Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norman F. Robinson III, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeffrey H Rosen, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jayma Koval, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #9906Robotics and Engineering Course Curriculum(Curriculum Exchange)Mr. Norman F. Robinson III, Georgia Institute of Technology Norman ”Storm” Robinson, III is an award winning educator, curriculum designer, presenter, professional development trainer and instructional coach. He has offered programs that have inspired teachers and students to increase interest and participation in STEM/STEAM courses and concepts. His energy, content knowledge and instructional strategies are supported by research and delivered in a style that is relatable and receptive and impacts teaching and learning. Storm began his

Conference Session

Committee on Educational Policy Presents: Pillars of Professional Development

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashraf Badir, Florida Gulf Coast University; Seneshaw Tsegaye, Florida Gulf Coast University; Long Duy Nguyen, P.E., Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

, and its synergy with the existing curriculum, this paper provides guidance for datascience curriculum development, implementation, and evaluation in civil engineering.IntroductionThe need to manage, analyze, and extract knowledge from data is becoming a necessity for everysector of society including industry, government, and academia. Engineers routinely encountermassive amounts of data, and new techniques and tools are emerging to create knowledge out ofthese data [1]. The compounded accessibility of data has considerably altered the civilengineering and the construction profession, and data analysis skill is recognized as a crucialexperience desired in engineering graduates [2-4]. Data science in civil engineering has a verywide scope. Data

Conference Session

Assessment and Curriculum Development

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Hall, Louisiana Tech University; Stan Cronk, Louisiana Tech University; James Nelson, Louisiana Tech University; Patricia Brackin, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

can be embedded in engineering curriculathat promote independent learning, assessing the level at which lifelong learning has beenachieved is difficult. The first year engineering curriculum at Louisiana Tech Universityprovides activities that support development of lifelong learning skills. Examples include therequirement of student attendance at professional society meetings or service functions andindependent research into global and societal issues that are likely to influence their careers. Ourproject-based curriculum requires skills beyond those imparted in the classroom. For example,students must learn with little or no classroom instruction to create parts and assemblies with a3D modeling tool, to diagnose technical problems with

Conference Session

Newly Developed Engineering Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anoop Desai, Georgia Southern University; Phil Waldrop, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Page 15.525.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Contribution to University Core Curriculum through a Course on SustainabilityAbstractThis paper presents a case study of the development of a course focused on sustainability as partof the university core curriculum. This was an opportunity for an engineering technologydepartment to contribute to the university core curriculum and to help fulfill its academicmission. The said course could be described as an elective in the generalMath/Science/Technology area. The course is designed in such a way as to engage a broad rangeof students in the study of sustainability from a technical perspective and not a purely culturalviewpoint. The structure of

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Manufacturing ET

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Kenneth Stier

A Competency Gaps Study for a Manufacturing Sequence Curriculum Kenneth W. Stier Department of Technology Illinois State UniversityAbstract This study was built on prior competency gap research conducted by the Society forManufacturing Engineers to provide a foundation for the development of the Department ofTechnology’s new Integrated Manufacturing Systems (IMS) laboratory at Illinois StateUniversity (ISU). The objectives of the study were to: a) investigate to what extent small andmid-sized Illinois manufacturing companies feel it is important for newly hired manufacturingengineering or technology graduates to

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in BIO Engr.

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Larry McIntire; Ka-yiu San; Ann Saterbak

. New and innovative curriculaare being developed to educate biomedical engineers who will not only create new tissues and Page 7.73.1cell-based therapies but also deliver them at a cost affordable to our health care system. Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2002, American Society for Engineering Education” Bioengineering Curriculum at Rice University The educational program objectives of the B.S. degree in Bioengineering at Rice University are to:· Provide students with a fundamental understanding of the life and medical sciences

Conference Session

Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald G. Kander, Philadelphia University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

