Conference Session

Development of Technical and Soft Skills in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica Dominique Okon, The Ohio State University; Tanya M. Nocera, The Ohio State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

. She is currently a lead GTA in the Department of Biomedical Engineering where she helped pilot the electronic lab notebooks in junior level labs.Tanya M. Nocera PhD, The Ohio State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering Tanya M. Nocera, PhD is an Assistant Professor of Practice in Biomedical Engineering at The Ohio State University. She is focused on developing, teaching and assessing upper-level Biomedical Engineering laboratory courses, with particular interest in improving student technical communication skills. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Electronic Lab Notebooks Impact Biomedical Engineering Students’ Quality of Documentation and

Conference Session

Clinical, Patient, and Innovation Experiences in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Huffstickler, Pennsylvania State University; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Keefe B. Manning, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Margaret J. Slattery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

Undergraduate Education aimed to increase the visibility and support for General Education while helping to implement a new General Education program for all PSU undergraduates. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Impact of a Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Research Program on Student and Faculty Perceptions of CreativityAbstractImmersive research experiences have been shown to significantly improve the research andcommunication abilities of students who participate in them, as well as increase the likelihoodthat these students will pursue higher education after the completion of their bachelor’s degrees.While Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) programs are widespread

Conference Session

First- and Second-year Design and Professional Development in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christa M Wille, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Dalton James Hess; Jake Mitchell Levin, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Amit Janardhan Nimunkar, University of Wisconsin, Madison; John P. Puccinelli, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

the Department of Biomedical Engineering. He began here as student near the start of the UW-BME program and earned his BS, MS, and PhD in BME. He is interested in hands-on instruction – teaching and developing courses related to biomaterials and tissue engineering, as well as design. He has been awarded numerous departmental and college level teaching awards. He was recently inducted as a fellow to the UW-Madison Teaching Academy. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Impact of a Sophomore BME Design Fundamentals Course on Student Outcome Performance and Professional DevelopmentBiomedical Engineering (BME) students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison

Conference Session

Pedagogical Developments in BME

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Cawthorne, Purdue University; Osman Cekic, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; Melissa Stacer, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

VaNTHexperience about the ability to engage in work that brings together an entire community as alearning environment. 100 Percent of Respondents 80 60 40 20 0 Learner Knowledge Assessment Community HPL Framework ComponentsFigure 2: Graduate student respondents continuing to use HPL frame work components in theircurrent professional activities (n=29). The VaNTH experience on professional activities after participating in VaNTH extendsbeyond the use of the HPL framework in participants’ research

Conference Session

Ethics Education, Global Health, and Outreach in BME

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John D. DesJardins, Clemson University; Ellen Breazel, Clemson University; Marilyn Reba, Clemson University; Irina Viktorova, Clemson University; Jonathan Bradford Matheny, Clemson University; Taufiquar R. Khan

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

-framed question, “When am I ever going to use this?”Students can be insufficiently motivated to work consistently in their Calculus courses in pursuitof undefined educational or life-long goals. Consequently, they can under achieve in thesefundamental STEM courses and possibly leave their STEM field. Too often, this STEM-attritionscenario disproportionally involves women, underserved minorities, first-generation collegestudents, and community-college transfer students [2]. They may be less knowledgeable abouttheir career options and less prepared for the rigors and pace of college mathematics. Theauthors believe that one benefit of using medical applications in applied learning environments istheir appeal to a broad range of students, as most

Conference Session

BME Laboratory Courses and Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa Micou, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

means ofdeveloping a diverse, internationally competitive, and globally-engaged science and engineeringworkforce. After an undergraduate research experience students should be prepared andmotivated to pursue careers in science and engineering. A critical component of an effectiveprogram is the cultivation of a positive and supportive community by fostering student-studentand student-faculty relationships. The potential benefits of transitioning a summer researchexperience composed primarily of isolated research and seminars to one based on a learningcommunity approach has recently been demonstrated. In 2008, the Department ofBioengineering at The University of California, San Diego (UCSD) initiated a ten-week summerprogram through a National

