Asee peer logo
Well-matched quotation marks can be used to demarcate phrases, and the + and - operators can be used to require or exclude words respectively
Displaying results 31621 - 31650 of 33828 in total
Conference Session
TYCD 2003 Lower Division Initiatives
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
william mullett; Gary Mullett
shape the program, the dynamics of facultyinteraction, the role of the employee unions and corporation management, the difficultiesencountered with the infusion of soft skills into the curricula, and the continuous fine-tuning of acurriculum for a rapidly changing technologic field. The paper will conclude with an examinationof the present state of this unique industry/education program and an assessment of its impactupon the workplace and the faculty who have been involved in its implementation.II. The BeginningIn early 1995, the NYNEX Corporation put out a request for quotation (RFQ) to New Yorkcolleges that would require the respondents to provide education to NYNEX employees thatwould lead to an associate in applied science (A.A.S.) degree
Conference Session
New Faculty Issues and Concerns
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Ronald Krahe
they spend considerable timepreparing a syllabus, reviewing the text, developing the lectures and classroom experience, puttingtogether meaningful assignments, and spending countless hours assessing and grading studentwork.But there's more to teaching than just subject matter and delivery. It is also likely, if they havealready spent some time teaching a college course, that they have felt the frustration of not beingas effective as a teacher as they had imagined and hoped for. This new teacher may not beperceived as technically competent or caring by the students. The students may not feel they arereceiving the education they expected and are paying for.Students are quite a varied bunch. Consider that they do not all have the same background
Conference Session
Introduction to Engineering: The Present State
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Roger Maxwell; John Janecek; Jerry Kucirka; Jamal Ghorieshi
acids (A, G, U, & C) were the subject of assignedproblems.The use of peer instruction facilitated by the assigning of teams of 3 to 5 students for classroomproblem solving has always been encouraged. This was usually followed up by group out-of-classassignments. Individual problem solving skills are assessed on homework and exams.Some type of team-based design project has been a continuous requirement for all IE courses.Both the topic and the team composition (typically 4 to 5 members) are assigned. Topics areusually open ended, so the team must define its specific problem and consider possible solutions.Sometimes a project prototype is actually built, but usually the assignment only requires aproposal with a detailed plan to solve a
Conference Session
Statistics in the CHE Curriculum
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Jimmy Smart
variance.These tests are not appropriate in assessing the uncertainties associated with EVOP becauseof the small number of observations. Instead, the most practical way to evaluate EVOPuncertainty has been found to be use of 2 standard error limits. A standard error (S.E.) is theestimated standard deviation of the variable of interest. If the true standard deviation, σ, of theprocess variable was known, ± 2 S.E. limits would represent approximately a 95% confidencelimit. The true standard deviation is not known, but an estimate of the standard deviation, s,can be calculated. We use this estimate to formulate our ± 2 S.E. limits to guide us ininterpreting what effects and interactions are significant. Variances and standard errors can becalculated from
Conference Session
Curriculum Development in Civil ET
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Maher Murad
discussed. Acopy of the course syllabus is given in Appendix A. The syllabus outlines the course objectives,expectations, grading system, detailed lecture and lab schedules, and reading assignments.Cooperative learning was used as the instruction style in the lab. Cooperative learning is definedas instruction that involves working in teams to accomplish an assigned task and produce a finalproduct, under conditions that include the elements: Positive Interdependence, IndividualAccountability, Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction, Appropriate Use of Teamwork Skills, andRegular Self-assessment of Team Functioning .(2) An extensive body of educational researchconfirmed the effectiveness of cooperative learning in higher education. (3)The term “Team” is
Conference Session
EM Skills and Concepts in the Real World
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Terry Collins; Alisha Youngblood
assess the IndustrialEngineering discipline under evaluation. Other opportunities for changes in the approach will beto integrate other classes that would be able to add value to the project outcomes. Courses inBusiness Administration, Transportation Logistics, Micro-Electronics Photonics, etc. would beexcellent candidates to provide equal support in a special course project.Bibliography1. Brown, James R. and Chekitan S. Dev (2000), “Improving Productivity in a Service Business,” Journal of Service Research, 2 (4), 339-354.2. George, Kenneth D. and Terry Ward (1973), “Productivity Growth in the Retail Trade,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 35 (1), 31-47.3. Good, W.S. (1984), “Productivity in the Retail Grocery Trade
Conference Session
Understanding Students: Cognition
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Matthew Eliot; Angela Linse; Jennifer Turns
