Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Borowczak, University of Wyoming; Andrea Carneal Burrows Borowczak, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

current literature continues to drive a need to investigate higher educationinstructor pedagogy and tools as areas in need of additional study.MethodsThe three case studies in this research originated during a 16-day professional developmentfunded through a math and science partnership (MSP) grant. During the professionaldevelopment 20 K-12 instructors were exposed to the Python programming language (3 days)and NetLogo (3 days). All of the programming, notes, and lessons materials were hosted usinginteractive notebooks and open source repositories. The interactive notebooks used open-sourceJupyter notebooks hosted using JupyterHub – a related open source project. Similarly, NetLogoactivities and code were either hosted on NetLogo’s own site, the

Conference Session

Aerospace Design and Manufacturing (Student Papers)

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Maria Baklund, University of St. Thomas; MiKyla Jean Harjamaki, Playful Learning Lab; Hannah French; Patrick Roche, University of St. Thomas; Collin John Goldbach, Playful Learning Lab; Cullen Charles Kittams, University of St. Thomas ; Molly Roche, University of St. Thomas; Deborah Besser P.E., University of St. Thomas; Damian Kulash Jr., OK Go; Jeff Jalkio, University of St. Thomas; Annmarie Thomas, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Paper ID #30577Art in Space: Using Art to interest K-12 students in aerospace design[STUDENT PAPER]Maria Baklund, University of St. Thomas Undergraduate Research Assistant for the Playful Learning Lab at St. Thomas under the direction of Dr. Annmarie Thomas. Served as the Art in Space contest project lead. Third-year Mechanical Engi- neering major with a Peace Engineering minor. Has led many STEM activities and is interested in using engineering to encourage peoples’ interests and collaborate with developing countries.Miss MiKyla Jean Harjamaki, Playful Learning Lab I am an undergraduate student studying mechanical

Conference Session

Computers in Education 1 - Programming 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Pat Ko, Mississippi State University; Mahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Mississippi State University; Jonathan G. Harris, Northern Gulf Institute; Jamie Lee Dyer, Mississippi State University; Yan Sun, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

ability to deal with open ended problems • The ability to communicate and work with others to achieve a common goal or solutionFigure 1. Operational Definition of Computational Thinking from the International Society forTechnology in Education and the Computer Science Teachers Association (ISTE & CSTA, 2011) While named for computer science and involving requisite skills for writing programs, computationalthinking skills are general enough to be useful for many fields beyond computer science. The NextGeneration Science Standards (NGSS) promotes developing computational thinking in K-12 students byintegrating the skills into other science instruction contexts. However, there are barriers toimplementation. Current in-service K-12

Conference Session

Research Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Tillman, The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP)

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

efficacy in math. Thesample of second grade students and utilization of a randomized control assignment methodhelped fill missing methodological gaps, and several relationships were examined that filled inconstruct related holes. The guiding question for the current study was: Did second gradestudents who participated in a mathematics based PBL unit report higher levels of engagementcompared to students who participated in traditional, teacher directed instruction?MethodsThe current study was an examination of one piece of a two-year, multifaceted grant. Thisresearch project was a Jacob K. Javits initiative funded through the U.S. Department ofEducation that followed one cohort of students during 2nd and 3rd grade as they experienced threePBL

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Applications

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice Scales, North Carolina State University; Aaron Clark, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

, 2006 K-12 Outreach for Engineering and Technical Graphics: What is Our Role? AbstractFor years, professionals in Engineering Education have struggled with the need to recruit more and better preparedstudents into fields related to engineering. Recently, there has been a push to develop pre-engineering programs forpublic secondary education programs that will help with the recruitment and provide high school students with theneeded background for success as an engineering student. Many disciplines have initiatives related to this newtrend in public education, but with limited success, as it is so new to states curricula. Considering this new era ofpre-engineering education and student’s

Collection

2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Ammar Alzarrad, Marshall University; Sudipta chowdhury, Marshall University; Fernanda Delduque

is a nonprofit association thatmentors K-12 teachers on sustainable energy education through STEM topics and activities. TheNEED Project offers a curriculum and mentorship to professors on how to use creativity to teachK-12 students and invent new ways of thinking and practicing sustainability addressing STEMtopics. Students can effectively make changes that directly impact their community, building solidvalues of respect between men and nature from an early age. The NEED Project launched in WestVirginia (WV) recently, successfully mentoring many teachers around the state. To express theimportance of the NEED Project to the teachers and students in WV, there is a need to study theeffects of the NEED Project approach in developing the

