Conference Session

Active Learning Methods in Action

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya A. Manohar, Robert Morris University; Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University; Peter Y. Wu, Robert Morris University; Mary A. Hansen, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

study related tasks. The results of thisevaluation are presented in Figure 3.It can be seen clearly that the student performance related to outcome “e” is now in the excellentrange (>= 90%) as compared to being an area of concern (< 60%) in Spring 13. This presents clearevidence that the case study based teaching method is more effective in delivering an ability toidentify, formulate, and solve engineering problems to the students. Therefore case study basededucational tools will be progressively developed, adopted and delivered in several other aspectsof the software V&V area such as legal issues in software, software consumer protection, andrequirements from the customers’ perspectives. The results of those implementations will

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Hare; Roger Russell; Miriam Ferzli; Michael Carter; Yusef Fahmy; Eric Wiebe

implementation issue of providing on-line support for writing, graphing, and interpretation of data. Lessons learned include the importance of taking a holistic approach to the infusion of these support materials into lab-based courses by involving faculty, lab instructors, lab support personnel, and students in the development and implementation of the material.I. IntroductionCommunication skills of engineering students have long been a concern of engineering educators 1-3 . Indeed, poor communication skills are often cited by engineering professionals as one of theprimary inadequacies of entry-level engineers 4, 5. The ability to communicate effectively asengineers now has a place among the eleven curricular standards of ABET EC2000 Criterion

Conference Session

SD Technical Session: Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington; Brook Sattler, University of Washington; Kathryn Ann Mobrand, University of Washington; Drew Paine, Human Centered Design & Engineering, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Student

significant, dissatisfaction with the rate atwhich research drives action, as well as the belief that research can be more effectively leveragedto support action, has motivated increased activity around this topic. For example, the funding oflarge-scale centers on “translational science” and conference themes such as “knowing is notenough” are powerful indicators of the significance of the issue. Understanding and being able toengage in translational work is thus an important issue for emerging scholars.Consider, as a public manifestation of translational work, formal research publications. Journalarticles and conference papers often contain statements identifying implications for action. Whilethere exists a large body of literature that focuses on

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melinda Hess, University of South Florida; Autar Kaw, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

diverse needs and interests of the student12. The text, How People Learn13 provides a foundation for many of the issues facing currenteducators who are encountering an increasingly diverse and multi-faceted student population.This literature was foundational to the exploration of various modalities of course deliveryconsidered in this study. According to How People Learn, experts (in this case, faculty) “oftenforget what is easy and what is difficult for students13, p. 32.” Relative to this issue, the modulesand instructional materials developed through this study offer both students and faculty acomprehensive instructional package for simplifying and enhancing the teaching of numericalmethods across the engineering curriculum

Conference Session

Robotics in Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chiraag Nataraj, Conestoga High School; Sanjeev Reddy, Radnor High School; Mark Woods, Villanova University; Biswanath Samanta, Villanova University; C. Nataraj, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

include: autonomous search and rescue operation,decentralized autonomous systems for protection and damage control, among others. Forsuccessful implementation, both hardware and software issues of such co-operative robots needproper investigations8-13. Swarm robotics is hence a legitimate research problem at the cuttingedge. This was an important consideration for us as we wanted to ensure that the students wouldhave a rewarding experience of a non-trivial problem that would create an excitement that wouldsustain their interest and enthusiasm. In addition, the goal of the project was to truly explore theresearch problem as well in order to obtain new results that could be published in a researchvenue with the high school students as active and

Conference Session

Engaging Upper Level Classes

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Keith Thompson; Matthew Roberts

includingtime and resource constraints, variations of the project to meet different instructional goals, as-sessment of student motivation for the project, and bibliographical information for the case stud-ies. The project and case studies engage students through creativity, competition, and real-worldapplication of engineering principles while meeting instructional goals such as increasing studentcommunication skills and awareness of current engineering issues, discussing engineering ethics,and accentuating the need for life-long learning.IntroductionThe properties of reinforced concrete can make the study of its behavior complex and over-whelming even for upper-level undergraduate students. Most of the emphasis in a first course ofreinforced concrete

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 6 Design Pedagogy

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joan Tisdale, University of Colorado Boulder; Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder; Katherine Ramos, University of Colorado Boulder; Rebecca Komarek, University of Colorado Boulder