Conference Session

Assessment of Learning in BME

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leann Dourte Segan, University of Pennsylvania; Emily R Elliott, Center for Teaching and Learning, University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

context.Previous studies have demonstrated that well-planned, student-centered, active, learning modulescan enhance problem-solving abilities, improve academic achievement and create more positiveattitudes toward learning.1-3 Many of these studies have focused on activities such as groupproblem solving, interpreting data or evidence, or engaging in practices of the field. Traditionallytopics in a mechanics/biomechanics course are introduced using derivations with subsequentassignments using the results of these often non-intuitive mathematical procedures. However,few studies have looked at the use of hands-on activities to replace or supplement mathematicalderivations in an effort to connect physical concepts with mathematical equations. Therefore

Conference Session

Development of Technical and Soft Skills in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dianne Grayce Hendricks, University of Washington; Alyssa Catherine Taylor, University of Washington; Stephanie Pulford, University of California, Davis

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

paper, we build on our previous work-in-progress4 describing the implementation of apeer review strategy integrated throughout the year-long capstone experience that allowsstudents to obtain formative feedback and build transferable communication skills and insights.Students completed a workshop series of scaffolded communication critique, small-groupformative peer review, and reflection. First, students were guided to collaborate as a class togenerate rubric for sections of the capstone report, as well as guidelines for constructive andeffective peer feedback. Next, students used these codes to provide feedback in small groups.When students submitted their revised draft, they included a cover letter describing theirreflection on peer feedback

Conference Session

"Best" of BED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan F. Campanile, Illinois Institute of Technology; Frederick Doe, illinois institute of technology; Elana Rose Jacobs, Illinois Institute of Technology; Norman G Lederman, Illinois Institute of Technology; Eric M Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

ProgramAbstract Research experiences for undergraduates have increased in availability at universities andgovernment laboratories throughout the nation. Government agencies, universities and privatedonors support these activities with a variety of expectations, including providing a more skilledworkforce, creating a greater emphasis on graduate education and increased retention of studentsin highly technical fields. While the value of these programs has been well-established, there is apaucity of empirically-based research on the various models and practices of these experiencesthat have the greatest impact on the students. The focus of this study was a National ScienceFoundation funded Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) program at a 4

Conference Session

Communication and Professional Skills in BME

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Ebenstein, Bucknell University; Joe Tranquillo; Daniel Cavanagh

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering X X X problems3f. an understanding of professional and ethical X X X responsibility3g. an ability to communicate effectively X X X3h. the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, X X X environmental, and societal context3i. a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in X X X X life-long

Conference Session

Hands-on Learning in BME

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric G Meyer, Lawrence Technological University; Brent L Ulrey , Western New England University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

students and can lead to deeper student learning when properly implemented Prince, 2004). Inaddition, the real world nature of PBL modules can lend itself for engineering design experiences that mayalso include broader Entrepreneurial Minded Learning (EML) (Kriewall and Mekemson, 2010). The aimis to develop students who are better at adapting to new trends, embracing creativity and leadership,understanding engineering impacts on society and business, as well as providing more opportunities toexperience engineering design (Fairweather, 2008). Engineering design courses at the freshman or seniorlevels are the most common way that universities use to give students opportunities to work on real worldengineering problems (Shartrand and Weilerstein

Conference Session

Unique Student Opportunities in BME

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Malkin, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

that rests with EWH. The Duke-EWH summer institute is run bythe Director and Assistant Director with 2-3 part-time staff being brought in as needed during thespring and fall. During the summer, an additional 4 US staff and 2 local staff are engaged to live Page 13.531.2and work with the students in their host countries.The Summer ProgramAdequate delivery of medical care often depends on sophisticated technology; technology thatmany underdeveloped countries cannot maintain in good working order. About 60% of donatedequipment in the developing world is not being used. In many hospitals, their problem is notgetting more donated equipment; it is

Conference Session

Experiential Learning and Globalization in BME

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric M. Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; David W. Gatchell, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

the project.3 Projectsthat engage students in a challenging project of significant interest to the students have a greaterimpact on their future plans. Our summer research program focuses on diabetes, a disease thathas an impact on many undergraduates through the diagnosis of family members, friends, oreven themselves. More than 18 million people in the United States (U.S.) have diabetes mellitus.While a cure does not currently exist, the field of biomedical engineering is providing importantinroads to understanding the disease and its many complications. Student projects and activitiesare focused around the disease. We believe this focus will stimulate the interests ofundergraduates in engineering research in general and will specifically

