Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ganapathy Subramanian Natarajan, Texas Tech University; Chinweike I Eseonu, Texas Tech University; David A. Wyrick PE, PEM, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

AC 2012-4766: ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY EDUCATION: TOOLTO IMPROVE SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND BETTER POL-ICY?Mr. Ganapathy Subramanian Natarajan, Texas Tech University Gana Natarajan is a Ph.D student in Systems and Engineering Management at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. He has a Master’s in Engineering Management from University of Minnesota Duluth and a bachelor of engineering in Mechanical Engineering from Anna University, India. His research interests are sustainable practices in small and medium-sized enterprises and sustainability education.Mr. Chinweike I Eseonu, Texas Tech University Chinweike Eseonu is a doctoral student in Systems and Engineering Management at Texas Tech Uni- versity. Mr

Conference Session

Assessing Design Coursework I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip du Plessix, University of Calgary; Graham Armitage, University of Calgary; Kara Chomistek, University of Calgary; Clifton Johnston, University of Calgary; Daryl Caswell, University of Calgary; Mohamed Nazir, University of Calgary; Marjan Eggermont, University of Calgary; Diane Douglas, University of Calgary; Brigit Knecht, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Constable, “A study of aspects of design and technology capability at key stage 1 and 2,” presented at International Conference on Design and Technology Educational Research ’94 in Loughborough, England, 1994.[11] D. Cordon, E. Clarke, L. Westra, N. Allen, M. Cunnington, B. Drew, D. Gerbus, M. Klein, M. Walker, E. M. Odom, K.K. Rink and S. W. Beyerlein, “Shop Orientation to Enhance Design for Manufacturing in Capstone Projects,” Proceedings of 2002 Frontiers in Education Conference, November 2002.[12] M.S. Chen, E.N. Horrocks and R.D. Evans, “Video versus Lecture: Effective Alternatives for Orthodontic Auxiliary Training,” British Journal of Orthodontics, Vol. 25, (1998), pp.191-195

Conference Session

International Engineering Education I

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Stacie Edington; Melissa Eljamal; Stella Pang

; Dey, E. (2003). “Gaining a Global Perspective: The University of Michigan’s Program in Global Engineering.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education, Denver, CO.Biographical InformationMELISSA B. ELJAMALMs. Eljamal is Director of International Programs in the College of Engineering at the University of Michigan. Sheobtained her B.A. in Literary Studies and German from Middlebury College in 1986 and her M.A. in HigherEducation Administration from the University of Michigan in 1995. She has authored several articles focusing ondisciplinary differences connected to curriculum design and has been an international educator since 1996.STELLA W. PANGDr. Pang is Professor of Electrical

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Curriculum and Design - June 24th

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Robert A. Linsenmeier, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

Conference and Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, 2014. https://peer.asee.org/23015[2] R. A. Linsenmeier, and A. Saterbak, “Fifty years of biomedical engineering undergraduate education,” Ann Biomed Eng, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02494-0 , 2020.[3] J. A. White, D. P. Gaver, R. J. Butera, Jr., B. Choi, M. J. Dunlop, K. J. Grande-Allen, A. Grosberg, R. W. Hitchcock, A. Y. Huang-Saad, M. Kotche, A. M. Kyle, A. L. Lerner, J. H. Linehan, R. A. Linsenmeier, M. I. Miller, J. A. Papin, L. Setton, A. Sgro, M. L. Smith, M. Zaman, and A. P. Lee, “Core Competencies for Undergraduates in Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering: Findings, Consequences, and Recommendations,” Ann Biomed Eng, vol. 48, no. 3

Conference Session

Mechatronics and Robotics I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Christopher Pannier, University of Michigan-Dearborn; Carlotta A. Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Melissa Morris, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Xiaopeng Zhao, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

other historically black colleges and universities (HBCU) and CarnegieResearch I institutions through the NSF ARTSI (Advancing Robotics Technology for SocietalImpact) project [13]. The goal of the ARTSI alliance was to increase the number of studentsfrom underrepresented groups that pursue advanced training in computer science. The mission ofthis program was to give research and education opportunities to students from non-traditionalbackgrounds by studying robotics in an area that is applicable to society. One way to benefitsociety was to conduct outreach to raise awareness about African American achievements inrobotics. In this way, the alliance could recruit more diverse students into the STEM pipeline.This program seeks to increase the