(this is in addition to the requirement of a C-DEC Capstone Project). Next, there are four required C-DEC core courses that, combined with a C-DEC CapstoneProject, make up an 18-credit common curriculum that every student in every C-DEC majormust take. The four core courses, which are spread over a student’s first three years, are: a“Design Processes” course, a “Business Models” course, a “Systems Analysis” course, and a“Research Methods” course. These four core courses (and the Capstone Project course) aredescribed in more detail later. The next part of the C-DEC curriculum is a student’s academic major. This is where astudent develops the disciplinary depth necessary to be successful in a chosen field of study.This is an absolute

Conference Session

Assessment and Curriculum Development

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shruti Sharma, Portland State University; Xiaoyu Song, Portland State University; Mohamed Ghonim, Portland State University; Jin Zhang, Synopsys Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

in ECE Design Verification Curriculum Shruti Sharma, Mohamed Ghonim, Xiaoyu Song, Jin ZhangIntroductionVerification of modern-day computing systems is becoming a bottleneck, taking up to 70 % ofthe time and effort in the design cycle [1]. Traditional approaches to design verification includesimulation, where validation engineers create a test bench environment and develop test casesand checkers to monitor the behavior of the design. This presents several problems, includingthe long time taken to create the test bench infrastructure, long runtimes, and always posing thequestion of how many test cases would be enough to validate the design thoroughly. Longerruntimes for simulation are usually

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Blekhman, California State University Los Angeles; Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University; Ahmad Sleiti, University of Central Florida; Eileen Cashman, Humboldt State University; Peter Lehman, Humboldt State University; Richard Engel, Schatz Energy Research Center; Michael Mann, University of North Dakota; Hossein Salehfar, University of North Dakota

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

; designed and built a modern hydrogen fueling station at HSU. Lehman's current work includes producing a national hydrogen energy curriculum for high school students in collaboration with Lawrence Hall of Science at UC Berkeley, studying gasification of woody biomass, and photovoltaic module durability and degradation testing.Richard Engel, Schatz Energy Research Center Richard Engel is a Senior Research Engineer at SERC. He graduated from Humboldt State University with a B.S. in Environmental Resources Engineering. Engel's work at SERC has included technical, development of educational materials for high school and university level students, hydrogen and fuel cell system

Conference Session

Course Development / Curriculum Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alisa Gilmore P.E., University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. The attributes of this new platform, theCEENBoT™, included greater flexibility, ability to use parts from hobby stores, more robustmechanical construction and higher reliability.2 During the same time, the department becameintegrally involved in a collaborative NSF ITEST funded project which sought to adapt theTekBot to the middle school level for teacher professional development.3 The project, calledSPIRIT, for Silicon Prairie Initiative for Robotics in IT, employed TekBots as a fundamentalstrategy for problem-based instructional activities and curriculum development, and after itscreation, the CEENBoT™. The work in K-12 robotics activities based on the CEENBoT™continued with follow-on funding from an NSF Discovery K-12 grant, called SPIRIT

Conference Session

Course Development / Curriculum Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carlotta A. Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #11531Teaching a first course in Human-Robot InteractionDr. Carlotta A Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dr. Carlotta A Berry is an associate professor in the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. She is the director of the multidisciplinary minor in robotics and co-director of the Rose building undergraduate diversity scholarship and professional development program. She has been the President of the Technical Editor Board for the ASEE Computers in Education Journal since 2012. She is a member of ASEE, IEEE, NSBE, and Eta Kappa Nu

Conference Session

Course Development / Curriculum Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wade Fagen-Ulmschneider, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Cinda Heeren, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Matthew West, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. She teaches CS225, Data Structures and Programming Principles, to hundreds of enthusiastic and talented undergraduates every year. She is always game to try new pedagogical innovations, and she loves telling young women about her affection for computing.Dr. Geoffrey L Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Dr. Geoffrey L. Herman is a visiting assistant professor with the Illinois Foundry for Innovation in En- gineering Education at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a research assistant professor with the Department of Curriculum & Instruction. He earned his Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer En- gineering from the University of Illinois