Conference Session

Education Programs in BME

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Miiri Kotche, University of Illinois, Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

each student keeps an onlineblog journal that must be updated twice weekly. These entries contain their experiences,impressions, challenges, as well as photos and observations during their time in clinic rotation.Because the faculty meet with participants at the beginning of each week, the blogs serve as animportant way to understand a student’s engagement with the topic. The blog also helps tostrengthen participants’ written communication skills, as well as to encourage thoughtful analysisof their observations. To read the blog, please visit https://clinicalimmersion.uic.edu/.The clinical mentors provide informal feedback to the program director about the presentationsof the students and their experience as mentors. For the last two years

Conference Session

Unique Student Opportunities in BME

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Linsenmeier, Northwestern University; Jean Alley, Vanderbilt University; Penny Hirsch, Northwestern University; Stacy Klein-Gardner; Julie Greenberg, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Mark Bourgeois, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

VanderbiltUniversity, Northwestern University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology or the University ofTexas at Austin. While at these sites, students meet weekly by video- or tele-conference to reporton their projects. Work on ethics and communication were integrated into the REU experience.The REU students, who are mostly in engineering, have become engaged in the process andmethods of engineering education research and, in many cases, have made substantialcontributions to the development and/or classroom evaluation of educational materials. At thesame time, they have learned a particular field of bioengineering more deeply. This paperdiscusses the VaNTH REU program and illustrates the contributions of REU students tosuccessful innovations in

Conference Session

Clinical, Patient, and Innovation Experiences in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Stirling, UIC School of Design, University of Illinois at Chicago; Miiri Kotche, University of Illinois, Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

students are teamedtogether to conduct a needs assessment in a clinical department. Some examples of the needs the studentteams identified in clinical rotations are: • Physical obstacles in the OR (Anesthesiology) • Monitor sterility in the OR to lessen infection (Anesthesiology) • Ergonomics of ophthalmoscope in order to avoid clinician neck and back strain (Ophthalmology) • Accumulation of bacteria on underside of IV pumps (Pulmonology and Critical Care) • Poor integration of technologies in OR (Pulmonology and Critical Care) • Improve communication for patients on ventilators (Pulmonology and Critical Care) • Lack of proper mobility of laparoscopic tools in the OR (Urology) • Missing locks on supply

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer H. Choi, University of California - Davis

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

of class (Wednesday), anddevices were tested outside during the next class (Monday). The remaining DC class days weredevoted to the second DC, and topics generally followed the steps of the design process.The objective of the first DC was to engage students in effective teamwork through intentionaland reflective practices in the areas of communication, organization and cooperation. The firstDC asked students to design and build a device using recycled materials that could transfer 100milliliters of water from one cup to another though four different mechanisms5. The device wasrequired to be initiated by the drop of a marble six inches above the device. The fast pacednature and rigor of this challenge was intended to put students in the

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tracy Jane Puccinelli, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Carla Winsor, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

more inclusive and welcomingclassroom; and ultimately increase retention, particularly of underrepresented minoritiesincluding women. Herein, we discuss the development and implementation of a new hands-onfreshman engineering design course, Design Practicum, with an emphasis on improvements incurriculum and teaching strategies, and creating a more inclusive environment.Development of Design PracticumWe began by looking through student survey responses to determine areas needing improvement,and which features of past courses were the most effective at engaging students, retainingstudents, and creating a more inclusive environment. From there, participating faculty and ourteaching intern developed curriculum and strategies to implement in our

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dianne Grayce Hendricks, University of Washington; Ken Yasuhara, Center for Engineering Learning & Teaching (CELT); Alyssa Catherine Taylor, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

projects, internships, extracurriculars, and othereducational experiences. In revisiting these experiences with a focus on leadership, students cannewly recognize that these experiences are helping them develop leadership skills.    To facilitate reflection on leadership, students in the two featured courses are introduced to the“leadership competencies” identified by Seemiller4 including ethics, analysis, conflictnegotiation, communication, providing/receiving feedback, problem solving, decision making,and personal contributions to effectiveness of group. Promoting familiarity with these leadershipcompetencies is intended to provide students with a vocabulary to articulate their leadershipabilities, and a lens with which to reflect on their past