Conference Session

International Engineering Education I

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Ernest Goeres; Elisabeth Sanchez; Alejandro Lozano; Victor Mucino

understand and better yet, anticipate cultural differences may be thedifference between failure and success in professional situations in today's industry. Ultimately,the success of the program will depend on the difference that this program will make on thestudents and the industrial participants, as this program is meant to add value to the professionalprofile of all of those involved.In an increasingly globalized professional environment, we are doing our share to meet thechallenge. And now the new challenge is to carry on.REFERENCES[1] Swearengen J.C., S. Barnes , S. Coe , C. Reinhardt, and K. Subramanian. 2000. “Globalization and theUndergraduate Manufacturing Engineering Curriculum”. Journal of Engineering Education. 91(2) 255-261.[2] ABET

Conference Session

IE Program Design I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Jackson, East Carolina University; Sherion Jackson, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

Bioprocess Manufacturing. The Bioprocess Manufacturingdegree was developed within a year to address the needs of North Carolina’s workforce and toalign with the community college’s BioNetwork. The curriculum for all the programs also has astrong emphasis in management, which allows the graduate to function well in either technical ordecision-making career fields. Almost 100 AAS degrees in the North Carolina CommunityCollege System (NCCCS) have been identified as potentially aligning with the B.S.I.T. program. Page 12.416.2Currently, articulation agreements with 60 programs at 7 community colleges have been signedand more are being established each

Conference Session

Innovative College-Industry Partnerships for the Future

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven H. Billis, New York Institute of Technology; Nada Marie Anid, New York Institute of Technology; Alan Jacobs, Education Market Business Development Consulting; Ziqian Dong, New York Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

AC 2012-2956: INFUSING THE CURRICULUM WITH CUTTING-EDGETECHNOLOGIES THROUGH PARTNERSHIPS WITH INDUSTRYDr. Steven H. Billis, New York Institute of Technology Steven Billis is professor of electrical and computer engineering at the New York Institute of Technology and Associate Dean of Academic Affairs for the School of Engineering and Computer Sciences. He earned his Ph.D. from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in E.E. in 1972. His current field of interest is VLSI design.Dr. Nada Marie Anid, New York Institute of TechnologyMr. Alan Jacobs, Education Market Business Development Consulting As a member of ASEE since 1994, Alan Jacobs has served the society in numerous leadership roles. He founded the ASEE Corporate

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Chang, USMA; Grant Jacoby, USMA; Lisa Shay, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Institute in 2002 and is a Member of ASEE and a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. Page 12.1174.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 PREPARING AND ADVISING A FAST-TRACK EDUCATION IN ROBOTICSAbstractAs the practicality of using robotics continues to rise, so do students’ (and educators’) aspirationsto learn and apply them in a variety of ways. This paper outlines a successful approach to marrythe interests of a commercial client and undergraduate education in robotics as well as how toestablish a vision and supporting curriculum for a robotics program that

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

more educational innovations that have a significant impact onstudent learning and performance9. The dominant approach for engineering and engineeringtechnology education in the US is based largely on faculty intuition drawn from personalexperiences as students and teachers.This research takes a pragmatic approach to reshape a curriculum of an Industrial EngineeringTechnology program. It uses the four pillars of manufacturing knowledge to suggestimprovement opportunities. The paper proceeds by discussing the method used to carry out theresearch. After that it provides a summary of the results. The paper concludes by a discussion ofthe key findings and how to proceed in implementing the identified changes to the curriculum.MethodThis paper uses

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies and Curricula in ECE I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris C Delia Jr., Rowan University; Peter Mark Jansson P.E., Rowan University; John L. Schmalzel P.E., Rowan University; Carlos Daniel Barreiro; Kevin Anthony Whitten, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