Conference Session

Recruitment & Outreach in CHE

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Tricia Lytton; Margie Haak; Edith Gummer; Dan Arp; Willie (Skip) Rochefort

fundingthrough a grant from the NSF Division of Undergraduate Education (DUE 9979507; Arp, PI).NSF Fellows (14 graduate fellows per year) supported through this program play a critical role inreaching our goal. They join Departmental Liaisons, Outreach Coordinators and GK-12 Teachers(one for each Fellow) in a project designed to enhance the delivery of science education (definedhere as education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics or STEM) in the publicschools. Our efforts focus on eleven target schools (K-12) in three school districts in Oregon. Page 8.905.1 “Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

Pre-College: Engineering Undergraduates as Teachers

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malinda S. Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Janet Y. Tsai, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder; Marissa H. Forbes, University of Colorado, Boulder; Denise W. Carlson, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

Paper ID #18162Engineering Undergraduates Concurrently Seeking K-12 STEM Teacher Li-censure: Fuels the Soul or Too Many Barriers?Dr. Malinda S. Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder Malinda Zarske is a faculty member with the Engineering Plus program at the University of Colorado Boulder. A former high school and middle school science and math teacher, she has advanced degrees in teaching secondary science from the Johns Hopkins University and in civil engineering from CU-Boulder. Dr. Zarske teaches undergraduate product design courses through Engineering Plus as well as STEM education courses for pre-service teachers

Conference Session

Empowering Change: Cultivating Inclusive and Sustainable Futures in STEM Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica Lynn Miles, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Alexandra Schindel, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Kate Haq, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Paper ID #41946Bridging the Equity Gap: Environmental Justice Education in K–16 for EngineeringTeaching and LearningDr. Monica Lynn Miles, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Monica L. Miles, Ph.D. is an early career Assistant Professor of Engineering Education at the University at Buffalo in the School of Engineering and applied sciences. Dr. Miles considers herself a scholar-mother-activist-entrepreneur where all her identities work in harmony as she reshapes her community. She is a critical scholar who seeks transformative solutions to cultivate liberated and environmentally just environments for Black

Conference Session

K-12 Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Erdinc Acar; Faruk Taban; Ismail Fidan

Teaching Basic Engineering Concepts in a K-12 Environment Using LEGO® Bricks and Robotics Faruk Taban1, Erdinc Acar2, Ismail Fidan3, Ayhan Zora4 1 University of Nevada, Reno / 2Coral Academy of Science / 3 Tennessee Technological University / 4Technology Center, Deere & CompanyAbstractThis paper explores the impacts of basic engineering concepts of LEGO® Bricks and Robotics inCoral Academy of Science in Reno, Nevada - a Science, Math and Technology Middle and HighSchool - collaborated with the Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Nevada, Reno(UNR). A team from middle school students designed and developed a LEGO® Robot and

Conference Session

Civic Engagement and Volunteerism in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Richey, The Boeing Company; Deepa Gupta, The Boeing Company; Timothy Kieran O'Mahony, University of Washington, College of Education LIFE Center; Laura E. Meyers, City University of Seattle; Fabian Zender, The Boeing Company; Danielle LoVallo Vermeer, The Boeing Company

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

focused onassessing the impact of a volunteerism engagement on the skills and mindsets of workingengineers, who translate their knowledge of science and engineering in the creation of open-ended engineering design challenges that they subsequently teach to students and their familiesin community-based out-of-school programs called Family Science Nights.This skills-based volunteerism program is the result of a partnership between the GlobalCorporate Citizenship team – the community engagement arm of the company – and a nonprofiteducational organization to develop open-ended engineering design challenges that are intendedto bring aerospace engineering, technical, and scientific content to life for K-12 students andtheir families. Through this

Conference Session

The Role of Robotics in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Can Saygin, University of Texas, San Antonio; Timothy T. Yuen, University of Texas, San Antonio; Heather J. Shipley, University of Texas, San Antonio; Hung-da Wan, University of Texas, San Antonio; David Akopian, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