[16]. In comparison, in earlier semestersstudents were presented the Engineers Without Borders Design Challenge [17]. The topics forthe main projects are dependent on the instructor’s interests and choice and are quite broad.Thus, students in the course may encounter a wide range of design experiences. This work seeksto identify and better understand those with sustainability inclusion.Faculty InterviewsIn fall 2021, 10 faculty were emailed by the first author and invited to participate in an interviewto describe if and how they integrate sustainability issues into their section of the FYED course.Alternatively, faculty could choose to respond via email. A number of these instructors hadtaught the course in previous semesters. Based on

Conference Session

Data Analysis and Assessment

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elaheh Molla Allameh, Purdue University; Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Seungwon Yang, George Mason University; Aditya Johri, George Mason University; Krishna Madhavan, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

data enables systems-level comparative studies. Also new interdisciplinary areasof research have emerged recently for which integration of various types of shared data is crucial2 . Historical studies of science also require data sharing as the shared research data will gainhistorical significance over time 6,7.Given the advantages of data sharing, it is not surprising that the idea is gaining more tractionacross scientific communities. In addition to scientists, research funding agencies are alsolooking closely at the issue of data sharing and many funding agencies now mandate open accessand data sharing 2. This mandate originates not only from the potential benefit of sharing data forbetter research, but aims at making publicly funded

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sweta Saraff, Amity University Kolkata; Roman Taraban, Texas Tech University; William M. Marcy P.E., Texas Tech University; Ramakrishna Biswal, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela

Tagged Divisions

International

Concern or Economic Growth?” by Dr. Sudipta Majumdar(then Amity University Kolkata, India; currently, Faculty of Management Studies, ICFAIUniversity, Jharkhand, India), “Outsourcing Manufacturing to Developing Countries” by Dr.William Marcy (Texas Tech University, USA), and “Bhopal Gas Tragedy” by Dr. RhyddhiChakraborty (London Churchill College, UK). These case studies encompass the contexts listedin the USA ABET Criterion 3.4 for student outcomes [4]: “an ability to recognize ethical andprofessional responsibilities in engineering situations and make informed judgments, which mustconsider the impact of engineering solutions in global, economic, environmental, and societalcontexts” (p. 4). The primary student interactions involve reading and

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Skills Development

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Jaby Mohammed, Petroleum Institute; Mary Ragnhild Hilja Hatakka, Petroleum Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

Paper ID #17498Enhancing Multiple Thinking through the Engineering Design ProcessDr. Jaby Mohammed, Petroleum Institute Jaby Mohammed is a faculty at The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE. He received his PhD in Indus- trial Engineering from University of Louisville (2006), masters in Industrial Engineering from University of Louisville (2003) and also a master’s in business administration from Indira Gandhi National Open Uni- versity (2001). His research interests include advanced manufacturing, design methodologies, six sigma, lean manufacturing, and engineering education. He previously taught at Indiana Purdue Fort

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Aaron Wood P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE)

, 2011.[60] “Job 12:12,” in ESV Bible, English Standard Version.Crossway, 2011.[61] “The medium is the message,” Wikipedia. Nov. 29, 2022. Accessed: Feb. 24, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_medium_is_the_message&oldid=11245858 09[62] N. Postman and A. Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business, Anniversary edition. New York, N.Y., U.S.A: Penguin Books, 2005.[63] E. Mazur, Peer Instruction: A User’s Manual, 1st edition. Pearson, 2013.[64] T. A. Wood, J. M. Grayson, and K. Brown, “Faculty and Student Perceptions of Plickers,” in ASEE Zone II Conference, San Juan, Peurto Rico: American Society for Engineering Education, Mar

Collection

2020 ASEE North Central Section conference

Authors

Ron Averill, Michigan State University; Geoffrey Recktenwald, Michigan State University; Sara Roccabianca, Michigan State University; Ricardo Mejia-Alvarez, Michigan State University

exists between students and faculty;  virtually eliminates the disturbing student strategy of trying to maximize partial credit instead of learning how to solve problems;  requires almost no judgment calls related to partial credit, so scores are as consistent and fair as they possibly can be, assuming the exam itself is written at the appropriate level of difficulty;  enables teaching assistants or teams of graders to perform most or all of the grading steps with few concerns about grading interpretations or consistency;  encourages students to perform additional reflection on exam questions and solution procedures, which improves learning [5];  helps students understand the differences