using office hours as a resource, not coming with their course-related questions or problems.- Understanding cultural differences in approaches to education. Engineering faculty, many of which having an international background, may be unaware of some trends in American student culture, especially regarding the outside responsibilities of American students, and the types of educational opportunities in secondary schools.- Creating tests that are true measures of student learning. Engineering faculty may be unprepared to evaluate and assess their students effectively.- Supporting student collaboration, especially online. Engineering faculty often want to optimize student collaboration in class projects, but may be
Conference Session
FPD VI: Presenting "All the Best" of the First-year Programs Division
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lorelle A. Meadows, University of Michigan; Robin Fowler, University of Michigan; Elizabeth S. Hildinger, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
;!"# %!"# $!"# !"# %!!$# %!!%# %!! %!!'# %!!(# %!!)# %!!*# %!!+# %!!,# %!$!# %!$$# .(2(#&'3"0#'Figure 1. URM and female student enrollment in undergraduate engineering at the University of Michigan from 2001 to 2011.While enrollment in engineering is increasing, the field is faced with high attrition rates. Since1975, overall engineering student attrition has increased from about 12 percent, doubling to 24percent in 19904, reaching as high as 40 to 60 percent in the last decade5. This trend exacts asignificant cost on the institution and the individual. Ohland and colleagues6 provide anexcellent summary of studies of student persistence in engineering and an assessment of currentrates, methods of measurement, and a discussion of potential institutional effects. Using a six
Conference Session
Engineering Education and Comparative Studies at Universities throughout Asia, Far East
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Peter Jay Kutnick, University of Hong Kong; Yuen-Yan Chan, University of Hong Kong; Pok Yee Lee, University of Hong Kong
Tagged Divisions
International
. & Greenwald, S., et al. (Eds.) (2007). University collaboration for innovation: Lessons from the Cambridge MIT Institute. Global Perspectives on Higher Education. Rotterdam, Sense.17. Moreland, J., Jones, A., & Barlex, D. (2008). Design and technology inside the black box. London: GL Assessment.18. Adams, R. S., Turns, J., & Atman, C. J. (2003). Educating effective engineering designers: The role of reflective practice. Design Studies, 24(3), 275-294.19. Brophy, S., Klein, S., Portsmore, M., & Rogers, C. (2008). Advancing engineering education in P-12 classrooms. Journal for Engineering Education, 97(3), 369-387.20. Thurston, A., Topping, K., Christie, D., Tolmie, A., Murray, P., & Swan, M. (2007
Conference Session
Active and Project-based Learning
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joakim Sigurd Wren, Linköping University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
overall opinionof the course. The survey is formulated by a number of positive statements, and the studentsanswer by a number ranging from 1-5 where 1 means “do not agree at all”, 2 means “disagreeto some extent”, 3 means neither agree nor disagree, 4 means “agree to some extent” and 5means “fully agree”. It is also possible to write comments in addition to the grade. Examplesof the statements are:  I am satisfied with my achievements during the course  The efforts of the teachers in the course is commendable  The assessment was a good test of my understanding of the course content.  I am satisfied with the course literature  The course has corresponded to my expectations regarding content and organization
Conference Session
FPD VIII: Crossing Bridges and Easing Transitions into the First Year
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Jones, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Carmen R. Zafft, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Evan T. Curtis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
48.1 International Transfer 11 14.3 (Study Abroad) Second career transfer 1 1.3 student Total 77 100.0Methods Course evaluations were administered at the end of the eight week seminar. Evaluationswere collected for two semesters: spring 2011 and fall 2011. The evaluations assessed the valueof the course and students’ perceptions. The items were based on seminar content, course value,and student preparedness. The evaluation contained 9 items scored on a 5-point Likert with 1 =strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. Descriptive statistics were applied to
Conference Session
Creative and Cross-disciplinary Methods Part II
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joachim Walther, University of Georgia; Shari E. Miller, University of Georgia ; Nadia N. Kellam, University of Georgia
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
implications of communication choices for relationship development through a focus on self-and other-reflection. Students are also asked to participate regularly in role play exercises ofvarious kinds designed to teach toward empathy by promoting “affect-based understanding andgenerat[ing] opportunities for perspective-taking insights, self/other awareness, and emotionregulation” 17. Students learn a series of communication skills (ways of asking questions, ways ofresponding in terms of content, ways of responding in terms of meaning, ways of responding thatcombine the two (a deeper level of empathic engagement)); these skills are reinforced in multipleclasses, are modeled by their instructors, are assessed via multiple assignments, and are appliedin
Conference Session
Developing Young MINDS in Engineering, Part II
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ruba Alkhasawneh, Virginia Commonwealth University; Rosalyn Hobson Hargraves, Virginia Commonwealth University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