(STEM) fields will provide a workforce that is prepared to ensurea healthy economy, respond to demands for national security, and maintain and elevate thequality of life and standard of living in the United States through technological and scientificadvancements. From this perspective, exposing K-12 student to STEM is very important.Several resources highlight the need to effectively use modern technology to gain moreproductive and rewarding STEM exposure at K-12 level in terms of its long-lasting results,effectiveness and excitement [1, 2]. The importance of active learning through hands-onapplications has been highlighted in the literature [3-8]. In the report of the Advisory Committee[9], under the auspices of the Education of Human

Conference Session

Teaching Teaming Skills Through Design

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

John Feland

group of students and it will bereported out on in the future. The content continues to evolve as best practices are integrated.BIBLIOGRAPHY 1) Donne, John. “Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions”, Meditation 17 (1624). 2) Katz, Susan M. The Entry-Level Engineer: Problems in Transition from Student to Professional. Journal of Engineering Education. 82(3), July 1993, 171-174. 3) Morgan, R. P., P. P. Reed, and W. A. Wulf. The Changing Nature of Engineering. ASEE Prism. May-June 1998. 4) Somerton, C. “Incorporating a Team Building Experiment into a Senior Level Laboratory Course,” Proceedings of the ASEE Annual Conference, June 1999. 5) Hunter, K., Matson, J., “Engineering Leadership and Teamwork Development through

Conference Session

Philosophical Foundations, Frameworks, and Testing in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Wicklein; David Gattie

technology educators acquired from membership records of theInternational Technology Education Association (ITEA), the largest professionaleducational association, principal voice, and information clearinghouse devoted toenhancing technology education through experiences in K-12 schools. From thispopulation, a total of 583 high school teachers from the four regions of the InternationalTechnology Education Association (ITEA) were sent a survey. These individuals Page 10.383.3represented an appropriate cross-sectional sampling of technology education teachers, “Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Capstone Design Practices

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corey T. Schimpf, Concord Consoritum; Xudong Huang, Concord Consortium; Charles Xie; Zhenghui Sha, University of Arkansas; Joyce E. Massicotte, Concord Consortium

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #25270Developing Instructional Design Agents to Support Novice and K-12 DesignEducationDr. Corey T. Schimpf, Concord Consoritum Corey Schimpf is a Learning Analytics Scientist with interest in design research, learning analytics, re- search methods and under-representation in engineering, A major strand of his work focuses on develop- ing and analyzing learning analytics that model students’ cognitive states or strategies through fine-grained computer-logged data from open-ended technology-centered science and engineering projects. His disser- tation research explored the use of Minecraft to teach early

Conference Session

iSTEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy S Klein-Gardner, Harpeth Hall School and Vanderbilt University; Crystal Tricia Chukwurah, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

to Integrate STEM in the Classroom (Research to Practice)AbstractFew conferences set out to examine the impact they have on attendees and whether or not theyhave met their goals and perhaps research questions beyond a simple satisfaction survey. Thisstudy uses surveys and interviews to examine the influence of the STEM Think Tank andConference 2012 (TT&C), hosted by the Center for STEM Education for Girls, on its attendees(i.e. K-12 teachers, K-12 administrators, university faculties, and industry). We set out to definehow the TT&C influenced the attendees’ professional connections, both in type and number, andhow teachers’ experiences at the TT&C affected their future use of STEM integration in

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kimberly Farnsworth, Arizona State University; Jean S. Larson, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

rewards and punishments to facilitate learner performance while also preventing orminimizing frustration. Van de Pol et al.’s scaffolding framework [22] and Saye and Brush’shard and soft scaffolding [18] are used in this study as the means of analysis and interpretation ofthe data collected by the researchers. These frameworks enabled the analysis of instructor-learnerinteractions, specifically examining how instructors supported student learning through thevarious scaffolding strategies and goals. A detailed description of how these scaffoldingframeworks were used will be described below.Research questionsThis study examined how K-12 engineering teachers planned to scaffold and support studentlearning, how teachers implemented scaffolding in a