(2009), pp.51-60[11] P.M. Jansson, J. Tisa and W. Kim, “Instrument and Measurement Technology Education - A CaseStudy: Inexpensive Power Monitoring System via a Student Designed and Manufactured Device,” IEEETransactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 56, Issue 5 (October 2007), pp. 1744-1752[12] P.M. Jansson, U. Schwabe and N. Downes, “Undergraduate Validation of Cutting EdgeCalorimetry of an Industrial Affiliate’s Novel Energy Source,” Proceedings of the 2009 ASEE AnnualConference, Austin, TX, June 14-17, 2009[13] P.M. Jansson and R. Elwell, “Design of Photovoltaic Systems for Municipal and School Buildingsin Ocean City, New Jersey,” ASEE 2007 Annual Conference Proceedings, June 24-27, 2007, Honolulu,HI[14] S. Hazel and P.M. Jansson

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy C. Bradshaw, University of Oklahoma; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Patricia Lea Hardre, University of Oklahoma; Farrokh Mistree, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

cur- rent education focus is on creating and implementing, in partnership with industry, a curriculum for educating Strategic Engineers those who have developed the competencies to create value through the realization of complex engineered systems for changing markets in a collaborative, globally dis- tributed environment. It is in this context that he enjoys experimenting with ways in which design can be learned and taught. Farrokh is a Fellow of ASME and an Associate Fellow of AIAA. Email URL http://www.srl.gatech.edu/Members/fmistree Page 22.681.1 c American Society for

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Experiences

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harold T. Evensen, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Molly M. Gribb P.E., University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Adel Nasiri, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Chair of 2012 IEEE Symposium on Sensorless Electric Drives, 2014 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applica- tions (ICRERA 2014), and 2014 IEEE Power Electronics and Machines for Wind and Water Applications (PEMWA 2014). c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Internet of Things Curriculum Workshop: An Interdisciplinary, Cross-Institutional Effort for Education in an Expanding FieldAbstractThe ongoing 4th industrial revolution, driven by the Internet of Things (IoT), is having profoundimpacts on industries of all kinds, especially manufacturers. Further, the increasing ability tocollect and analyze large amounts of data has impacts beyond

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Lombardo; Stephen R. Fleeman

Session 1347Ã The Distance Education Dimension and its Application to the EET Curriculum - A Proposed Model Stephen R. Fleeman, Thomas Lombardo Rock Valley CollegeAbstractThis paper explores the application of Distance Education (DE) to a curriculum in ElectronicsEngineering Technology (EET). The ideas discussed could be applied to other engineering andtechnology disciplines as well. The model presented here is in its design phase and has not yetbeen implemented. The goal of the authors is to establish a framework for the development of aDE model for an EET curriculum.I

Conference Session

Collaborations: International Case Studies & Exchanges

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Duane Dunlap; Ken Burbank; James Zhang

stimulated international collaborations on collegiate ed-ucation. As a predominant manufacturing base and an emerging mass market, China has becomean important base for engineering and technology (E&T) in the past decade. It is apparent thatcollaboration with Chinese universities on E&T education will help further our understandingsof the needs and the developing trends for engineering and technology professionals. This article explores the potentials and issues of collaborating with Chinese universities forE&T education from a curriculum perspective. By analyzing the TAC of ABET accredited ECETcurriculum at Western Carolina University and that from a representative Chinese university, EastChina University of Science and Technology, the

Conference Session

Educating Students for Professional Success

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devdas M. Pai, North Carolina A&T State University; Robin Guill Liles, North Carolina A&T State University; Courtney Lambeth, North Carolina A&T State University; Prashant N. Kumta, University of Pittsburgh; Harvey S. Borovetz, University of Pittsburgh; Sarah K. Pixley, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine; Partha Roy, University of Pittsburgh; Jangannathan Sankar, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, New Engineering Educators, Student

University of Pittsburgh. The authors also gratefullyacknowledge the participation and support by fellow ERC researchers and other colleagues whogave guest lectures. At NCAT, these included guest lectures / lab visits related to nanomaterialsand processing, supported through associated grants including NSF CMMI-0749028: NSEC:Center for Nano-Chemical-Electrical-Mechanical Manufacturing Systems and NSF EEC- 0939344: NUE - A Practical Approach to Integrating Nanotechnology Education intoUndergraduate Curriculum. Page 22.293.10