group guidebook vol. 1: Sage Publications, Inc, 1998[13] S. Stemler. (2001, An overview of content analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation. Available: http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=17 Page 25.711.12 Appendix A: Focus Group Questions1. What was the main thing that motivated you to major in STEM?2. How do you describe your freshmen year experience? Would you say it was…easy, moderately easy, hard, or very hard? Why?3. Can you talk about at least one thing (academic or social) that made it difficult for you to be successful in your STEM major during your freshmen year? And how did
Conference Session
FPD V: Increasing Engagement and Motivation of First-year Students
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katherine S. Zerda, University of Houston; Diana G. de la Rosa-Pohl, University of Houston; Stuart A. Long, University of Houston; Fritz J. Claydon, University of Houston
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
components. The pilot was dubbed ―PROMES PLUS‖.Freshman and new transfer students who opted to participate in the pilot program met weeklyoutside of class with peer mentors and PROMES faculty and staff to reinforce the principles ofthe learning system and to provide a level of accountability in using the system. The goal of thispilot was to encourage students to incorporate the study methods into their daily routine and wasan opportunity for us to assess the impact of the learning system on GPA and overall success ofthose students who participated in the project. Dow Chemical agreed to support the pilot bypledging two $500 scholarships for students who showed outstanding commitment to academicsuccess through the weekly program. The Dow Chemical gift
Conference Session
Potpouri
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kristen B. Coletti, Northeastern University; Melinda Covert, Northeastern University; Paul A. DiMilla, Northeastern University; Lauren Gianino, Northeastern University; Rachelle Reisberg, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
fear ofembarrassment.Although the Connections Chemistry Review was initiated several years ago, up until this pastyear attention has been focused primarily on running the program and helping individualstudents rather than assessing quantitatively the overall and broader impact on student retention.In order to gain explicit feedback on the impact of the Connections Chemistry Review, surveyswere conducted at the start and end of the Fall 2011 semester. Both the pre- and post-surveyswere administered in recitations, the pre-survey during the first recitation and the post-surveyduring the last recitation. The pre-survey focused on demographic information and includedsome open-ended questions about student’s previous high school experiences in
Conference Session
IT-based Instructional Technologies
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alexander A. Kist, University of Southern Queensland
Tagged Divisions
Computing & Information Technology
performance parameters and contrasts thisinformation with key parameters of the NBN. The study suggests that a digital divide will remainfor locations that have to rely on satellite Internet access, even once the NBN has been deployed.IntroductionIn step with the developments in technology and society, educators have embraced computer andInternet-based learning and teaching tools. This includes administrative tools such as CourseManagement Systems (CMS), e.g. Moodle, as well as tools with a strong learning and teachingfocus, such as peer assessment tools. Such learning tools are used by both, distance as well asface-to-face education. Modern distance education relies heavily on Information andCommunication Technology (ICT) to provide students with an
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Onursal Onen, University of South Florida; Rasim Guldiken, University of South Florida
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
.17) I would like to have some hands on 1 1.6% 2 3.2% 5 7.9% 29 46.0% 26 41.3%experience on microfluidics in this course.18) I am interested in seeing livedemonstrations of microfluidic 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 4 6.3% 25 39.7% 34 54.0%devices/experiments.19) I would like to have more similarapplication-based courses or lectures in Page 25.850.9 0 0.0% 1 1.6% 6 9.5% 24 38.1% 32 50.8%other courses in the mechanicalengineering curriculum. Assessing these results, for the
Conference Session
Design Cognition III
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Leema Kuhn Berland, University of Texas, Austin; David T. Allen, University of Texas, Austin; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Cheryl Farmer, UTeachEngineering; Lisa Guerra, NASA Headquarters
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
(with differing emphases)through a project-based approach11, in which students are given problems—orchallenges—that motivate the exploration of the desired engineering concepts as well asthe relevant math and science concepts. In engineering education, this is typically calledChallenge-Based Instruction (CBI).CBI courses contextualize student exploration of the desired content within a broaderchallenge. This contextualization supports the introduction, application, exploration,refinement and assessment of math, science, and engineering concepts5,15,18. This paperreports upon the efforts of an NSF-funded project to develop a yearlong high schoolengineering course that uses a CBI approach to integrating math, science, andengineering learning
Conference Session
Two-year Institutions Help Fill the STEM Pipeline
