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Displaying results 4771 - 4800 of 18655 in total
Conference Session
Software Applications in ET Programs
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph A. Untener P.E., University of Dayton; Robert L. Mott, University of Dayton; Buck Jones, Engineered Software
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
, SME, and ASME. He is a Fellow of ASEE and a recipient of the ASEE James H. McGraw Award. He is a recipient of the SME Education Award. He holds the Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree from General Motors Institute (Now Kettering University) and the Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University. He has authored the textbooks; Applied Fluid Me- chanics 7th ed. and Machine Elements in Mechanical Design 5th ed., published by Pearson/Prentice-Hall; Applied Strength of Materials 5th ed. with CRC Press and the 6th edition is in preparation.Mr. Buck Jones, Engineered Software Jones graduated from the University of Tennessee with a Bachelor’s of Science in Engineering Physics and Christian
Conference Session
Teaching Design
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Kristin Wood; Daniel Jensen; Alan Dutson; Matthew Green
new materials such as hands-on activities, interactive multimedia, andgroup learning. This balance with concrete experience is especially needed in “building-block”courses that create the foundation for advanced design courses. If we expect students to performwell with open-ended, project-centered problems, we need to provide a pedagogical basis acrossthe entire undergraduate curriculum. This paper presents such a basis for one importantengineering core topic: mechanics of materials. Active learning concepts applied in mechanicsof materials courses are discussed, including specific examples of hands-on, multimedia, andgroup design exercises.1. IntroductionOne of the needed reformations in engineering education involves a change in
Conference Session
DEED Technical Session 8 - Design Methodologies
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ashley Huderson, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Erin Peiffer; Sahar Shamsi; Francisco Plaza; Elizabeth Collins
technologies and interfaces [15] [16].Manufacturing Engineers:Manufacturing engineers will be essential in supporting the shift to Industry 4.0, shifting also theirworkflows and responsibilities. The IoT and AI may impact the optimization of processes via theincorporation of data into simulations for troubleshooting and continuous improvement ofequipment performance, resulting in greater operational efficiencies through increased equipmentutilization [17]. This data can also be incorporated into generative design for factory/equipmentdesign, materials selection, and procurement with more emphasis in the future on sustainabilityconsiderations [14]. Additionally, manufacturing engineers will be required to have knowledge ofnew manufacturing methods and
Conference Session
Software Engineering Projects
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Massood Towhidnejad, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Thomas B. Hilburn, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Joseph E. Urban, Texas Tech University; Gregory W. Hislop, Drexel University; Richard Stansbury, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach
Tagged Divisions
Software Engineering Constituent Committee
assistant, he developed autonomous ground vehicles for operation in Greenland and Antarctica. Page 22.1653.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Using Vertically Integrated Project Teams: Inspiring Student Interest in Computing CareersAbstractThis paper reports on a project, InspireCT, which is focused on undergraduate computingeducation. The central tenet of the project is that computing education will benefit by engagingstudents in hands-on, team-based projects much earlier in their education. The excitement ofstudent teams working on capstone
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mark W. Milke P.E., University of Canterbury; Annelies Kamp, University of Canterbury ; Dave Brierley, Engineering New Zealand
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
about his experiences and how he excelled his career etc. Too early to tell if it will be an issue but was something I assumed would be based on matching mentors based on mutual career interests etc.Two students commented in the post-trial survey on the issue of matching professional interests,with one responding: One comment I would make is that if it is possible, it would be most effective to pair a mentor and mentee who are in the same specialization (eg. structural engineering) as this provides a common ground for discussion on professional matters.Figure 2: Pre-mentoring reservations of students (top) and practicing engineers (bottom).Figure 3: Post-mentoring assessment of reservations by mentors.On the other hand, one student
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah E Morgan, University of Southern Mississippi; Kimberly Lambert Wingo, The University of Southern Mississippi
