Conference Session

Assessing Social Responsibility & Sustainability

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin L Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sarah Aileen Brownell, Rochester Institute of Technology; Richard A House, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Alexander T. Dale, Engineers for a Sustainable World

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods, Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

viable.For us, this starts with developing a community of support to give faculty the confidence toeffectively introduce wicked problems into their existing courses. Through this community,faculty may leverage one another’s expertise in order to expose students to real-world wickedproblems. In the spirit of holistic engineering education, our hope is to enable instructors toconfidently develop their students’ non-technical skills which are integral for generatingsustainability-minded leaders of the future.5,6Research MethodsIn this paper, our primary research objective was to develop a valid and reliable psychometricinstrument that measures a series of sustainability-related learning objectives that are central toWPSI. Our second objective was to

Conference Session

Ethical Design

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Amy Schroeder, University of Southern California

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

of ethics education are most effective. In his review of ethics educationprogram, Hess and Fore note that “there is neither a consensus throughout the engineeringeducation community regarding which strategies are most effective towards which ends, norwhich ends are most important. [7]” Bairaktarova and Woodcock assert “that engineeringeducators struggle with is how to best accomplish this goal,” and, in a historical review of ethicsin engineering, Perlman and Varma note the lack of agreement on how ethics education shouldbe performed, noting that classes solely focused on ethical theory are not likely to be sufficient inpreparing engineers for real-world ethical dilemmas. [8, 9] Colby and Sullivan also note the lackof consistency in methods

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Issues Part One

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claire Komives, San Jose State University; Moira M. Walsh, Independent Scholar

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

AC 2011-2571: APPLICATION OF CLASSICAL REALIST PHILOSOPHYPRINCIPLES TO ENGINEERING ETHICSClaire Komives, San Jose State University Claire Komives earned her Ph.D. degree at the University of Pittsburgh in Chemical Engineering. She worked at DuPont Research and Development before starting at San Jose State University, where she is currently an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering. She teaches Process Safety and Ethics currently. She took an interest in ethics when teaching a freshmen seminar course, Biotechnology and Ethics. Her research interests are in whole cell bioprocesses and biochemical engineering education. Moira Walsh received her Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Notre Dame in 1998, where

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics III

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Birmingham, Grove City College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

AC 2008-1665: TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE AND ITS APPLICATION TO ETHICSWilliam Birmingham, Grove City College Page 13.1294.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Towards an Understanding of Artificial Intelligence and Its Application to Ethics1. IntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI) is a broadly defined discipline involving computer science,engineering, philosophy, psychology, political science, and a host of other disciplines. BecauseAI is so broad, it is hard to succinctly define; for the sake of brevity, we will use the handle of“thinking machines,” without commitment to depths of this thinking.The

Conference Session

Engineering Practice for a Moral World

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Moriarty, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

practiced in the workplace requires a point of departure, which can take the form ofmathematical Index Functions. The appeal of this to the engineer is obvious. Though ethics is notabout numbers, numbers can facilitate entrée into the discussion. Conceptual Ethics, adjudicatedat the professional level, and Material Ethics, at the level of the social world, can also benefitfrom mathematical Index Functions, again, to facilitate entrée into the discussion.The aim of this paper is to present the mechanism of what I call The Ethics Engine involving aset of nested mathematical Index Functions. In addition, I will present a variety of examplesshowing how a class of approximately 30 students can be broken up into 5 groups of six, eachgroup representing a

Conference Session

Innovating Ethics Curriculum and Instruction

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Rob Sleezer, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rebecca A. Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

the other that leads to improved ethical understanding [5].The second point is resolved by recognizing that fiction is not intended to generate identicalcases to the real world. Rather, it provides a safe space to practice with and engage in ethicalthinking. Fiction provides an avenue of application for abstract moral principles that requireimagination for application beyond one’s own circumstances and past experiences [11]. It is thedevelopment of critical thinking and the training of one’s mind in ethical thought processes.Buganza states that in the case of fiction “the circumstance is different [from real life], andinten[t] of the empathetic exercise, is trying to put the interpreter in that circumstance to envisionhow the other sees