Conference Session

Curriculum Implementation of Materials Advances

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Santosh Kurinec, Rochester Institute of Technology; Surendra Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

thefive years. Students are given the ‘cleanroom’ experience right from the first quarter they join theprogram. The program combines essential electrical engineering curriculum combined withoptics and lithography, semiconductor processing and manufacturing. The program is ABETaccredited and has received full accreditation in 2004 under the new ABET EngineeringCriterion EC 2000. At the present time, the program supports a complete 4 and 6 inch CMOSline equipped with diffusion, ion implantation, plasma PVD and CVD processes, electro- Page 12.1037.3deposition, chemical mechanical planarization, deep UV and I-line wafer steppers, electronbeam mask

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Bob Lahidji

, experience, and practice is devoted to application of engineering principles and the implementation of technological advances for the benefit of humanity. Engineering technology education for the professional focuses primarily on analyzing, applying, implementing and improving existing technologies and is aimed at preparing graduates for the practice of engineering closest to the product improvement, manufacturing, and engineering operational functions.1 Today, there are about 110 colleges and universities which offer 315 ABET accreditedprograms in over 90 disciplines.2 The review of the literature reveals that the engineeringtechnology curriculum is composed of 33% mathematics and sciences, 25% liberal

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Josef Rojter

Session 1260Engineering Education and Curriculum as an Extension of Engineering Discourse in the Post-Williams Era. Josef Rojter, Department of Mechanical Engineering Victoria University of Technology Melbourne MC PO BOX 14428, VIC Australia Page 3.245.1 1ABSTRACT It is nearly 10 years since the Williams inquiry into discipline of Engineering inAustralia. Like its earlier British counterpart, the Finniston inquiry, the Williams reportbecame the landmark in the study of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Chenhhsin Liu; Ken Patton

the AmericanSociety of Engineering Educators. He is responsible for the business/technology/ManufacturingDivision of the college including development of new programs and curriculum. Saddleback'smodern design and manufacturing laboratories were developed and expanded under hissupervision of the NSF-funded Rapid Prototyping project. He has made many ties with variousmanufacturing sectors to get them involved in the Rapid Prototyping technologies.Dr. Paul Cheng-Hsin Liu is currently a Professor in the Department of Technology in the Collegeof Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology at the California State University, LosAngeles. He holds a Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from Auburn University. Dr. Liu has astrong background in

Conference Session

Innovations in the IE Curriculum

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Abhijit Gosavi, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

AC 2012-3312: SYSTEMS ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN THE U.S.: TEXT-BOOKS AND PROGRAMSDr. Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo Jane M. Fraser is Chair of the Department of Engineering at Colorado State University, Pueblo. She was formerly on the faculty at the Ohio State University and Purdue University. She has a B.A in mathematics from Swarthmore College and a M.S. and a Ph.D. in industrial engineering and operations research from the University of California, Berkeley.Dr. Abhijit Gosavi, Missouri University of Science & Technology Page 25.1230.1 c American Society for

Conference Session

Sustainable-energy Education: Lessons Learned

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Bass, Oregon Institute of Technology; Thomas White, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

of engineers. It is the OIT graduates who will inherit the challenge of creating a more sustainable future, contributing their creativity to solve the triple problem of climate change, peak oil, and energy independence. Page 14.394.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Curriculum Changes Resulting in a New Bachelors of Science in Renewable Energy EngineeringAbstractIn 2005, the Oregon Institute of Technology (OIT) began offering its new Bachelors of Sciencein Renewable Energy Systems program (BSRES) at its satellite campus in Portland, Oregon.The BSRES degree was the

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Faye R. Jones, Florida State University; Marcia A. Mardis, Florida A&M University - Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

employers' perception," presented at the IEEE 2018 5th International Conference on Business and Industrial Research, Bangkik, Thailand, 2018.[12] (2019). Engineering Technology (AS-1615000001): Florida Department of Education Curriculum Framework. [Online] Available: http://www.fldoe.org/academics/career- adult-edu/career-tech-edu/curriculum-frameworks/2019-20- frameworks/manufacturing.stml[13] J. E. Deleon and R. E. Borchers, "High school graduates employment trends and the skills graduates need to enter Texas manufacturing industries," Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 28-41, 1998.[14] Mississippi Manufacturers Association, "A study of the workforce training needs of