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
materials. Teachers work in pairswith faculty and student researchers in efforts focused on addressing 21st century grandchallenges in engineering in three areas: (1) improved efficiency polymer solar cells, (2) highperformance polymers and composites from renewable feedstocks, and (3) environmental impactof synthetic materials in sea water.RET participants receive a stipend of $5000 for their summer research and receive an additional$1500 stipend during the school year for participation in planned activities. Additional fundswere made available for materials & supplies for implementation of the school activities and fortravel to the MS Science Teachers Association, American Chemical Society meeting and othertechnical/educational
Collection
2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference
Authors
David Lanning; Wahyu Lestari; Shirley Waterhouse
manufacturing and laboratory space for these degree programs, and is both acampus showpiece and a critical tool for implementing the kind of hands-on instructionimportant to ERAU. In this facility, students have access to equipment not normally available toundergraduate engineering students at most universities; the use of this equipment is regularlyincorporated into the engineering curriculum at ERAU. Features include a machine shop withadjoining light fabrication spaces (the latter for after-hours work), rapid prototyping capabilities,an astronautics lab with shaker tables and vacuum chambers and an air bearing, several loadframes as well as a large reaction frame for structural testing, and a materials science andmicroscopy suite. Students are
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Potpourri
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tolga Kaya, Central Michigan University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
gainactive research experience [5]. When student researchers work on a project exceeding a one yearspan, it was shown that perceived benefits increase accordingly [5, 6]. Graduate students alsobenefit through more thorough examination of the material accomplished through guidance ofundergraduate researchers [6]. Some studies specifically focus on practical issues and solutionson student recruitment [7, 8].In this particular study, practical approaches to student recruitment and retention will beprovided. The PI is a junior faculty at the School of Engineering and Technology, particularly inElectrical Engineering program under the College of Science and Technology of CentralMichigan University (CMU). There are currently no graduate programs in the
Conference Session
Rethinking Engineering Writing
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elisa Warford, University of Southern California
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
purpose of science writingfor an expert audience is to demonstrate fact—what exists, what occurred, and what caused it.The purpose of science writing for the general public, on the other hand, is often celebratory.This celebratory writing is the genre of epideictic rhetoric, or ceremonial rhetoric. The purposeof this type of writing is not to establish whether and why something occurred, but to celebratethe accomplishments of science (or in our case, engineering).Writers usually celebrate science, Fahnestock argues, by appealing to a general audience in oneor two (or both) ways: by appealing to the inherent wonder of the subject or to its application
Conference Session
K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cheryl Farmer, UTeachEngineering; David T. Allen, University of Texas, Austin; Leema Kuhn Berland, University of Texas, Austin; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Lisa Guerra, NASA
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
research in the learning sciences, couched in thecontext of a rigorous engineering design process, and scaffolded to build engineering skills andhabits of mind. This paper describes the creation and piloting of such a course: Engineer YourWorld, a product of the UTeachEngineering project at The University of Texas at Austin.The UTeachEngineering project was launched in 2008 with a Math and Science Partnership(MSP) grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Originally focused on preparing in-service and pre-service high school teachers to teach engineering, the project was agnostic onwhich course materials those teachers should use with their students. However, an NSF site visit
Conference Session
Issues in Advising and Mentoring
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emily L. Allen, San Jose State University; Francisco Castillo, College of Engineering, San Jose State University; Eva Schiorring