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elaine P. Scott, Seattle Pacific University; Hannah F. Azevedo, Seattle Pacific University
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
of thosewho have been directly admitted have been successful, and we will continue to use this to attractqualified students into the program. Furthermore, involvement in the Council for Engineeringand Related Technical Education has provided us opportunities for personal contacts withcommunity college faculty and better insight on what community college students need. Overallpersonal contact with community college faculty has been very beneficial.ConclusionsOur ECASE Scholarship program has been successful in awarding scholarships to qualifiedstudents. Some of the key lessons learned through the implementation of this program include:• A quantitative assessment of incoming students based on financial need, academic talent, academic
Conference Session
Aerospace Technical Session
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Edwin Alexander Peraza Hernandez, Texas A&M University; Kaushik Das, Texas A&M University, College Station; Dimitris C. Lagoudas P.E., Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
direction of the AAO films, toform the composites. Nanowires of different diameters were fabricated using AAO films withpores of different diameters. Nanoindentation was performed and analyzed on bulk Sn, bulk Page 25.926.5InTl, AAO films at different steps of the composite fabrication, and the finished composites. Thestudied specimens had approximately 15 nm and 40 nm average pore diameters (AAO15 andAAO40, respectively).The following two sections present a brief description of various activities and the experimentaland data analysis steps carried out by the undergraduate student. The subsequent section presentshis assessment of the summer
Conference Session
NSF Grantees' Poster Session
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Olufunmilola Atilola, Texas A&M University; Cheryl Osterman; Francisco Vides, Texas A&M University; Erin M. McTigue, Texas A&M University; Julie S. Linsey, Texas A&M University; Tracy Hammond, Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
groupswere evaluated using a series of quantitative formal assessments which include conceptinventories and homework, quiz, and exam grades. Qualitative data was also collected throughfocus groups for both groups to gather the students’ impressions of the programs for theexperimental group and general teaching styles for the control group.Due to some issues with the server that runs Mechanix, the students were not able to properly useMechanix during the in-class evaluations. We believe that this caused the results to show thatthere was no change in the homework and concept inventory scores between both groups for thecurrent evaluation. However, the results show that Mechanix is a capable tool for enhancingstudents learning and performance in exams
Conference Session
Engineering Design
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ann P. McMahon Ph.D., Ann P. McMahon, LLC
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
Deep Dive and teachers provide ongoing feedback to students in formative assessments);• Shared and social knowledge and beliefs associated with the Deep Dive design culture, school engineering, and school science, defined as implicit and explicit assumptions about how work is done (e.g. “fail often in order to succeed sooner” in the Deep Dive culture, engineering is creative in the school engineering culture, and the specific science topics taught at each grade in the school science culture);• Intentions and goals of Deep Dive designers and of teachers, defined as the cognitive purpose of communications and actions (to reduce theft of shopping carts for the Deep Dive designers, and to facilitate students’ mastery of
Conference Session
Construction Curriculum Development
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, University of Texas, San Antonio; Vincent B. Canizaro, University of Texas, San Antonio; John D. Murphy Jr., University of Texas, San Antonio
Tagged Divisions
Construction
generation of integrated engineering curriculum - assessment after two years of implementation. Proceedings of the 2007 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, Honolulu, HI.19. Hauck, A.J., and Jackson, B.J. (2005). Design and Implementation of an Integrated Construction Management Curriculum. Proceedings of the Associated Schools of Construction 2005 Annual Conference, Cincinnati, OH. Page 25.954.1220. Montoya, M. A, Kelting, S.C. and Hauck, A.J. (2009) Pilot Study of an Integrated Construction Management Curriculum. Proceedings of the Associated Schools of Construction 2009
Conference Session
Information and Network Security
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tokunbo Ogunfunmi, Santa Clara University
Tagged Divisions
Computing & Information Technology
Computer and Electrical Engineering curriculumThis include areas of speech, audio and video data processing.We are developing a 3-part course sequence that will help teach undergraduatesmultimedia systems. The first part of the 3-part course sequence is about speech. Thesecond and third parts will focus on audio and video.In this paper, we provided details of the course and labs we designed for undergraduateswhich focuses on understanding how to process speech. We provide examples of thecurriculum, what is covered and how we cover it. We also provide examples of an end-of-class projects using a Split-Band LPC speech coder.In the future, we plan to present work on other two courses under development andlearning outcomes, assessment tests, etc. An
Conference Session