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Z. T. Bieniawski

need for globalizing engineering education is evidenced by the fact that in 1994, no less than 465,850foreign students from 193 counties were enrolled in American universities, while only 73,154 Americanstudents were studying abroad and more than 90% of them were undergraduates. Of these, 1,100 students werein engineering. In essence, the main elements that mark engineering curriculum development across the United States m: (1)introducing engineering and design experience early in the curriculum, starting with the freshman year (i the pastonly 50% of first year students at Penn State specified a department major and one-third of them would switch inthe first year, another quarter in the second year); (2) requiring relevance of basic math

Collection

2003 GSW

Authors

Robert Lindsay Wells; Alan Morris; Christine E. Hailey

Workshops for Enhancing Implementation of the Field of Study Curriculum for Engineering Education in Texas Robert Lindsay Wells Mechanical Engineering Department The University of Texas at Tyler Alan Morris Engineering, Math and Physics Program Kilgore College Christine E. Hailey Mechanical Engineering Department The University of Texas at Tyler AbstractCommunity and

Conference Session

Construction Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Namhun Lee, Central Connecticut State University; Jacob P. Kovel P.E., Central Connecticut State University; Lee W. Lee, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Paper ID #14651A Statistical Approach to Analyzing a Graduate Curriculum for Construc-tion Management EducationDr. Namhun Lee, Central Connecticut State University Dr. Namhun Lee is an Associate Professor in the Department of Manufacturing and Construction Manage- ment at Central Connecticut State University, where he has been teaching Construction Graphics/Quantity Take-Off, CAD & BIM Tools for Construction, Building Construction Systems, Building Construction Estimating, Heavy/Highway Construction Estimating, Construction Planning, and Construction Project Management. Dr. Lee’s main research areas include

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Division Curriculum Development

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed Gharib, Texas A&M University; Michael A. de Miranda, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

Education and Human Development(SEHD). This fruitful collaboration between engineering and education fields bridges the criticalgap in STEM educator preparation. This preparation can be described in three phases with someoverlap between them.In Phase I, the students are initially admitted to the general engineering year at Texas A&MUniversity. The students learn the foundation of engineering supported by Math and Chemistrycourses (see Table 2). Table 2: General engineering curriculum at Texas A&M University First Year HRs Fall Total 16 CHEM 107 General Chemistry

Conference Session

Curriculum and Assessment II

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhengze Lyu, Zhejiang University; Wei Zhang, Zhejiang University; Yixue Zhuang, Zhejiang University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

Paper ID #26146The Evolution of Computing Education and Paths of Realization in ChinaMr. Zhengze Lyu, Zhejiang University 2015.9, Doctor candidate of Educational Economy and Engineering, Zhejiang University 2014.9-2015.6, Master in Educational Economy and Engineering, Zhejiang University 2010.9-2014.6, B.S. in Information and Computing Science, Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University The research institute where I study called Institute of China’s Science, Technology and Education Policy (ICSTEP), is the key strategic research base of Ministry of Education, and the key strategic research

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Henry W. Kraebber

think that CIMT 100 strengthened my commitment to the CIMT program. The text in theclass was also helpful. I was able to relate the context of the book to the manufacturing that we do in the familybusiness in Chicago. The text helped us to realize part of what we are doing wrong and what we need to do in orderto improve things. My dad even went out to buy the book to read on how to better the business."Student B: "I feel the curriculum in CIMT 100 is beneficial in explaining the broad perspective of a career in CIM. Ifeel that to improve the course, the different areas of CIM should be explored further. The course helped reinforcemy choice (to major) in CIM."Student C: " CIMT 100 taught me a lot about my major, I didn't know as much as I

Collection

2007 North Midwest Section Meeting

Authors

Valerie J. Fuchs; James R. Mihelcic

Engineering Education for International Sustainability: Curriculum Design Under the Sustainable Futures Model Valerie J. Fuchs and James R. Mihelcic Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI 49931Introduction: The complete description of this research can be found in the Proceedings of theAmerican Society of Engineering Education’s 5th Annual Global Colloquium (Fuchs andMihelcic, 2006). Further data analysis and conclusions are found in Fuchs (2007). Note that thisassessment is not an assessment of ABET requirements, although the programs, as part of