Conference Session

ETAC, ABET, & STEM Programs

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Engineering from Michigan Technological University in 2007. Dr. Aleksandr Sergeyev’s research interests include high energy laser propagation through the turbulent atmosphere, developing advanced control algorithms for wavefront sensing and mitigating effects of the turbulent atmosphere, digital inline holography, digital signal processing, and laser spectroscopy. Dr. Sergeyev is a member of ASEE, IEEE, SPIE and is actively involved in promoting engineering education. Page 24.564.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Expand the pipeline: K-12 curriculum

Conference Session

Teaching Teaming Skills Through Design

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Reid Bailey

Group Catapult and Given Kolbe Solar Oven Tractor Results Indices Results (Section A) Control Group Catapult and Solar Oven No Treatment Tractor Results Results (Sections B, C & D)The three design projects are appropriate to study engineering design team performance forseveral reasons. First, each goes beyond analysis to truly involve design and synthesis. One waythis is evidenced is through their openness: there is not a single right

Conference Session

Continuous Improvement & Assessment of ET Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Cottrell, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

communications, engineering economy, and construction planning, scheduling, estimating, and management. Page 13.1138.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008Page 13.1138.2conclusion of each block of instruction provided the primary vehicle for evaluatingstudent skills. The paper presents some specific examples of outcomes that were linkedto a variety of assessment methods including graded exercises and exams. Final courseassessments were performed through both objective and subjective means with finalexam problems providing final objective assessments on critical learning objectives andstudent questionnaires yielding the medium for

Conference Session

Research on Diversification & Inclusion

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Lachney, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, New Engineering Educators, Student, Women in Engineering

up from pre-primary and primary, through secondary, and on tohigher education and that this necessarily impacts how engineering can effectively be taught atdifferent levels.5 We are more concerned with how the misalignment between K-12 anduniversity engineering programs epitomizes broader struggles over representations of whatengineering work actually entails and devising educational programs to prepare for it.Ultimately, we take the successes of K-12 engineering programs in baiting students—and the(i) This qualification notwithstanding, we do claim that some of the major players in engineering recruitment, at alllevels, knowingly and deliberately convey a highly selective, “glossy” image of both engineering education and

Conference Session

Advancing Manufacturing Through Outreach

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Frank Liou

Stratasys Dimension FDM machine.V. Attendee BackgroundThe teachers' perception of manufacturing is limited. When they speak aboutmanufacturing jobs, they relate it to those individuals who operate machinery, i.e. amachinist. This misconception has to be corrected, that is, manufacturing is more thanmachining and the personnel needed by the industry must be able to perform high endfunctions from design to sales. One way to educate them is through these workshopswhich present a new way of looking at manufacturing. Table 2 shows some of thecomments from the teachers who wanted to learn more about manufacturing. Figure Page 10.148.511 shows that teachers from

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael R. Odell, University of Texas at Tyler; Li Feng, Texas State University; Christopher Thomas, The University of Texas at Tyler; Eric Stocks; Patrick Massey, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

programimplementation and a lack appropriate facilities to support the “problem-based” curriculum(Reid & Feldhaus, 2007; Shields, 2007). This study goes beyond the qualitative findings anduses a quantitative approach to determine key predictors of adoption with the goal of identifyingresources to better support implementation efforts. Theoretical FrameworkDiffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory purports that novel ideas are spread through socialnetworks through a process that involves (a) awareness of the need for a novel approach toaddress an issue, problem, or situation, (b) a decision by individuals to adopt the novel idea, (c)the testing of the idea in relation to one’s own particular circumstance, and (d) the continued

Conference Session

Reassessing Your Teaching Through Turmoil

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ryan Solnosky P.E., Pennsylvania State University; Nathan C. Brown, Pennsylvania State University; Rebecca Napolitano, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

successful technologicalstrategies included digital problem sessions with document cameras, and chat-based questions withdiscussions. Furthermore, depending on course size and student population, students tended toengage more readily compared to verbal questions directed to the instructor during remote liveclasses. This engagement varied among written e-mails and chats, discussion boards, and TeachingAssistant (TA) office hours. To build on initial findings from individual course feedback, all threeclasses were evaluated using a common mid-term and end-of-term survey soliciting studentreactions to content delivery, technology aides, and interactions with instructors/TAs. Overall,lessons learned through mixed-mode and remote instruction in structural

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

So Yoon Yoon, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Miles Griffin Evans; Johannes Strobel, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

