Conference Session

Assessment and Liberal Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Caitlin Donahue Wylie, University of Virginia; Kathryn A. Neeley, University of Virginia; Toluwalogo Odumosu, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

theappendix to this paper.) As the attached article demonstrates, cities around the country are considering whether equipping police officers with body cameras can restore trust between police and citizens and discourage police misconduct. Imagine that you are the lead engineer working with the city council of a mid-sized American city to develop a plan for integrating a network of body cameras into the city’s information technology networks. The city leadership has not purchased the body cameras yet, but they are clearly excited about the potential of body cameras to resolve disputes and restore trust between citizens and local police. The city leaders are looking to you to advise them because

Conference Session

Studies in Engineering Design

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessie Marshall Zarazaga, Southern Methodist University, Lyle School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

were integrated into aworkshop on basic Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping, itself part of anintroductory first-year engineering undergraduate course. The amended workshop was designedto explore the potential for GIS and site mapping to support creative learning practices forstudents through an embedded introduction to design-thinking processes.Design and Engineering EducationTeaching Site Design in EngineeringInfrastructure design is land-design. Site design and community place-making grow out of thedeep patterns marked onto a site by its infrastructure networks: water systems, transportationlines, communication systems, and physical structures. These systems are not static; flows ofsite reveal the temporal qualities of that place

Collection

2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Paul G. Ranky

tools, that in case of an incorrect answer hyper-links the learner back to avariety of revision solutions, so that the missed material can be learned, and the test re-taken.The assessment questions address exciting engineering, management, and computingscience / IT (Information Technology), biomedical engineering, and other issues, and inmany cases document best practices. This approach helps distance learners as well aseducators to work with the material in real-world classroom and/or virtually web-networked teams.The cases are object-oriented and self-contained, nevertheless can be integrated/ grouped into different classes of objects in a lean andflexible way (the same way as a modern software program, or a modern manufacturing / assembly

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Teresa Cardador, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign ; Karin Jensen, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Kelly J. Cross, University of Nevada, Reno; Grisel Lopez-Alvarez, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Andrea J. Kunze, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

organizational impact. path have a “discovery 2. Students associated the technical orientation” toward engineering. path with work that is intellectually stimulating and hands-on, application of specialized technical skill and technological impact through innovation. The second set of findings emerging from the wave 1 student interviews relate to thestructural and contextual factors that shape second year female engineering students’ electivetrack/specialization decisions. We are developing a conceptual model which highlights three setsof influential

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Assessment and Research Tools

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christian Anderson Arbogast, Oregon State University; Devlin Montfort, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

State University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Using Natural Language Processing Tools to Enhance Qualitative Evaluations of Conceptual UnderstandingAbstractThis work-in-progress briefly surveys a selection of open-source Natural Language Processing(NLP) tools and investigates their utility to the qualitative researcher. These NLP tools arewidely used in the field of lexical analysis, which is concerned with automating the generation ofuseful information from human language using a variety of machine processes. Recent researchshows that the statistical analysis of software recognized linguistic features can benchmarkcertain mental processes, such as cognitive load. This

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: Diversity 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego; Catherine Mobley, Clemson University; Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

. Brawner is a founding member and former treasurer of Research Triangle Park Evaluators, an Ameri- can Evaluation Association affiliate organization and is a member of the American Educational Research Association and American Evaluation Association, in addition to ASEE. Dr. Brawner is also an Exten- sion Services Consultant for the National Center for Women in Information Technology (NCWIT) and, in that role, advises computer science and engineering departments on diversifying their undergraduate student population. She remains an active researcher, including studying academic policies, gender and ethnicity issues, transfers, and matriculation models with MIDFIELD as well as student veterans in engi- neering. Her

Conference Session

Spatial Ability and Visualization in Graphics Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rui (Celia) Pan, Purdue University; Shih-Ping Kuo, Purdue University; Johannes Strobel, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

technologies, such as computer software that relates tovisual representation and design, are impacting the traditional paper-based design. Asfew studies focus on the comparison between computer-aided-design andtraditional-paper-based design42, 5, 26, it is still not clear how designers work both withpaper sketches and computers and how the different media influence the designprocess. More research is needed if we want to have a deeper understanding of howcomputers and paper sketches as design tools complement each other and contributeto different aspects of the design task. In addition, while the literature is rich onresearch on professional designers, little research addresses how and for what purposestudent designers use different tools and how