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics: Using Case Studies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

engineers make, professional obligations, codes of ethicalconduct, and contemporary issues. This is followed by class discussions of real world casestudies applying this knowledge. Then two assessment methods are used to determine thestudents understanding of engineering ethics, an in-depth essay exploring two case studies and awritten examination evaluating four case studies. During the last academic year, over 200students from six classes have participated in this program. The results from the essays andexaminations indicate that students have a fundamental foundation, from which they can build abetter understanding, of how to handle real world ethical engineering challenges.IntroductionEngineers make numerous decisions every day that affect the

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session - Classroom Practices

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heng Li, Zhejiang University; Yanjie Xie, Zhejiang University; Shuxin Yang, Chinese Society for Engineering Education (CSEE); Ruixue Xu, Zhejiang University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Application EngineerMcQuay Air Conditioning & Refrigeration (Wuhan) Co., Ltd.Miss Ruixue Xu, Zhejiang University Ms. Ruixue Xu,Zhejiang University Graduate student in school of Public Affairs in Zhejiang Univer- sity.She is engaged in engineering education research of zhejiang university. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 A New Approach in Abolishing Poverty: A Case Study and Construction Strategy for Integrating Inclusive Innovation into Engineering Ethics EducationAbstract: At present, macro engineering ethics urgently requires the engineering talents toplay a positive role in realizing human welfare, maintaining social justice and world

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

June Marshall, St. Joseph's College; John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

’ lives. Definitions of the values, as per the college catalog, are thenincorporated into the discussions. Students then engage in small group and classdiscussions surrounding real world ethical scenarios including issues such as: the right toprotect endangered spotted owls in old growth forests of the northwest-and the right toprovide jobs for loggers, the right to provide our children with the finest public schoolsavailable-and the right to prevent the constant increase of state and local taxes, the rightto refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of sovereign nations-and the right to helpprotect the innocent in regions where they are subject to slaughter. These case studiesprovide opportunities for students to perform ethical analysis

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth L. d'Entremont, University of Utah; Andrew S. Merryweather, University of Utah

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

somematerials for which agreements have been reached permitting distribution for educational-onlyuse. Through this mix of course materials, the professor is also able to incorporate, as needed,current-event topics into the course lectures to demonstrate, or simply discuss, applicability toproduct-safety engineering. L. DiscussionThe student feedback from the product-safety course has been positive. Table 1 containsrepresentative comments from the latest end-of-semester course evaluation (December 2017).Students said that the course content, including assignments and guest speakers, were good andbrought with them real-world experiences. Students also appreciated that a new aspect ofengineering was offered forcing one to “think critically and play the

Conference Session

Sustainability and Humanitarian Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khanjan Mehta, Penn State University; Duarte B. Morais, North Carolina State University; Yu Zhao, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

real-world knowledge applicationexperience.A mechanical engineering student said, “I learned that designing low cost engineering solutionscan be successful for people with economic hardship.” A second student stated, “The idea oflearning about your users is important [in order] to know your users”. Students commented thattime management and collaboration created challenges for the teams. They wanted clearlydefined objectives and expectations. The students recommended more direction and instructionon the mechanics of participating in the competition, such as instruction on how to produce avideo. An electrical engineering student recognized that “Video making is a tough job.” Studentsagreed that the team dynamics were different from previous

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics V

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ochs, Lehigh University; Lisa Getzler-Linn, Lehigh University; Margaret Huyck, Illinois Institute of Technology; Scott Schaffer, Purdue University; Mary Raber, Michigan Technology University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

the process (versus at the beginning and end) 3) Assessment of prior knowledge and the development of effective in-process feedback mechanisms 4) Transfer of learning with follow-on opportunities to practice what has been learned in order to reinforce motivation and self confidence to identify and manage risks in support of innovative solutionsProject PlanAs proposed in our NSF CCLI grant10, we will “…develop a continuous multilevel assessmentprocess that will measure (student’s) achievement of ‘soft skills’ knowledge and application ofthis knowledge in a multidisciplinary team environment…” while working on real-world projectsin the context of our individual academic programs under an