Conference Session

Pipeline and Performance in BME Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dianne Grayce Hendricks, University of Washington; Lucy L. Pick, University of Washington; Alyssa Catherine Taylor, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

science and engineering.Although many engineering summer camps for high school students are offered throughout thecountry, few are focused specifically on bioengineering.In this paper, we present our approach to designing a summer day camp for rising 9th and 10thgraders that is unique in its focus on bioengineering and use of a global health theme. We choseglobal health because it is an intriguing topic that appeals to students from all backgrounds and isaccessible to students with variable previous exposure to science and engineering topics.Furthermore, global health applications clearly demonstrate important bioengineering designprinciples and showcase the positive impact bioengineers make on society. These considerationsare especially

Conference Session

Design in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anastasia Katharine Ostrowski, University of Michigan; Jin Woo Lee, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Aileen Huang-Saad, University of Michigan; Colleen M. Seifert, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

Paper ID #18173Design in Biomedical Engineering: Student Applications of Design Heuristicsas a Tool for Idea GenerationMiss Anastasia Katharine Ostrowski, University of Michigan Anastasia Ostrowski is a graduate student in Biomedical Engineering at the University of Michigan, con- ducting research with the Daly Design and Engineering Education Research Group. Her undergraduate degree is in Biomedical Engineering focusing on electrical engineering. Her current research focuses on understanding how engineering students in biomedical engineering engage in the design process.Mr. Jin Woo Lee, University of Michigan Jin Woo Lee is

Conference Session

Research in Biomedical Pedagogy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renata Fortuna Ramos, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

physiology laboratory course.Introduction to Active Learning TechniquesActive learning is characterized by the introduction of instructional activities that engagestudents in their own learning process1. A wide variety of instructional methodologies fall withinthe active learning category as long as they provide the students with “opportunities tomeaningfully talk, listen, write, read and reflect on the content, ideas, issue, and concerns of anacademic subject” 2. Some of these activities, such as collaborative learning and peer-teachinghave shown to improve not only content knowledge but also student engagement when comparedto traditional lecture courses3-5

Conference Session

Laboratories and Projects in BME

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yakov Cherner, ATEL, LLC; Sonia Sparks Wallman; Margaret Bryans, Montgomery County Community College; Marina Taranova, Southern Federal University, Russia

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

operation of the system in an interactiveand engaging way. Students are able to select either auto or step-by-step mode. In the automode the simulation shows students a chain of processes and the computer process controlmanipulations that occur during protein purification utilizing a computer controlled liquidchromatography system. The step-by-step mode enables students to explore each step,including controller settings and programming, in real-time detail. Students also learn how touse a chromatogram to make calculations, for instance how to calculate the efficiency ofcolumn packing, or the resolution of two peaks on a chromatogram. (Fig.3). Page

Conference Session

Design in the Curriculum

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amit Janardhan Nimunkar, University of Wisconsin, Madison; John P. Puccinelli, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Matthew S. Bollom; Willis J. Tompkins, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

. Page 24.1331.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Using Guided Design Instruction to Motivate BME Sophomore Students to Learn Multidisciplinary Engineering SkillsAbstractBiomedical Engineering (BME) students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison participate inteam-based design throughout the curriculum for six sequential semesters. Student teams workon hands-on, client-based, real-world biomedical design problems solicited from healthcareprofessionals, local industry, community members, and life sciences and clinical faculty.Through the design process, the students learn a variety of professional skills on topics includingengineering notebooks, written and oral reports, engineering

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Langman, Illinois Institute of Technology; Eric M. Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; Judith S. Zawojewski, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

the expectation of the timeline clear so thatthe REU students had time to organize themselves. We also made the expectation clear that theREU students should focus on communicating their research to the high school students anddiscuss the social and historical impact of their work and its relation to diabetes. Otherwise, thechoice of how to present their work was left up to the REU students. This lead to substantiallyincreased engagement, evidenced by more positive feedback about the collaboration from theREU students in the 2013 cohort. Through surveys collected from both groups, we found that the lab shadowing andpresentations made by the REU students about their research to the high school students werefavored components of the

