo, M. M. T. & Baker, R. S. J. d. Coarse-grained Detection of Student Frustration in an Introductory Programming Course. in Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computing Education Research Workshop 75–80 (ACM, 2009). doi:10.1145/1584322.15843323. Cheang, B., Kurnia, A., Lim, A. & Oon, W.-C. On automated grading of programming assignments in an academic institution. Comput. Educ. 41, 121–131 (2003).4. CodingBat Java. Available at: http://codingbat.com/java. (Accessed: 20th February 2018)5. Codecademy - learn to code, interactively, for free. Codecademy Available at: https://www.codecademy.com/. (Accessed: 19th February 2018)6. Programmr | Your

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2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Chen Xu, New York City College of Technology; Ohbong Kwon, New York City College of Technology; Juanita But, New York City College of Technology; Benito Mendoza, City University of New York; Janet Liou-Mark, New York City College of Technology, CUNY; Robert Ostrom

). there is institutional support, are critical to successfully cultivate the execution of PLTL indifferent courses. 5 2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Spring Conference, April 6-7, 2018 – University of the District of Columbia To implement PLTL model to EMT1150, our team started the preparation in Fall 2016.Seven peer-leaders who were motivated students and completed this course with B+ and abovegrades, were recruited and recommended to take a weekly seminar course (Peer Leader Trainingin Mathematics, MEDU 2901). ). This seminar helped them learn to facilitate collaborative teamwork, develop ethical principles, build vital skills to communicate effectively, and learn strategiesto manage and effect attitudinal change. Meanwhile, we recognized that

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Dilnesa T Nukuro, University of the District of Columbia ; Paul Cotae, University of the District of Columbia

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) b) Figure: 2 Nonmonotonicity of ALCC (i) Suppose there exists a triangle u, v, w in G. Then C (u) > 0, so C (G) > 0. For the converse, if C (G) > 0, there exists u ∈ V such that C (u) > 0. By definition of C (u), there exists a triangle u, v, w containing u. (ii) Suppose C (G) = 1. Then, for each u ∈ V, the subgraph induced by {u} ∪ N (u) is a clique, from which G is a clique or only separated cliques. The converse follows directly from the definition of C (G).Lemma 3. For any u ∈ V 2 ∑ ∈ | ∩N u | (3)Proof: For each neighbor v of u, the number of triangles that contain both u and v is |N(u)∩N(v)|.Since each

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2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Rocio Alba-Flores, Georgia Southern University; Tricia Kirkland

-upDuring the summer 2017, nine secondary school teachers participated in the RET-ENERGYprogram. The summer activities were divided in: a) workshops, b) visits to industries, and c)research experience.The workshop topics included: laboratory safety and health effects of emissions, wind energy,solar energy and photovoltaics, solar panels, pico-grid, exhaust heat, heat transfer, bio-flownetworks, and STEM education and assessment. The workshop activities took place during thefirst two weeks of the summer, and all nine participants attended all the workshops.The visits to industries were scheduled one every Friday, and the industries that were visitedincluded Honda, Briggs & Stratton, JCB, Herty Advanced Materials Lab, and the National

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Lisa L Greenwood, Rochester Institute of Technology; Jennifer Schneider, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); Maureen S. Valentine PE, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST)

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new material. Assessment varied fromshort answer or multiple-choice questions to a large project, and was evaluated using a gradingrubric to generate a score for each portion of the work. Regardless of the method used, the goalwas to evaluate the student learning that was occurring in each piloted module. A standard wasset at achieving a grade of a B (80%) or better.In addition to our own evaluation of student learning as each module was piloted within courses,we also went a step further and engaged other interested faculty, both internal and external to ouruniversity. Those instructors that reviewed the drafted materials provided feedback on efficacyand usefulness within their own teaching lexicon. This was important, because we needed

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Alexander T Wray, Purdue University Northwest; Nuri Zeytinoglu P.E., Purdue University Northwest

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Paper ID #243582018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference: Washington, District ofColumbia Apr 6Identifying Boolean Logic Processes via the Basis of a NACA 2415 AirfoilAlexander T Wray, Purdue University Northwest Alexander Wray is a Masters-seeking Mechanical Engineer enrolled at Purdue University North Central. He conducts research into dynamic system modelling and CFD modal systems for the purpose of mod- elling arduous or complex systems. As well, he presents and assists with teaching projects to classes in Solid Mechanics, Thermodynamics, and Fluid Mechanics in undergraduate courses.Prof. Nuri Zeytinoglu P.E., Purdue

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Felipe J. Perez, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Yasser Salem, Cal Poly Pomona