Conference Session

Integrating Social Justice in Engineering Science Courses

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Johnson, Colorado School of Mines; Jon A. Leydens, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara M. Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Deborath Silva, Colorado School of Mines; Justin Stephen Fantasky, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

sciencecore courses, so when they do, it appears odd. Also, a tension emerged in the WI students’comments. They recognize how social justice is important in engineering practice, yet also see itas unusual and perhaps out of place in technical engineering education. Despite this response,students indicated that if done in a manner that makes sense to them, the integration of socialjustice dimensions could have significant learning benefits. Students requested more concrete,tangible examples. This serves as a window of opportunity since there are social justicedimensions of many real-world control systems applications that could

Conference Session

Integration of Liberal Education into Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Ricco, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

definition of an engineer. More specifically, the challenge of outlining what an engineer isor of what an engineer consists, may seem like long settled business. Those of us withinengineering can rest assured that the debate is alive and well, with the beginning throes of a true,unique engineering philosophy only recently being pondered in the Western world. This workseeks not to elaborate upon the current or historic papers within engineering philosophy, butaims to outline core developments in the world of phenomenology and existentialism primarilyinspired by Dall’Alba’s recent invocations of Heidegger’s works.(1,2) Surely, others in the fieldhave used philosophical terms relating to existentialism, phenomenology, and ontology, somewith commercial

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Ethics Instruction

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Catalano, Binghamton University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

questions. Students understanding of the ethical dilemmas that will confront them asan engineers are similar as are their views of professional responsibility. That which issignificantly different is their views towards the future with the students who visited and help outat the Farm Sanctuary statistically, significantly more optimistic.Further interpretation of these results are purely conjecture but I would like to suggest a coupleof possibilities. First, I think students saw the challenges facing the animal world as importantand real and not just the purview of a few animal activists. One student actually commented tome that he expected the project involving the Farm Sanctuary to be a total waste of time as hewould be inundated with biased

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Catalano, State University of New York-Binghamton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

AC 2008-765: INTRODUCING ETHICS IN BIOENGINEERINGGeorge Catalano, State University of New York-Binghamton Page 13.799.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008INTRODUCING ETHICS IN BIOENGINEERING Page 13.799.2IntroductionEngineering applies technical knowledge to solve human problems. More completely,engineering is a technological activity that uses professional imagination, judgment,integrity, and intellectual discipline in the application of science, technology,mathematics, and practical experience to design, produce, and operate useful objects orprocesses that meet the needs and desires of a client. Today engineering is seen as

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahsa Ghorbani, Colorado State University; Anthony A. Maciejewski, Colorado State University; Thomas J. Siller, Colorado State University; Edwin K. P. Chong Ph.D., Colorado State University; Pinar Omur-Ozbek, Colorado State University; Rebecca A. Atadero, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

, all come together inintegration activities. Because knowledge integration activities illustrate how different technicalcontent relates together, they provide an excellent opportunity to provide real-world ethicaldilemmas closely related to the application discussed in the KI activities, for example cellphones.This shows our students how ethical difficulties can arise in their professional career and toimprove their ethical reasoning skills. Figure1. Graphical representation of RED philosophy in our departmentTo illustrate how we plan to integrate ethics into KI activities, Table1 shows the general schedulefor three KI activities and the corresponding anchoring concepts for the second half of our junioryear curriculum in spring

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics and Global Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Hoernecke, Iowa State University; Thad Gillispie, Iowa State University; Benjamin Anderson, Iowa State University; Thomas Daniels, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

recommendation for accomplishing the aforementioned goals is the development of newtest-bed and virtualization environments that better simulate real-world environments. Being ableto experiment in a simulated real-world setting will make it easier to educate new IA studentswithout endangering real networks. This will help control and reduce the risk of accidentaldamage to equipment or information during the training of students, or during the testing anddevelopment of new security products and devices. These test-beds could also aid industry in thedevelopment of new security products by enabling them to be more thoroughly tested to ensurethat they operate effectively before introducing them into a real environment.According to the recently published