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Paper ID #7784The Reflective Engineering Advisor: A Paradigm for Learning-Centered Stu-dent AdvisingDr. Emily L. Allen, San Jose State University Dr. Emily Allen is Associate Dean of the Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering at San Jose State University. Her portfolio includes undergraduate programs and accreditation, student success programs, personnel and infrastructure, and K-14 outreach. She has been on the faculty at SJSU since earning her PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from Stanford University in 1992.Mr. Francisco Castillo, College of Engineering, San Jose State University Mr. Francisco Castillo has a
Conference Session
Engineering Technology Division (ETD) Technical Session 6
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ravi C. Manimaran, Department Chair, Engineering Technology, Austin Peay State University; Ali Haider, Austin Peay State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology Division (ETD)
” - Faculty meeting to discuss results and findings for follow up on recommendations to “close the loop”. Summer III 2024 – ENGT 4250, Linear Electronics & Capstone Experience [SO 4 (PI-Team work in design and implementation of Capstone Project)] Fall 2024 - August 2024 - Faculty Retreat – Faculty will discuss the results and findings for follow up on recommendations and action as needed. Appendix B: College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Engineering Technology ETAC/ABET Student Outcome Assessment and Evaluation BS Electrical Engineering Technology Student Learning Self-Evaluation Survey Course Name: ENGT
Conference Session
ERM: Conceptualizations of Engineering and Engineering Education
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto; Kimia Moozeh, University of Toronto; Nikita Dawe, University of Toronto; Rubaina Khan, University of Toronto
emphasis on learningby doing or practice rather than formal learning in science. This teaching strategy was supportedby the preference of industrial employers for graduates who “could step right into jobs.” Theengineering colleges also focused mostly on teaching rather than research. After 1900, there wasan increase in research at a few universities, but the research involved materials testing andprojects focusing on specific problems facing industries and state government officials. Industryfunded research was rare, but when it was, they expected practical results rather than theoreticalresearch [8]. Thus, in the early 20th century, most engineering schools emphasized the how ratherthan the why [7].According to Seely [7], it was only after 1945
Conference Session
Engineering in High Schools
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Greg Russ, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Jonathan Rice, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Carolyn Parker, George Washington University; John Raczek, University of Maryland; Bruce Jarrell, University of Maryland-School of Medicine; Taryn Bayles, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Julia Ross, University of Maryland-Baltimore County
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
. Page 12.1441.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 The INSPIRES Curriculum: Stimulating Future Generations of Engineers and ScientistsAbstractThe INSPIRES Curriculum (INcreasing Student Participation, Interest and Recruitment inEngineering and Science), funded by the National Science Foundation, is being developed inresponse to the critical national need to recruit more students into STEM-related fields. Thecurriculum seeks to accomplish this goal by exposing students to a combination of real-worldexamples, hands-on activities and inquiry-based learning activities that target the ITEAStandards for Technological Literacy as well as national standards in science and mathematics.Two new modules
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Carol Lynn Alpert; Jacqueline Isaacs
Nano's Big Bang: Transforming Engineering Education and Outreach C. L. Alpert, J. A. Isaacs,* C. M. F. Barry,# G. P. Miller,§ A. A. Busnaina* Museum of Science, Boston / *Northeastern University / # University of Massachusetts Lowell / §University of New HampshireAbstractThe rapid emergence of nanoscale science and engineering as a focal point for a broad range ofgovernment and privately-sponsored basic research activities – intended to catalyze breakthroughtechnologies and commercially-successful advances in medicine, computing, materials,manufacturing and defense– is having a correspondingly influential impact on the
Conference Session
Engineering Management Division (EMD) Technical Session 3
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard (Rick) Warren Blank, Johns Hopkins Engineering for Professionals; Stanislaw Tarchalski, The Johns Hopkins University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management Division (EMD)
Science of Successful Learning. TheBelknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014.[2] Suter, Tarchalski, Theodori, Beaty, McLoughlin, and Blank, “Putting EngineeringManagement on the Executive Track”, in ASEE 123rd Annual Conference & Exposition; June26-29, 2016.[3] 595.781 Executive Technical Leadership course, Johns Hopkins Engineering forProfessionals.