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Elizabeth Pepe, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Kauser Jahan P.E., Rowan University; Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University; Ashley Ferrante, Rowan University; Adam Anthony Cavallaro; Samantha K. Price; Jeffrey E. Dobkowski, Rowan University; Zachery Dean Miller, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #25399Board 70: Impact of ”Algae Grows the Future” Project on Promoting Engi-neeringMs. Erin Elizabeth Pepe, Rowan University A Civil and Environmental Engineering student at Rowan University. A member of the Rowan University Algae Grows the Future team.Dr. Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University Dr. Stephanie Farrell is Professor and Founding Chair of Experiential Engineering Education at Rowan University (USA). Prior to 2016 she was a faculty member in Chemical Engineering at Rowan for eigh- teen years. Dr. Farrell has contributed to engineering education through her work in inductive pedagogy, spatial skills

Conference Session

Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Y. Chiou, Drexel University; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Regina Ruane Ph.d., Drexel University ; Chetana R. Bayas; Abhishek Raja, Drexel University; Carlos Michael Ruiz, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AbstractThis paper describes the development of a new undergraduate green energy manufacturinglaboratory course on clean energy and energy efficiency. The course is intended to provide an in-depth student leaning of clean energy technology and energy efficiency issues in manufacturingand industrial resources to reduce the environmental impact of their produced products andservices. The course presents the various sources of renewable energy including wind, solar, andfuel cells as potential sources of energy and investigates the contribution they can make to theenergy profile of the nation. The students calculate energy savings and environmental impactsthrough life cycle assessment for most energy efficiency methods in order to identify and

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra Emelina Coso, Georgia Institute of Technology; Amy Pritchett, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

will inform design education in other disciplines, as stakeholderconsiderations can be integrated into the design process for any complex system. Over the nextfew decades, technology will continue to advance at a rapid pace. Today’s engineering studentswill need to consider critical design issues, such as the implications of fully automated machinesand vehicles or renewable energy that powers cities or aircraft. They will need to make designdecisions and compromises between technical considerations and the economic and humanconsiderations17. By incorporating stakeholder considerations into the engineering designcurricula, this work will assist faculty in preparing their students to respond to these and otherfuture engineering

Conference Session

Best Practices in Industrial Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryne Newton, Purdue University; Edie Schmidt, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

applications. 5 A primary advantage of this softwareis the ready access that students have to the system from any computer with internet accessProblemA key challenge for faculty teaching in the SCMT Lab has been the development ofinstructional materials that are appropriate for teaching “hands on” applications ofapplication software and various technologies that will illustrate the supply chain conceptsbeing taught in the class. While the new software was relatively “user friendly” in the sensethat many options for help were available to student users and it is Windows-based, there wasa need for lab modules that could be introduced to students in the lab during relativelylimited time periods. More importantly, there was a need to develop lab modules

Conference Session

Qualitative Research Programs & International Research Experience from Around the World

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xia Wang, Oakland University; Laila Guessous, Oakland University; Gary Barber, Oakland University; Qian Zou, Oakland University; Michael A. Latcha, Oakland University; Li Jia, Beijing Jiaotong University; Zhuqian Zhang, Beijing Jiaotong University

Tagged Divisions

International

cultural differencesbetween the U.S., European, Asian and other educational systems [1-9]. Many foreign scientistscome to U.S. institutions to conduct research and make use of state-of-the-art laboratoryfacilities. The number of foreign students at U.S. universities is significantly higher than that ofU.S. students at foreign universities. However, if the U.S. is to remain competitive in a globaleconomy, it is important that future engineering leaders and researchers be given the opportunityto experience firsthand what it is like to work in a foreign research environment and to establisha network of contacts that could lead to future international collaborations.To address these issues, the department of mechanical engineering at Oakland

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Terry Hrudey; Stanley Varnhagen; Shelley Lorimer; Roger Toogood; Bill Lipsett; Art Peterson

some verycareful promotion with the students. They must “buy in” in order that their initial enthusiasm canbe maintained. It is necessary to explicitly point out reasons and advantages (and disadvantages,for that matter) for using new technology as a learning tool. Furthermore, it must be impressedupon students that learning is an activity for which they must take primary responsibility, thusshifting the attention (from the faculty perspective) from teaching to learning. This is not only tomake them more effective learners (in identifying their preferred mode of learning, for example)but also to prepare them for life after graduation. Students must be prepared (and encouraged) toexperiment with different learning styles and resources. In