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bhavna Hariharan, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

empathize with their target audience before they start to ideate; only thenwill they feel a real motivation to develop a solution. But empathizing with nail-polishusers is relatively easy, compared to empathizing with underserved communities inThird-World countries scattered around the world. While the authors, like us, see this asa challenge which must be surmounted, I was left wondering how they would expectengineers in ETH programs to go about appreciating each “underdeveloped” country'shistorical and cultural context for development. I would ask them about what examples, ifany, they have seen of “good” ETH and “bad” ETH. With this information, engineers inETH programs (like us) would have a benchmark for our own actions.”[Student 114

Conference Session

Integrating Social Justice in Engineering Science Courses

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Jon A. Leydens, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

text, of energy research agendas and energy company portfolios, but also we need to ask this of ourselves in the classroom.” [15, p. 1-7].The way in which ES curricula were created and defined makes SJ relevant, yet SJ dimensionsare inherent in ES courses for another reason: though abstract, the models, systems, andmathematical equations that are the focus of ES courses generally have corollaries in the realworld. Feedback and control systems, for instance, exist in driverless cars, wind turbines, insulinpumps, and many more real-world applications. The same is true for concepts, models, andsystems in other ES courses. Thus, these courses do not focus exclusively on technical artifacts,as such artifacts do not live in a vacuum. Rather

Conference Session

New Areas of Ethical Inquiry

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Joseph Benin, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; William Randall, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

of moral conduct in both physical andvirtual realms include showing respect for others, being honest, etc. [24], and (c) drawing in real-world examples of ethical discussions in law enforcement currently occurring in the cyber-world.This goes well beyond “following the rules” to understanding morals and discussing theprinciples of right and wrong and how that is determined. Let us now explore the process thatwas utilized in the development of this cyber ethics course.2. MethodologyThe course was developed in two parts and was designed to give students a chance to both reflecton the social and professional impacts of computer technology by focusing on the rules and theethical issues faced in our evolving cyber world and to meet a portion of

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics and Justice

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rodney W. Trice, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

parts: I. Present and discuss common ethical theories and applications (including the engineer’s code of conduct) II. Investigate engineering-based case studies (Faculty-led case study investigations) III. Teach students how to investigate and apply their knowledge to real situations (Student-led case studies and analysis)Section I grounded the students in ethical theory. Haws6 noted in his article that not groundingstudents in ethical theory is “probably the greatest single weakness in engineering ethicsinstruction.” By analogy, it would be highly unlikely for an engineering faculty member to writean equation on the board and say, “Don’t worry about understanding this; just use it and you willget the right answer.” But that is what

Conference Session

Engineering and Sustainability

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock Barry, Purdue University; Aman Yadav, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

, wasbest developed via induction from a review of those appellate court decisions in which theprinciples first took tangible form”3. Christopher Langdell advocated that lawyers, like scientists,work with few core principles and theories; and the use of case method in legal education wouldhelp teach law as a science 1,3. It was indicated that such use of cases would prepare students forthe real world of practice. Case method was seen initially as a compromise between the twoexisting methods of training lawyers - apprenticeship in a private law firm or learning throughthe lecture method. However, the case method did not turn out to be a compromise; instead itbecame a new way of teaching legal education 2. The use of case-based instruction has also

Conference Session

Cross-cultural Sensitivity, Moral Imagination, and Diversity in Engineering Ethics Education

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yousef Jalali, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Christian Matheis, Guilford College; Marc Edwards, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

course are: Why does ethical conduct in engineering/science matter? Who is vulnerable to misconduct? Who is “the public,” whose safety, health, and welfare engineers/scientists hold paramount? And, what role does the public play in engineering/science research and practice? Students are asked to complete a series of activities and assignments such as book review and presentation, simulated press conference, and final project centered around real-world controversies involving several stakeholders. In addition, several in-depth listening exercises have been integrated throughout the course. More details about the course are provided elsewhere [1], [2