-efficacy is necessary.The target population for the use of the TESS is the K-12 teachers in the United States. However,the sample for this study consists of the teachers in fourteen states. Thus, the result of this studyhas limitation in generalizability to make inferences beyond the sample characteristics of thisstudy. In addition, the sample size of this study was marginal to conduct an EFA. Thus, theresults based on the EFA may not be fairly reliable representation of the factor structure of theTESS. Thus, a CFA will warrant finalization of the items and factor structure of the TESS.Therefore, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is planned to be applied with a new data setfrom over 200 teachers. In addition, item analyses based on classical

Conference Session

Engineering / Education Collaborations

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Monica Bruning

effortsand more innovative thinking. It will require that companies move beyond “feel-good”partnerships with individual schools to systems-level partnerships where business expertise canhelp meet K-12 needs. This new partnering paradigm will require leadership at both the industryand K-12 level that requires considerable cooperation and understanding among groups that maynot always agree on goals or methods (Jackson & Davis, 2000).The Project – Inquiry and ObjectivesThe project focused on increasing the flow of technically skilled workers through enhancedstrategic educational partnerships in the state of Iowa. It involved developing and electronicallyadministering two surveys—one for K-12 teachers in Iowa and one for technologically

Conference Session

Special Session: Innovation through Improv

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Ludovice, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lew Lefton, Georgia Institute of Technology; Richard Catrambone, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

managers are frustrated at the lack of progress on a problem despitetheir best efforts to install the Six Sigma process because Six Sigma in no way addresses thecritically important creativity step.True creativity requires that innovators increase their creative energy and allow this energy tohelp sufficiently sample idea space. We propose a mechanism to increase and focus creativeenergy specifically for scientists and engineers. Despite their aversion to creative energy,scientists and engineers do understand the sampling of other variable spaces with variousalgorithms. For centuries, scientists and engineers have understood how to manipulate thermalenergy to efficiently move through the state space of both ancient and modern materials

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer S Gurski, Drexel University; Penny Louise Hammrich, Drexel Univeristy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

personalexperiences that led to their enrollment and persistence in a post- secondary engineeringprogram. These research findings will help enable K-14 educators to make informed decisionsabout deliberate efforts to engage and support young women, both in their career through pre-engineering and engineering curriculum supports and in the transition from high school tocollege.Research QuestionThe following research question was explored in this study: How do young women’s perceptionsof their K-14 STEM experiences influence their decision to enroll and persist in an engineeringmajor? The sequential approach allowed the researcher to construct specific focus group andinterview questions based on an initial quantitative survey to gain an in-depth understanding

Conference Session

Design and Implementation of Graduate Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meredith Welch-Devine, University of Georgia; Ramana Pidaparti, University of Georgia; K. Paige Carmichael, University of Georgia; Janet E. Rechtman, University of Georgia; Brandy B. Walker, University of Georgia; Julie A. Coffield, University of Georgia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Paper ID #21835Training Model for 21st Century Graduate Education Through Engagementto ActionMeredith Welch-Devine, University of GeorgiaDr. Ramana Pidaparti, University of Georgia Ramana Pidaparti, is currently a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at VCU. Dr. Pidaparti received his Ph.D. degree in Aeronautics & Astronautics from Purdue University, West Lafayette in 1989. In 2004, he joined the Virginia Commonwealth University as a Professor of Mechanical Engineering. He has taught previously at Purdue University campus in Indianapolis (IUPUI). He has taught several courses in design, mechanics of materials

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering: Educational Policy and Research

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Greg Pearson, National Academy of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

models and learning electricity. In M.S. Khine and M. Saleh (eds.). Models and Modeling in Science Education (pp. 141-171). Netherlands: Springer.21. Wilensky, U. 2003. Statistical mechanics for secondary school: the GasLab modeling toolkit. International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning, 8(1), 1–41.22. Dickes, A.C. and P. Sengupta. 2012. Learning natural selection in 4th grade with multi-agent-based computational models. Research in Science Education, 43 (3): 921-953.23. Wilensky, U. and K. Reisman. 2006. Thinking like a wolf, a sheep, or a firefly: Learning biology through constructing and testing computational theories—an embodied modeling approach. Cognition and Instruction, 24(2), 171–209.24