Conference Session

Manufacturing Workforce Development

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sergio Luna, University of Texas at El Paso; Amit Lopes; Ahmed Bahabry, United States Military Academy; Aditya Akundi, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley

Powered by www.slayte.com Trends of Systems Engineering Job Postings and their Implications for Curriculum DevelopmentRecent studies in systems engineering indicate that the design, development, and management ofsystems will continue to increase in complexity. The foreseen growth is expected as futurecapabilities require understanding the system and its operating environment, adapting to rapid-changing scenarios, integrating more independent hardware and software elements, andcoordinating with multiple stakeholders across the system’s lifecycle, among others. To developthe next generation of systems, alignment between industry needs and curricula from higher-education institutions should exist. Therefore

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harold R. Underwood, Messiah College; Donald George Pratt, Messiah College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Paper ID #12645Combining Digital with Analog Circuits in a Core Course for a Multidisci-plinary Engineering CurriculumDr. Harold R Underwood, Messiah College Dr. Underwood received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign (UIUC) in 1989, and has been a faculty member of the engineering Department at Mes- siah College since 1992. Besides teaching Circuits, Electromagnetics, and Communications Systems, he supervises engineering students in the Communications Technology Group on credited work in the In- tegrated Projects Curriculum (IPC) of the Engineering Department, and other

Conference Session

International Developments & Collaborations

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

A.K.M. Abdul Quader; Shamsuddin Ilias; Franklin King; Keith Schimmel

Partnership with Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology in Pollution Prevention Curriculum Development and Research Keith A. Schimmel, Shamsuddin Ilias, Franklin G. King/ A.K.M. Abdul Quader North Carolina A&T State University/ Bangladesh University of Engineering & TechnologyI. IntroductionAs a nation with a population of over 130 million on a landmass of 55,813 square miles (aboutthe size of Wisconsin), Bangladesh is known to the West for natural calamity, famine, andpoverty. In recent years, Bangladesh has made major strides to produce sufficient

Conference Session

ECE Program Development

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

W. Timothy Holman, Vanderbilt University; Brian David Sierawski, Vanderbilt University; Robert Reed, Vanderbilt University; Robert A. Weller, Vanderbilt University; Andrew L. Sternberg, Vanderbilt University; Rebekah Austin, Vanderbilt University; Daniel M. Fleetwood, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

enjoyed the competitive aspect of the module, the robot kits did notallow for any significant hardware/software co-design or customization, which is integral tomodern EE systems and applications. In addition, the robot kit module was a standaloneexperience with no direct follow-up in our core EE curriculum until the senior year.In the new EE module, students prototype portions of a small satellite using an Arduinodevelopment board as an electronics platform. The Arduino Uno board and its associated shields(printed circuit boards that extend the capabilities of the Arduino) are well-suited to the sizeconstraints encountered in small satellite design. The extensibility of the platform and the well-supported development environment make a variety of

Conference Session

Engineering Management Curriculum

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Stephanie Adams

Session 1017 A Conceptual Model for the Development and Assessment of Teamwork Stephanie G. Adams, Ph.D., Laura C. Simon Vena, Bianey C. Ruiz-Ulloa and Fernando Pereira University of Nebraska-LincolnAbstract This article presents a newly developed conceptual mode l to assist in the development ofeffective teams; to assess team effectiveness and to measure the growth of individuals working inteams. This model, to be carried out in three phases, will reveal that when individuals have aneffective teaming experience the following

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary S Carpenter Ed.D., CCD - Custom Curriculum Design; Chris Yakymyshyn; Logan Edward Micher; Ashly Locke, Florida Polytechnic University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #14876Improved Student Engagement through Project-Based Learning in Fresh-man Engineering DesignDr. Mary S Carpenter Ed.D., CCD - Custom Curriculum Design With more than thirty years’ experience in the education profession, Dr. Carpenter has a track record of managing the development of high quality, revenue impacting, blended curriculum. A seasoned professor and corporate trainer, she has delivered valuable learning experiences to students who range in age and ability from Head Start preschoolers to doctoral candidates at one of America’s oldest universities. As a certified Instructional Designer, she has held