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David A. Rogers P.E., North Dakota State University; Orlando R. Baiocchi, University of Washington, Tacoma; Paulo F Ribeiro, UNIFEI

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Modified Technology and Food 4. Geographical Information Systems 5. Advances in Prosthetic Technology 6. Music and Therapy: What is real? What is folklore? 7. The Printing Press 8. The Development of Nuclear Weaponry 9. Unraveling the Filaments of Batik Page 26.624.5 10. Healthcare Revolutionary: Electronic Medical Records 11. Khipu Language of the Incas. 12. Terracotta Army: March on to the Contemporary WorldThe topics selected in 2014-2015 were quite different: 1. From the Post Office to Globalization: How the Airplane Changed the World 2. The Decentralization of

Conference Session

Interactive Approaches to Ethics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig E. Beal, Bucknell University; James G. Orbison Ph.D., P.E., Bucknell University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

the case study method with an interactive approach intended to increase the realism ofthe experience and enhance student engagement. Data are presented from voluntary studentsurveys completed prior to and after completion of the activity. Results suggest that theinteractive approach is at least as effective as a traditional case study and provides anindividualized experience, even in a large-class setting.IntroductionCase studies are a preferred vehicle for professional ethics education and are used by bothacademic programs and professional societies. (Richards & Gorman, 2004) note that “Casestudies often reflect real world concerns, situations, and issues managers and engineers encounterin practice; they are often open-ended, with no

Conference Session

Integrating Social Justice in Engineering Science Courses

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James L. Huff, Harding University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

attempts tointegrate human values with technical content.Humanizing Technical Concepts: The Promising ResponseYet, despite my faltering attempts to humanize technical content, the intended objectives wereactually met with success. The students likely did not develop a systematic understanding of howthe concepts of CTSS related to human values, but as evinced by the ECP design task results,they did appear to recognize that real-world signals and systems were sociotechnical rather thanpurely technical.Following the procedures laid out by Mazzurco, et al.33, three students in my research group andI randomized and rated the stated considerations from two iterations of the ECP design task. Thefour categories that the authors describe are technical (T

Conference Session

Integrating Social Justice in Engineering Science Courses

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna M. Riley, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

considerations  Build information literacy skills  Develop reflective judgment and critical thinkingThe assignment is broken into several parts with staggered due dates over the course of thesemester. Students deliver the following: A. A reflection on why it would be important to conduct LCAs, and where they might be helpfully applied in real-world contexts. Page 26.1286.4 B. A description of the products to be compared and how they are used locally, with particular attention to similarities and differences among products. C. Initial research on manufacturing and use of the products, beginning with extraction of raw

Conference Session

Ethics and Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sylvia W. Thomas, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

development of novel materials for biomedical/biological applications and energy integration. Projects in her laboratory include thin film and nanofiber material growth and characterization for biocompatible RF and energy harvesting devices; nanolaminated materials for thermal energy storage; and nanofiber filters, sensors, and channels. Currently, she is advising four undergraduates, two M.S. students, and five Ph.D. students. Her expertise/laboratory capabilities include chemical vapor deposition (CVD); atomic layer deposition (ALD); electrospinning; material/film characterization: AFM, XRD, SEM, TEM, C-V measurements, and FTIR; and device fabrication: sensors, capacitors, inductors, filters, and detectors, working at

Conference Session

Topics in Engineering Ethics IV

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Leiffer, LeTourneau University; R. William Graff; B.Kyun Lee, Le Tourneau University; Martin Batts, Le Tourneau University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

authority is to speak of the fundamental assumptions that guide ourperceptions of the world. These assumptions provide answers to questions about thenature of reality –what is real and what isn’t. For example, is there a spiritual as well asa physical and material realm of existence? Does God exist? If so, what is God’snature? Is God an active agent in human affairs or a distant ideal of human aspiration?These are also the assumptions that define the foundations of knowledge—how weknow what we know. Upon what do we ground our knowledge of the world, ourunderstanding of truth, and our conception of moral and ethical behavior? Does ourknowledge derive from divine revelation, through the analysis of empirical evidence, orthrough personal and