Paper ID #243982018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference: Washington, District ofColumbia Apr 6Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of a Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete ShearWall BuildingDr. Felipe J. Perez, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Dr. Felipe Perez is an Associate Professor of structural engineering in the Civil Engineering Department at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. As civil engineering curriculum chair and coordina- tor of semester conversion, he successfully led the conversion of the civil engineering curriculum from a quarter system to a semester system. He is a member of the

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

sunil Dehipawala, Queensborough Community College; Vazgen Shekoyan; Tak Cheung, CUNY Queensborough Community College

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changes in the parabola shape while thehorizontal distance versus time is always linear in shape. The causation of higher v0 for longerflight time can be deduced inductively after doing a few graphs. A deductive calculuspresentation of differentiating v0 with respect to flight time would belong to the academiclearning approach2, which is teaching time efficient for those students very familiar withcalculus. Every student is expected to be familiar with the quadratic equation solution in algebrathat time = P + Q*sqrt(-1) or P – Q*sqrt(-1) when b*b is less than 4*a*c given the a*x*x+ b*x +c = 0 format. The minimum initial velocity to reach ground from a depth of -120 m can bedemonstrated by extrapolation (about 48 m/s) on a graph of Q*Q versus

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Vazgen Shekoyan, Queensborough Community College, CUNY; sunil Dehipawala, Queensborough Community College; Tak Cheung, CUNY Queensborough Community College

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, description for the kinematics of throwing anobject upward to reach ground level when inside a well10. The (4ac - b*b) positive valuemeasures "missing ground level by how much" while b*b = 4ac is the bare minimum case toreach ground level with zero parabola vertex distance. The (b*b - 4ac) positive value measures"overdoing by how much" and points to a quantity that could be used to represent an excesseffort in the upward throw for reaching the ground level. Further analytical reasoningdevelopment in the (b*b – 4ac) term would lead to energy and work concepts after mass andforce were incorporated. The critical thinking for a specific purpose would be used to guide thelearning process. Examples such as a minimum speed to maintain a circular orbit, an

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Andrew Grossfield P. E., Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology

axis. Furthermore every straight line has a direction which can be measuredby the angle the line makes with the horizontal. If the straight line has the form y = mx + b thenit can be shown that the value of m, called the slope of the line is equal to the tangent of theangle with the horizontal and will serve as a measure of the direction of the lineOn the other hand say the vertical variable, y, represents distance and the horizontal variable, t,represents time, then it makes no sense to combine the vertical and horizontal into a single space;and there are no such concepts as either direction or angle in such a combined space. In this caseif there is a linear relationship between y and t say y = vt + y0 , v cannot be treated as describinga

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia; Dilnesa T Nukuro, University of the District of Columbia; Zerihun G Biru Biru

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Diversity

is displayed to a data analystat the base station.The main focus of the sensor nodes is size and efficiency. The sensor node consists of an ArduinoUno, a PIR Sensor, an Xbee module, a lithium ion battery for energy storage and a solar panel.The schematics of the hardware design are illustrated in Fig. 2. The sensor nodes which areillustrated in Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 2(b), respectively, consist of an PIR sensor that can detect motion,a preprogram Arduino Uno that will act as the processing unit, and an Xbee pro which will act asa transmitter and a receiver [4]. When objects move in front of the PIR sensor, the sensor will senda signal to the Arduino Uno [3]. The Arduino has been programed to receive signal from the PIRsensor. The Arduino will

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2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

John Robert Schedel Jr., United States Naval Academy; Angela Schedel, U.S. Naval Academy

equations. Figure 1: Brittle (Chalk) vs. Ductile (Tootsie Roll) Failure (a) Pure axial force applied to a brittle material (chalk) (b) Pure axial force applied to a ductile material (Tootsie Roll) (c) Pure torsion applied to a brittle material (chalk) (d) Pure torsion applied to a ductile material (Tootsie Roll)Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT) can also be incorporated into the chalk andTootsie Roll demonstration. However, it does require access to a freezer in the immediate vicinityof the classroom, plus a little bit of prior planning. For this demonstration, Tootsie Rolls must befrozen ahead of time. After the

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Baha Bachnak, The Pennsylvania State University; Nashwa Elaraby, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College

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. 7References[1] B. Carroll, S. Gieser, and D. Levine, “A hierarchical project-based introduction to digital logic design course,” presented at the 121st ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition: 360 Degrees of Engineering Education, Indianapolis, IN, United states, 2014.[2] K. Yelamarthi and E. Drake, “A Flipped First-Year Digital Circuits Course for Engineering and Technology Students,” IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 179–186, Aug. 2015.[3] J. Pang, “Active Learning in the Introduction to Digital Logic Design Laboratory Course,” p. 10, 2015.[4] D. Bañeres, R. Clarisó, J. Jorba, and M. Serra, “Experiences in Digital Circuit Design Courses: A Self-Study Platform for Learning Support,” IEEE Transactions on Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Haiyan (Henry) H Zhang, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