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Suzanne Zurn-Birkhimer, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Emily Fredette, Purdue University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
of the Women in Engineering sem- inar courses. For the past decade, Dr. Zurn-Birkhimer’s research has focused on broadening participation of women and underrepresented group in STEM fields. Recently, she has been investigating the intersec- tion of education and career path with cultural identity and is developing strategies to inform programming and policies that facilitate recruitment and retention of underrepresented populations in academia. In 2012 Dr. Zurn-Birkhimer was presented with an Outstanding Alumni Award from the Department of Earth, At- mospheric, and Planetary Sciences at Purdue University. She also serves on their Alumni Advisory Board. Dr. Zurn-Birkhimer earned her B.S. in Mathematics from the
Collection
2015 ASEE Workshop on K-12 Engineering Education
Authors
Jessica S Ward, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Adam K Fontecchio, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Robert Shultz, Drexel University; Gabriel Burks, Drexel University
Investigator Award, the Drexel Graduate Student Association Outstanding Mentor Award, the Drexel University ECE Outstanding Research Achievement Award and the International Liquid Crystal Society Multimedia Prize.Mr. Robert Shultz, Drexel UniversityGabriel Burks, Drexel University Materials Science & Engineering Page 18.26.1 ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 WORKSHOP PROPOSAL FORM 2015 Annual ASEE K-12 Workshop on Engineering Education “Authentic Engineering: Representing & Emphasizing the E in STEM
Conference Session
Mechanics Classroom Demonstrations
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Genevieve Gagnon Ph.D., University of Saint Thomas
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
AC 2012-5309: EXCELLENCE IN ENGINEERING THROUGH A JEOP-ARDY GAMEDr. Genevieve Gagnon Ph.D., University of Saint Thomas Genevieve Gagnon, Ph.D., originally from Montreal, Quebec, Canada, teaches Mechanics of Materials at the University of St.Thomas in St. Paul, Minn. She is also an instructor for Energy and the Environment. Gagnon obtained her B.Sc. and her M.Sc. from the Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal and her PhD. in material science from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Siwtzerland. The main subject of her thesis was thermal fatigue of aluminum composites inside a transmission electron microscope
Conference Session
Communication as Performance
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephanie Pulford, Center for Engineering Learning and Teaching (CELT); Cibele V. Falkenberg, Auburn University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
undergraduates per engineer. … Do it early. Do it very, very early becauseAssistant Research semester, often it will transform your room. You don’t have to be an Professor, Center for sophomores to expert. The very fact that people are willing to stumble Computational seniors. in front of each other gives you stuff. It’ll give the Science, students something.”Boston University.Dr. Susan Walsh Classes with up to You may want to “take a workshop, where you will getAssistant Professor 24 undergraduate a diversity of tools so you can pick maybe one littleDepartment of students, from thing and try it out … you will also
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amelito G. Enriquez, Canada College; Nicholas Langhoff, Skyline College; Erik N. Dunmire, College of Marin; Thomas Rebold, Monterey Peninsula College
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
program titled Creating Alternative Learning Strategies for Transfer EngineeringPrograms (CALSTEP). Funded by the National Science Foundation through the ImprovingUndergraduate STEM Education (IUSE) program, CALSTEP aims to enable small-to-mediumcommunity college engineering programs to support a comprehensive set of lower-divisionengineering courses that are delivered either completely online, or with limited face-to-faceinteractions. In addition to developing and implementing curriculum materials and resources forthe core lower-division engineering courses, one of the main components of CALSTEP isdisseminating the curriculum widely in California community college engineering programs. Thisis done through the Summer Engineering Teaching
Conference Session
Faculty & Program Exchanges: Internationalizing, Collaborations, Interactions
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vinod Lohani, Virginia Tech; Ricky Castles, Virginia Tech; Gary Riggins, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
International
Collaboration for EngineeringEducation (IUCEE). The vision of the IUCEE is to improve the quality and global relevance ofengineering education in India and the United States by fostering collaborations(www.IUCEE.org). Twenty-two engineering faculty members representing disciplines such asmechanical, electrical, civil, and computer science from different engineering colleges in Indiaparticipated. The key objective of the workshop was to train participants to introduce or enhancehands-on learning experiences in the first year curriculum of engineering programs inparticipating Indian schools. Hands-on engineering learning activities, supported by two NSFprojects, implemented at Virginia Tech’s first-year program are introduced to Indian faculty formeeting
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Danny Bee
Occupational Safety & Loss (2) Capstone II: Manufacturing System Design (3)As can be imagined when examining this list of technical topics, there is a diversified group offaculty required to teach such a program. Backgrounds vary from many different engineeringdisciplines including mechanical engineering, materials science engineering, electricalengineering, and industrial engineering. The common thread within the faculty is a distinct arrayof manufacturing experiences. These experiences allow for the integration of current industrialapplications into the technical topics. Faculty supports the “hands-on, minds-on” philosophywithin the curriculum.There is an extensive array of physical laboratory space and associated equipment required
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Curricula
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William Epolito, U.S. Military Academy; Michael Butkus, U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