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 6

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Bosman, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Katey Shirey, eduKatey LLC, STEAM Education Services; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Nathalie Duval-Couetil, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

Paper ID #38351Engineering Faculty Professional Development: Scholarship of Teachingand Learning (SOTL) Dissemination for Curriculum IntegratingEntrepreneurial Mindset, STEAM, and Bio-Inspired DesignDr. Lisa Bosman, Purdue University at West Lafayette Dr. Bosman holds a PhD in Industrial Engineering. Her engineering education research interests include entrepreneurially minded learning, energy education, interdisciplinary education, and faculty professional development.Dr. Katey Shirey, eduKatey LLC, STEAM Education Services Dr. Katey Shirey, founder of eduKatey, LLC in DC, combines expertise in science, art, engineering, and

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ha Pho, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Yanfen Li, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Hsien-Yuan Hsu, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

. By examining research trends on the evaluation of the EnteringMentoring training curriculum in STEM fields, this study has the potential to contribute to thecurrent literature and guide evaluation professionals in identifying essential outcome variablesand selecting appropriate instrument tools.The Entering Mentoring CurriculumThe Development and Deployment of the Entering Mentoring Curriculum In 2005, a team of researchers and practitioners at the University of Wisconsin Madison(UWM) met to discuss mentoring challenges, generate case studies, and conduct an experientialseminar where a facilitator engaged a small group of students in discussions of case studies onmentoring experience. This became the basis of the first edition of the

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Constituent Committee Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard J. Schuhmann, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; James N. Magarian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Elizabeth Huttner-Loan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

. Page 24.67.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 A Method for Assessing Engineering Leadership Content in the Engineering Curriculum: A First Look at Civil Engineering Project Management CoursesAbstractThe National Academy of Engineering, industry, educators, and professional engineering societiescommunicate the need for the 21st century engineer to understand the principles of leadership and to beprepared to lead in a variety of venues, including government. While many engineering schools supportthis proposition, many also lack an explicit functional mechanism by which to achieve it. Some schoolsmay seek implicitly to foster leadership development in students through co-curricular group

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 5

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julia M. Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Eva Andrijcic, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sriram Mohan, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

Paper ID #43234From Graduate Student to Academic Change Maker: Analyzing the Impactof the ’Making Academic Change Happen’ Curriculum on Early Career Facultyand Academic StaffDr. Julia M. Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dr. Julia M. Williams is Professor of English at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. She is the author of Making Changes in STEM Education: The Change Maker’s Toolkit (Routledge 2023). Her research areas include technical communication, assessment, accreditation, and the development of change management strategies for faculty and staff.Dr. Eva Andrijcic, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Eva

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Electromechanical Engineering Technology

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Jan Lugowski

Session 1449 Development of a Motion Control Laboratory for Fluid Power Education Jan T. Lugowski Purdue UniversityIntroductionTwo years ago, in 2002, the fluid power laboratory in the Department of Mechanical EngineeringTechnology (MET) received a grant to develop a motion control laboratory and incorporate itinto the delivery of MET fluid power program at Purdue University. The funds are used topurchase new and upgrade existing equipment, and to make all the work necessary to incorporateit into the courses. The goal

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob L. Segil, University of Colorado at Boulder; Brian Huang, SparkFun Electronics; Lindsay Diamond, SparkFun Electronics

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #13718Development of a Semester Long High School Introduction to EngineeringDesign Course for a Prototypical Classroom (Curriculum Exchange)Dr. Jacob L. Segil, University of Colorado at Boulder Jacob L. Segil is an Instructor for General Engineering Plus and Mechanical Engineering degree programs at the University of Colorado Boulder. Jacob has a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering with a minor in Bio- engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, a M.S. in Mechanical Engineering with a Bioengineering focus from the University of Colorado Boulder, and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the