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. The composition of this virtual prototype began with the constructionof the 3D CAD model, including constructing (a) the framing of the vending system, (b) “PickerAssembly” for X-Y axis product acquisition, (c) “pusher assembly” for Z-axis product acquisition,(d) functional architecture, and (e) final assembly of product vending VP, respectively (as shownin Figure 2). Cost effectiveness and strength were paramount, and alloy steel was chosen for itscomposition. The extensive use of aluminum was chosen for these components because 6061-T6aluminum possesses high strength properties but also low weight. This was an importantconsideration for the shelving because higher weight would have put higher stress on the fastenersused to mount the shelves

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

David Timothy Lee, George Washington University; Carl E. Wick Sr., George Washington University; Hernan Figueroa

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these problems, we examined our existing course structure, compared it to the way fac-ulty typically approach design problems, and decided that adopting an industry acceptedagile planning approach—scrum 2 in particular—would be a worthwhile year-long capstoneexperiment. We felt that this methodology would force students out of their risk-averse“research until we know everything mode, and into a structured and supervised try–fail–fixmode used by innovative companies like Blue Origin.3 We were interested in implementingtwo agile principles within a scrum project management approach: a) prioritizing develop-ment of a working prototype over comprehensive documentation and b) encouraging studentresponses to challenges. Our impetus for selecting

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Wangling Yu, Purdue University Northwest (Merged with Calumet)

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). (a) (b) Figure 2. Pole-zero map and Nyquist diagram of rotary inverted pendulum system 2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Spring Conference, April 6-7, 2018 – University of the District of Columbia Figure 3. Bode diagram of rotary inverted pendulum systemControl System DevelopmentFrom the given mathematical modeling, the overall system could be converted into the blockdiagram representing the state-space model. In this model, the overall signal flowing could beshown clearly, and the input signal is consisted of two parts, the original step signal, which testsabout how the system reacts to a constant input, and the band-limited white noise signal, whichshows how the system reacts to constant

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Harold R Underwood, Messiah College

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) b) Figure 1: Telemetry system demo including a) local Tx (left)& remote Rx (right) units with b) magnified display unitMethods: Curricular, Course & Project ParametersThe Communications Systems (coms) course offered in the engineering department at MessiahCollege is a 3-credit course required for all students in the Electrical concentration. The comscourse has Electrical Devices as a prerequisite, which in turn requires Analog Electronics, CircuitsI & II. So, these students have been exposed to basic DC/AC analog & digital circuits, and circuitapplications including diodes, transistors and op amps such as amplifiers and filters. LinearSystems and Electromagnetics are recommended for coms but are not listed as required

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Yasser R Salem, University of the District of Columbia; Paul Cotae, University of the District of Columbia

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Paper ID #243652018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference: Washington, District ofColumbia Apr 6Analysis of the Low Rate of Denial of Service Attacks Detection by Using Sta-tistical Fisher MethodsMr. Yasser R Salem, University of the District of ColumbiaDr. Paul Cotae, University of the District of Columbia Dr. Paul Cotae,Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering has more than 25 years of experience in the communication field (research and education). He received a Dipl. Ing. and a M.S. degrees in com- munication and electronic engineering in 1980 from the Technical University of Iassy and a Ph.D. degree in

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Peng Li, East Carolina University

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Diversity

. Ghalsasi. "Cloud computing—The business perspective." Decision support systems 51, no. 1 (2011): 176-189. 3 B. Rimal, E. Choi, and I. Lumb. "A taxonomy and survey of cloud computing systems." In INC, IMS and IDC, 2009. NCM'09. Fifth International Joint Conference on, pp. 44-51. IEEE, 2009. 4 P. Mell, and T. Grance. "The NIST definition of cloud computing." (2011). [Online]. Available: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-145/final. [Accessed March 9, 2018] 5 L. Leong, R. Bala, C. Lowery and D. Smith. "Magic quadrant for cloud infrastructure as a service, Worldwide" Gartner (2014). [Online]. Available: https://www.gartner.com/doc/reprints?id=1- 2G2O5FC&ct

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2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Christian Enmanuel Lopez, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Conrad Tucker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

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datacaptured while they read the instructions for atask. The (i) Data Acquisition & FeatureExtraction, (ii) Model Building & Tuning, and(iii) Model Evaluation steps of the proposedmethod are illustrated in Fig. 2. For this work,students’ performance is assumed to be afunction of their task completion timemeasured in seconds. Students are classifiedbased on this performance as (i) “below” Figure 2. Outline of proposed methodaverage or (ii) “above” average. That is, if astudent i takes longer than the average of all student that performed that same task t, student i isclassified as A)“above”; otherwise is classified as B)“below”; for i ϵ set of students {I} and t ϵset of tasks {T}.2.1