Page 11.467.3The term hybrid implies that the course could cover a range of topics from microbiology,biology, toxicology, limnology, etc. What is the incentive to offer a hybrid course? Oneincentive is that many traditional microbiology courses put too much emphasis on topics neededfor medical school and include only brief discussions on environmental biological topics. Inaddition, faculty within an environmental engineering program should be most familiar withareas that are covered in subsequent courses, which could allow a more streamlined presentationof material. Thirdly, this allows the program coordinators to thread this course with otherprogram courses thereby enhancing "higher level" learning in other program courses. Table 2
Conference Session
Computer Engineering Topics
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Timothy Sellers, Mississippi State University; Tingjun Lei, Mississippi State University; Chaomin Luo, Mississippi State University; Gene Eu Jan; Zhuming Bi, Purdue University, Fort Wayne
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education Division (COED)
Cybernetics, IEEE-ICRA, and IEEE-IROS, etc. Dr. Luo serves as Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems, International journal of Robotics and Automation, and Associate Editor of International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research (IJSIR).Gene Eu Jan Gene Eu Jan (M’00) received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1982 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA, in 1988 and 1992, respectively. He has been a Professor with the Departments of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan since 2004
Conference Session
Flipped, Blended, Online, Oh My
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Cora Martinez, Florida International University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Lili Steiner, Florida International University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
phase rather than just research and design: I deliver fully functional, sustainable systems. The way I achieve this is by taking an approach that is methodologically flexible and people- focused. Education innovation is as much about the solution as it is about managing change. So no matter how cutting-edge technology, my process incorporates strategic planning, instructional design best practices, and stakeholder involvement. I’m deliberate about tapping into community know-how and creating collaborative optimal solutions that take into account the often-intangible but always-essential human element. I have a bachelor degree in Computer Science Engineering from the Universidad Sim´on Bol´ıvar. Caracas
Conference Session
Mathematics in Transition
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Anne Spence
. Anothermathematics related project, Adventure Engineering, uses engineering-based curricula in middlegrade science and mathematics classes.2 The Adventure Engineering project focuses on problemsolving and the engineering design experience. A third project saw engineering graduate studentsassisting high school mathematics teachers in developing hands on approaches for algebra andtrigonometry classes.3 These laboratory activities were incorporated into the normal lesson plan.Both high school students and teachers benefited from using laboratory activities to demonstratespecific principles such as linearity and trigonometric functions.Adding new engineering courses to the curriculum is a luxury that most school systems can notafford. With the addition of so
Conference Session
FPD2 -- Highlighting First-Year Programs
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lynnane George, U.S. Air Force Academy; Robert Brown, U.S. Air Force Academy
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
of each lesson’s material. Immediate feedback isprovided to students and instructors so class time can be focused on areas of concern. Given thispre-class preparation, instructors can concentrate on demonstrating concepts and activeengagement in class with hands-on demonstrations versus a more standard lecture format.Engineering 100 Course DevelopmentThe founding committee of Engineering 100 was formed in 2001 and consisted of seniorrepresentatives from each of USAFA’s five engineering departments. The team wanted to avoidjust giving an overview of each engineering discipline, so they decided to develop the coursearound a single integrating project that provided the motivation for each activity. Another focuswas active learning, so many
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Experiences
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Harold T. Evensen, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Molly M. Gribb P.E., University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Adel Nasiri, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
different academic disciplines would go into varying depth for each of these “kernels.” § We need to convey the basics of Systems Engineering as related to IoT – what are these, and how? o It is challenging to identify course material and standards to adhere to. We need to give our students hands-on experience with the right tools. § What technology is being used? § What is the standardization? § What protocols are used? § What types of laboratory experiences are acceptable to industry: hands-on, simulated (and how to decide)? o There is a desire for
Conference Session
Engineering Engagement Activities
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Josh Labrie, Northern Virginia Community College; Christopher Russell; Samuel Aaron Snyder, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology Division (ETD)
Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. He received his Bachelors of Science in Materials Science and Engineering in 2017 from Virginia Tech. His current research interests are in engineering ethics edu ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024Developing Career Pathways to Data Center Operations Through High SchoolSummer Bridge ProgramsAbstract Data centers are large, centralized clusters of computing hardware. Enterprise andeconomic activities that rely on internet services (e.g., cloud-based computing, online commerce,video and audio streaming) require significant data center infrastructure to ensure continuity ofservices. To provide these services, data centers require significant capital