Conference Session

Design Across Curriculum 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Robert P. Loweth, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Jiangqiong Liu; Kathleen H. Sienko, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Educ., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 712–731, 2020.[14] A. Smith and B. Linder, “IDDS Design Workbook.” International Development Innovation Network, Oct. 26, 2014, [Online]. Available: http://www.idin.org/resources/curriculum/idds-design-notebook.[15] A. E. Wood and C. A. Mattson, “Design for the developing world: Common pitfalls and how to avoid them,” J. Mech. Des., vol. 138, no. 3, p. 031101, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1115/1.4032195.[16] H. van Rijn, F. Sleeswijk Visser, P. J. Stappers, and A. D. Özakar, “Achieving empathy with users: The effects of different sources of information,” CoDesign, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 65– 77, Jun. 2011, doi: 10.1080/15710882.2011.609889.[17] R. P. Loweth, S. R. Daly, K. H. Sienko, A. Hortop, and E. A

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum in ET

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Alok Verma

an organization and acrossthe supply chain. Thus, training the work force in lean principles is a major part of any leanimplementation. This paper presents the development of a lean training program for theApprentice School at Northrop Grumman Newport News. The instructional pedagogyrelies on both classroom instruction and hands-on simulation activity to relay leanconcepts to students. The training program is being incorporated into the curriculum at theApprentice School of Northrop Grumman and at Old Dominion University.I. Introduction The adoption of Lean Manufacturing philosophy by manufacturer’s worldwide hascreated a demand for workers who are trained in the lean principles and have an eye forthe waste in the value stream [1]. The

Conference Session

Product and Venture Creation Curriculum

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Wilburn Clouse

Mechanical Engineering. Human and OrganizationalDevelopment seldom have the opportunity to work in teams across disciplines, unless it is withfields such as Sociology and Education. Of course, some students in colleges of arts andsciences have the potential to cut across disciplines in their work. In our work betweenEngineering and Human and Organizational Development, we have no formal structure to tie thegroups together. Therefore, we have decided to tie the groups together in terms of developing anentrepreneurial way of thinking about organizational and engineering issues. Page 8.524.7We have structured our curriculum around the following issues

Conference Session

New Approaches in Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Jay K. Martin; Jay Martin; Dayle K. Haglund; Jennifer Kushner

Session_____ Developing a Philosophy of Practice: A New Approach to Curricular Evolution in Engineering Education At the University of Wisconsin Dayle K. Haglund, Jennifer Kushner, Jay K. Martin University of Wisconsin-Madison IntroductionABET EC20001 is remarkable in the flexibility allowed engineering departments in determiningthe content of their curriculum and the methodologies used to teach the curriculum. Thisflexibility is in sharp contrast to the prescriptive curricula previously specified by ABET. Thechange to ABET EC2000 should provide

Conference Session

Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yuan Liao, University of Kentucky; Lawrence Holloway, University of Kentucky; Paul A. Dolloff, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

AC 2012-3042: DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW MULTIDISCIPLINARY COURSE:SMART GRIDDr. Yuan Liao, University of Kentucky Yuan Liao is currently an Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineer- ing at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky., USA. He is also the Associate Director for the Graduate Program of the Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky. He was an R&D Consulting Engineer and then Principal R&D Consulting Engineer with the ABB Corporate Research Center, Raleigh, N.C., USA. His research interests include smart grid and renewable energy.Dr. Lawrence Holloway, University of Kentucky Lawrence Holloway is TVA Professor and Chair, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Graphics

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

John Demel

– we should not be focused on manual drawings but should be looking at how well students can visualize and create 3D models.Doug Baxter – if graphics is integrated across the curriculum when should you give a pre- and post-test and a knowledge/skills test?Development WorkAssuming that the Krueger test is available and that we can combine it with the Sorby test tocreate a bank of test questions, we will explore creation of a Web site that could randomly pick45 – 50 questions to be used as a pre- and post-test. The questions would be put into electronicform and would be checked against the current ANSI standards.Additional work will be done on questions for the skills/knowledge test. These will developedso that there are sets of multiple