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Rajarajan Subramanian, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College

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Diversity

following research question: How does the NE STEM 4Uprogram influence the (a) excitement, (b) curiosity/inquiry, and (c) understanding of STEMconcepts of elementary school participants? From this study, and the quantitative Dimensions ofSucess data, it was observed that the NE STEM 4U program within elementary schools was mosteffective in Space Utilization, Relationships, Materials, Organization, and Youth Voice (averagescores greater than 3.5). Scores were high (greater than 3) across most categories. The weakestobservation category was Relevance, though it still received an overall average score of 2.7.These results emphasize that NE STEM 4U is a highly effective STEM learning model for 2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Spring Conference, April 6-7, 2018

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Zoe Zyvith, Rutgers University; Mark Thomas Trevena, Rutgers University; Andrew Yong; Ryan Lamantia; Lana E Sharp, Rutgers University; Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia

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General Hospital Gray Building. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2017, from https://energy.gov/eere/buildings/healthcare-energy- massachusetts-general -hospital-gray-building12. Healthcare Energy-Use Monitoring. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2017, from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/6106413. McDonald, B. (n.d.). Geothermal Systems: What's the Difference Between a Closed Loop and Open Loop System? Retrieved December 11, 2017, from https://www.obhc.com/blog/geothermal-systems-whats-the-difference-between-a-closed- loop-and-open-loop-system14. Are You in the Loop? Open vs. Closed Loop Systems in Geothermal. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2017, from http://www.geothermalgenius.org/blog/are-you-in-the-loop

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Paul Cotae, University of the District of Columbia; Luis P. Aguinaga, University of the Distric of Columbia

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Diversity

and Mining 6 (2016): 1-14.2. Andrés Vázquez-Rodas , Luis J. de la Cruz Llopis “A centrality-based topology control protocol for wireless mesh Networks” Ad Hoc Networks Volume 24, Part B, January 2015, Pages 34-543. Terrill L. Frantz, Marcelo Cataldo, Kathleen M. Carley “Robustness of centrality measures under uncertainty: Examining the role of network topology” Published online: 15 December 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 20094. Komal Batool, Muaz A. Niazi ” Towards a Methodology for Validation of Centrality Measures in Complex Networks” PLoS ONE 9(4): e90283.doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.00902835. Klaus Wehmuth, Artur Ziviani “DACCER: Distributed Assessment of the Closeness Centrality Ranking in complex

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

sunil Dehipawala, Queensborough Community College; Pubudu Samarasekara; Khushpreet Kaur

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show typical Mossbauer spectra of iron film prepared by spin coating and sol-gel method respectively. The Mossbauer spectrum of samples prepared by spin coating can befitted with two Lorenzian doublets. This indicates presence of two different forms of iron. Theisomer shift,0.53 m/s relative to iron foil spectrum, and quadrupole splitting, 0.8 mm/s, of line Bagree with octahedrally co-ordinated Fe3+. However, line A shows very little isomer shift, 0.04mm/s relative to iron foil spectrum, and quadrupole splitting of 1.3 mm/s. The isomer shift ofline A is compatible with Fe0 but presence of quadrupole splitting indicates non-symettricelectron density at the site of iron nuclei. But the intensity of line A is significantly lowcompared to line B

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Yasser Salem, Cal Poly Pomona; Felipe J. Perez, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

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Diversity

Paper ID #243212018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference: Washington, District ofColumbia Apr 6Seismic Retrofit of Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Dual Frame Buildingusing Fiber Composite JacketingDr. Yasser Salem, Cal Poly Pomona Yasser S. Salem is Associate Chair of Civil Engineering Department at California State Polytechnic Uni- versity Pomona (CPP); He is the Director of Assessment at the College of Engineering. He successfully oversaw the merge of the construction engineering program to the civil engineering department. He is a program evaluator at Accreditation Board for Engineering (ABET). He is a member of the

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Wagdy H Mahmoud, University of the District of Columbia; Nian Zhang, University of the District of Columbia (UDC)

, maintain, and upgradeprivate data centers and servers. Currently, the main commercial providers of public cloudproviders include Amazon (Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google CloudPlatform, and IBM Cloud.Cloud providers allow customers to share computer hardware, high-capacity storage andcontinually-updated software packages, applications, and pre-built services reducing their needsto buy expensive technologies that may quickly become obsolete. In return, customers pay theircloud providers a subscription fee or pay according to their resource usage. In general, cloudcomputing services can be divided into the following three categories: a) Service as a Software(SaaS); b) infrastructure as a service (IaaS); and c) platform as a service