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Shannon Barker, University of Virginia; Amy Clobes, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Engineering.Dr. Amy Clobes, University of Virginia Dr. Amy M. Clobes is committed to supporting current and future graduate students as Director of Grad- uate Programs for the University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science. In her current role, Dr. Clobes collaborates to support existing programs and develops new initiatives in graduate stu- dent recruitment, training, education, and career and professional development. Dr. Clobes holds a B.S. in Biology from the University of Michigan and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Virginia. Her combined experience in STEM research and education, program development, and student advising are key to her dedication and success in creating

Conference Session

Student Recruitment and Retention in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura E. LeMire, The Community College of Baltimore County

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Page 26.299.6developed for ADA and EngD. CCBC faculty worked with BCPS, MSDE and ITEEA toidentify the optimal units in the existing courses in which to add the supplemental resources andto incorporate spatial skills enhancement—a critical component for success in STEM, especiallyfor women and minorities.With the overall structure in place, a team of EbD high school teachers and administrators wereassembled to write the new material with input from CCBC. With NSF permission, a portion ofthe funds available in the first and second one-year extensions of CCBC’s Project Lead The Wayprofessional development train-the-trainer grant (DUE-1003317) were allocated to pay for thecurriculum development as well as the subsequent training for the BCPS

Collection

ASEE Middle Atlantic 2022 Fall Conference

Authors

Alexa Joelle Prince, Penn State Berks; Sadan Kulturel-Konak, Pennsylvania State University, Berks Campus; Abdullah Konak, Pennsylvania State University, Berks Campus; David Robert Schneider, Cornell University Systems Engineering; Khanjan Mehta, Lehigh University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

- tiative at Lehigh University. Mehta champions the creation of integrated learning, research, and en- trepreneurial engagement ecosystems where students, faculty, and external partners come together to increase their capacities for independent inquiry, take intellectual risks and learn from failure, recognize problems and opportunities and effect constructive and sustainable change. Mehta is the prime instigator for four signature academic programs – the Mountaintop Summer Experience, the Global Social Impact Fellowship, the Lehigh Valley Social Impact Fellowship, and the Campus Sustainable Impact Fellowship that engage faculty and students in ambitious, interdisciplinary, multi-year, impact-focused ventures

Conference Session

Elements of decision making in engineering economics education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert J. Rabb P.E., Pennsylvania State University; Paul Mittan, Pennsylvania State University; Ted Graef, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy Division (EED)

through competition: Best Product Proposal and theInvestor of the Semester. Instructors have found opportunities to complement other courses in thecurricula, introducing the entrepreneurial mindset. This paper discusses the course’s content anduses student feedback to assess the course learning objectives for continuous improvement of thecourse. The summative teaching evaluations show students gained new insight and perspectivesto the engineering profession and the course integrated topics from various disciplines. Studentsalso recognized the course’s value in the larger context of their particular engineering major. Theshort-term benefits continue and evolve to shape student choices concerning additional upper-level offerings of engineering

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stephen Secules, Florida International University; Bruk T. Berhane, Florida International University; Haiying Long, University of Kansas; Anna Teresa Caringella; Andrea Pinto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

(2011) have further described issues that nontraditionalstudents at HSIs in engineering might face, such as the need to work and major financial concerns. Ingeneral, however, the research on undergraduates at HSIs and other MSIs and HSIs has not unpacked thepersonal factors that impact nontraditional engineering students’ overall success. Given the reality thatmany engineering undergraduates at HSIs are nontraditional students, further work that situates thenontraditional engineering students within the HSI context is needed.Extant scholarship indicates that nontraditional students face attrition rates up to twice that of traditionalundergraduates and graduation rates that are considerably lower than traditional students. Moreover, inSTEM

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics III

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Jordan, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