International Engineering Education: Developments, Innovations, Implementations, and Pedagogical Challenges in Engineering Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert De La Coromoto Koeneke-Ramirez, Daytona State College; Alireza Rahrooh, Daytona State College; Karla Patricia Moore, Daytona State College
Tagged Divisions
International
experience gained from teaching courses in the areaof digital systems in the department of Engineering Technology at the University of CentralFlorida (UCF) and Daytona State College (DSC) during the last six years. In the mentionedcases, the referred technological change has been gradually incorporated into courses of DigitalTechnology, Digital Systems and Digital Programmable Devices. Two different generations ofFPGA boards and CAD tools were introduced in these courses during this period. Similarly, thechanges in hardware and the use of CAD tools demanded the use of Hardware ProgrammingLanguage, in which case VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) was adopted.Therefore, we have compiled a trajectory of assessments on the impact of the
Conference Session
New Research and Trends for Minorities in Engineering
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Presentacion Rivera-Reyes, Utah State University; Raymond Edward Boyles, Utah State University; Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
Boyles, Utah State University Raymond Edward Boyles has an associate’s in specialized, avionics, May 1992, from Pittsburgh Institute of Aeronautics, and a B.S., information technology, May 2008, and M.S., technology education, Aug. 2009, from California University of PA. Most Relevant Papers: Santoso, H., Boyles, R., Lawanto, O. & Goodridge, W. (2011). A Preliminary Study of Conducting Semi-Structured Interview as Metacognitive Assessment in Engineering Design: Issues and Challenges. American Society for Engineering Education. Presentations, five most relevant: TeleRobotics: The Internet, a Physical Sensor 73rd Annual Confer- ence Program, ITEEA 2011. Dr. Kallis, J., Boyles, R. Implementation of Microgravity
Conference Session
Statics and Strength of Materials
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zachary Vick, University of Oklahoma; Kurt C. Gramoll, University of Oklahoma
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
://ecluster.ou.edu/apps/solid3d/default.aspx. Once the tool appears in the webpage (seeFigure 2), the user controls are located at the top of the window. The 3D solids tool has onlybeen recently incorporated into the mechanics eBook, and, as a result, there has been insufficienttime to assess the impact of the tool in an actual classroom setting. The effects of the 3D solidstool on professor pedagogy and any observed improvements in student performance will betopics of a planned future paper. Page 25.1010.5 Figure 2: Tool interface with loaded geometry1. Loading a geometry fileThe user can choose to upload a geometry file from
Conference Session
Engineering Technology Progress Reports: Part I
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Donald Richter, Eastern Washington University; Danny Teachman, Eastern Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
special needs individuals. The final design was built as a prototype and testedby both students requiring special needs and those who do not need any special accommodations.The student’s awareness of universal access was appraised by a thorough examination of thedesign looking specifically for incorporation of the basic principles. The final prototype wasjudged to incorporate the seven principles of universal design. The student’s ability to createdesigns that are usable by people with varied abilities was assessed through design reviews withthe likely end users and other stakeholders. The results in this area have been encouraging. Thefinal prototype desk did reflect that the needs of both special need students and traditionalstudents. The final
Conference Session
Manufacturing Processes Education
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Andy Fox, Kettering University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
CAE software offer online tutorials relevant tothe use of that specific software, there are very few if any that offer help sheets that require auser to switch between different software for carrying out the numerical simulations. A seniorlevel course on metal forming simulation requires the use of various CAE tools to do solidmodeling and to carry out the finite element modeling and analysis.An assessment to measure the effectiveness of the use of this tutorial is yet to be fully developed,but it appears based on preliminary survey that the students seem to have appreciated the easewith which the simulations can be carried out based on this tutorial. Also due to an increaseddemand for trained engineers in the metal forming area such
Conference Session
Engineering Education in Africa and the Middle East
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Olaleye, University of Lagos, Nigeria; Emmanuel Abiodun, University of Lagos, Nigeria; Joseph Olusina, University of Lagos, Nigeria; Francis Derby, Pennsylvania State University-Lehman
Tagged Divisions
International
is clear and loud enough- will surveying of the future require thesurveyor? Indeed, we are in an era where survey operation requires little observational skills. Ifthe skills and knowledge developed through long years of training and experience appear nolonger to be needed, does the surveying profession have a future?The way out is that the challenges of modern geospatial technology have to be recognized,properly assessed with a view to designing appropriate strategies to capitalize on theopportunities that they offer. The many challenges can be summarized into a few key issueslisted below. Page 15.33.5Current Challenges Facing the Surveying