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Orlando Sanguinette Hoilett, Purdue University; Asem Farooq Aboelzahab, Purdue University; Erica Amanda Layow, Purdue University; Jacqueline Callihan Linnes, Purdue University; Chi Hwan Lee, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

application in clinical physiological measurement,” Physiol. Meas., vol. 28, no. 3, p. R1, 2007.[6] O. Hoilett, “PulseFit - DIY Heart Sensor With Auto-Adjusted Threshold and Heart-Shaped LED Heartbeat Indicator,” Instructables.com. [Online]. Available: http://www.instructables.com/id/Heart-Sensor-With-AutoAdjusted-Threshold-and-Heart/. [Accessed: 23-Mar-2017].[7] T. Knapp, B. Fisher, and C. Levesque-Bristol, “Service-Learning’s Impact on College Students’ Commitment to Future Civic Engagement, Self-Efficacy, and Social Empowerment,” J. Community Pract., vol. 18, no. 2–3, pp. 233–251, Aug. 2010.[8] C. Levesque-Bristol, T. D. Knapp, and B. J. Fisher, “The Effectiveness of Service-Learning: It’s Not Always what you Think,” J. Exp

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samantha Brenna, Arizona State University ; Casey Jane Ankeny, Arizona State University; Michael R. Caplan, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

interaction between students and the instructor.This pedagogy is particularly useful for addressing the outcomes required by the AccreditationBoard for Engineering and Technology (ABET) as it is difficult to address some of the criteria ina traditional setting, such as the ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems andeffectively communicate [1]. Although the number of flipped, engineering classrooms is growing across the country,there is limited research on the impact of flipped classrooms in terms of student achievement andmotivation in engineering at the university level [2]. However, there are studies that have shownthat video lectures outperform in-person lectures, specifically those that are interactive and

Conference Session

Development of Technical and Soft Skills in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xuwen Xiang, Oregon State University; James D. Sweeney, Oregon State University; Natasha Mallette PhD, Oregon State University; Christine Kelly, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

. Students navigated these uncertainties by acknowledging them,recommending further research, and making preliminary evaluations of their impact (Table 4).Because students incorporated uncertainty into their decision making the project facilitatedstudents’ ability to navigate uncertainty. Consider how one team phrased incorporatinguncertainty into their recommendation regarding efficacy of glucosamine: “Since the currentefficacy of selling glucosamine for osteoarthritis is under scrutiny in the scientific community,the market stability of supplemental glucosamine should be carefully considered beforeproceeding with further investment.”The post project survey provides evidence for the students’ response to the project. Moststudents enjoyed the

Conference Session

Clinical, Patient, and Innovation Experiences in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel P. Cavanagh, Bucknell University; Joe Tranquillo, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

mechanics of a device or the solution to an equation. We had to deeply think about the patient in the scenario of a disease. This was different from any other biomedical engineering class I’ve ever taken and I deeply appreciated it. I took more out of this class than any other engineering class I have taken. BMEG 472 student, spring 2016 I really hope you continue this course in years to come. I thought it really put our field into perspective. We’re not just making devices to aid in the cure. We are making a device to help save a human being. It has truly impacted me on how I will “innovate” and create in the future

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Tamra Duke, Drexel University ; Qayum Malik, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

, environmental, and biomedicalapplications. Most sensors are based on electrical transducers. Alternatively, sensors based onflow in microfluidic channels formed on plastic ‘chips’ can also detect forces and torque, withvisual or electrical readout. Students designed, fabricated, and tested simple, postage-stamp-sized microfluidic sensors for attachment to head, headbands, or deployment in helmets andother sports and protective equipment, to detect excessive-impact forces and torques. Thesesensors are based on actuating colored liquids through microfluidic channels formed in a smallplastic chip when inertial forces and torques exceed a threshold level associated with surfacetension and channel geometry. While design and fabrication of prototypes was