AC 2008-1476: USING APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIALENTREPRENEURSHIP TO HELP TRANSFORM POOR COMMUNITIESWilliam Jordan, Baylor University WILLIAM JORDAN is the Mechanical Engineering Department Chair at Baylor University. He has B.S. and M.S. degrees in Metallurgical Engineering from the Colorado School of Mines, an M.A. degree in Theology from Denver Seminary, and a Ph.D. in mechanics and materials from Texas A & M University. He teaches materials related courses and does research concerning appropriate technology in developing countries. He also writes and does research in the areas of engineering ethics and engineering education

Conference Session

Energy Conversion, Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jin Ho Jo, Illinois State University; Gabrielle Grace Hershey, Illinois State University; Daniel Patrick Gibson

Tagged Divisions

Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE), Energy Conversion

justice issues in New York City. His 2010 Ph.D. from Arizona State University was the nation’s first in sustainability. His research, which has been widely published, focuses on renewable energy systems and sustainable building strategies to reduce the negative impacts of urbanization.Gabrielle Grace Hershey, Illinois State UniversityDaniel Patrick Gibson ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024Utilizing the Solar District Cup Competition as a Case Study for a Renewable Energy Capstoneto Enhance Students' Learning ExperienceA team of faculty and students at Illinois State University participated in the U.S. Department ofEnergy (USDOE) Solar District Cup Competition as part of their renewable energy

Conference Session

FPD VI: Presenting "All the Best" of the First-year Programs Division

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christa R. James-Byrnes, University of Wisconsin, Barron County; Mark H. Holdhusen, University of Wisconsin, Marathon County

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

are several other difficulties that occur with any course (not just engineering courses)being moved to an online environment. Some of these challenges include the students Page 25.1002.4adequately grasping new concepts, the inability to ask questions in real-time, the assessment ofstudent understanding which comes from being able to see their body language, the logistics ofthe technology working as intended, and many other issues. The preceding are some of thechallenges unique to this course. These challenges were all addressed and met to the satisfactionof the faculty. Details of how the challenges were met are in the course content section of

Conference Session

Engineering Education Culture: Mental Health, Inclusion, and the Soul of Our Community

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jessica R. Deters, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

example, participant 1012W reflected on using a lockdown software andworrying that she would be flagged for cheating for “ducking down to type stuff into [her]calculator.” She went on to reflect on an instructor that told her class that they “needed to haveour whole selves visible and whatever we need to do—if we need to buy a new computer or buya new, better webcam.” She raised concerns about assumptions being made about students’access to resources: For them just to make the assumption that you have the resources to do things like that, and that you have everything that you need, like having like your mic on to take a test on those like lockdown browsers, like what do you feel a little sibling runs in there and

Collection

2007 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Christi Patton Luks; Laura P. Ford

whoreview the technical aspects of each project as well as cultural and health concerns.All new projects must be approved by the TAC. The application process for a newproject ensures that all projects: 1) agree with EWB-USA’s mission; 2) benefit the community and do not discriminate against sub-groups; 3) involve the community; 4) have a well-defined scope of work; 5) are of reasonable cost for volunteers to fundraise; and 6) avoid serious safety concerns and do not involve travel to any country under state department warning.The project application asks students to consider both positive and negative impacts tothe economy, the environment, the culture and the ecosystem. The students must discussthe social and governmental

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Craig Gunn

taken because when students find a connection with their major early intheir college careers, they stand a greater chance of actually graduating in that major. TheResidential Option for Science and Engineering Students (ROSES) program provides studentswith not only close proximity to fellow engineers through centralized housing, but classes thatgroup these students together in math, physics, and chemistry. The students are also required toenroll for a customized engineering course housed in the College of Engineering. This courseaddresses issues that are commonly experienced by most freshmen, but it also focuses on highlyspecialized topics involving engineering in particular. Topics range from introductory materialon their chosen majors to

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane Brown; Devlin Montfort; Kip Findley

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

conceptual understandingof the topics. Application of validated concept inventories also suggests that standardinstruction does not significantly improve student understanding of these basic concepts.In order to address these issues new instructional methods are being developed. Thesenew approaches are based on theoretical and applied studies of why some concepts aremore difficult to learn than others.II. Literature ReviewA simple theory that explains many aspects of student learning and suggests plausible Page 12.1318.3solutions is Micheline Chi and Rod Roscoe’s theory of misconceptions.2 Building uponthe commonly accepted theoretical backgrounds of