Collection

2016 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Adekola Owolabi

business model is a description of how a business intends to operate and make money. At themost basic level, it involves a producer making something and selling it directly to customers ata profit. A lot more creativity is needed to get noticed in a time-pressed world. A business isprobably facing global competitors, and in many instances a widely dispersed audience who areincreasingly difficult to reach in a cost effective manner. As a result, numerous alternativestrategies have emerged to get a product to market, safely into the hands of the consumer andbusiness model innovation has become increasingly popular.In literature, [1] business models are considered essential aspects of successful businesses, astheir main purpose is to differentiate a

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul G. Flikkema, Northern Arizona University; Kenji Ryan Yamamoto, Northern Arizona University; Carol Haden, Magnolia Consulting, LLC; Jeff Frolik, University of Vermont; Tom Weller, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

University of Technology. In 2007, he co-organized a US-France Workshop on Sensor Networks and the Environment sponsored by the French government. In Spring 2008 he was a Visitor at SAMSI, where was Program Leader of SAMSI’s Program on Environmental Sensor Networks.Kenji Ryan Yamamoto, Northern Arizona UniversityCarol Haden, Magnolia Consulting, LLC Carol Haden is a Senior Consultant for Magnolia Consulting, LLC, a small woman-owned research and evaluation company based out of Charlottesville, Virgina. For the past eight years, she has specialized in the evaluation of informal and formal STEM education programs. Dr. Haden has evaluated projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation, NASA, the William and Flora Hewlett

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Fazil T. Najafi, University of Florida; Rajarajan Subramanian, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College; Sofia M Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College; Ashish Sunny Abraham

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

Harrisburg. He has 25 years of experience in academia, in teaching roles, including 10 years at Annamalai University in India and three years at Linton Institute of Technology in Malaysia. He also has 10 years of professional engineering experience. Prior to joining Pennsylvania State University, he worked as a Transportation Engineer at the Maryland State Highway Administration.Dr. Sofia M Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College Sofia M. Vidalis is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Technology at Penn State Harrisburg. She received her Ph.D., Masters, and Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering from the University of FL. Her background is in

Conference Session

Professional Aspects of Graduate Engineering Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joy Watson, University of South Carolina; Jed S. Lyons, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

developsengineering students’ ability to discuss their technology to non-technical audiences13Despite efforts to involve engineering doctoral students’ in industry-like work experiences, thework of engineering Ph.D.s in industry has not been systematically investigated and reported inthe literature. The information that is available focuses on managing and motivating researchand development groups and creating effective teams15-20. The literature does not adequatelyaddress the challenges that engineering Ph.D. graduates face transitioning from academia toindustry. This study thereby assists in the documentation of the industrial work environment forengineering Ph.D.s, and their transition from academia to industry, in order that academia cancontinue to

Conference Session

EM Skills and Real-World Concepts, Pt. 2

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

LTC Robert Powell

and non-government affiliated agencies to help organizations solve SystemsEngineering, Engineering Management, Operations Research and Information SystemsEngineering related problems. This program is entitled “Academic Individual AdvancedDevelopment” (AIAD) and is vital to the educational development of cadets and provides themwith an opportunity to participate in activities beyond our baseline requirements. These AIADopportunities are designed to allow students to work with military and civilian organizations fora three-to-four week period and discover the “real world” applicability of their academicendeavors here at West Point. These experiences broaden student perspectives; provide them with practical advancededucation related to their

Conference Session

The Big Picture in Engineering Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Secules, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

grounded in threeengineering educational cultural norms: competition, masculinity, and whiteness. It draws on acombination of work in critical history and Science Technology and Society fields, and theauthor’s literature reviews of engineering education publications. While primarily relying onsecondary sources, it is in the combination of the accounts, the connection to present dayeducational cultural settings, and the communication to a specific audience of educationalstakeholders that comprises this work’s intellectual contribution.A prominent theme of the historical narrative is to suggest a reflexive relationship between thedemographic representation of the discipline and its cultural normativities. This interrelationshipsuggests ways in which

Conference Session

Engineering in K-12 Science and Mathematics Standards

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara J Moore, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Kristina Maruyama Tank, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Aran W Glancy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Jennifer Anna Kersten, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Forster D Ntow, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Page 23.1234.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 The Status of Engineering in the Current K-12 State Science Standards (Research to Practice)Recent national documents pertaining to K-12 education have fostered a connection betweenengineering and science education to help better prepare our students and our society to meetcurrent and future challenges of our modern and technological society1-3. Additionally, thisconnection between science and engineering is essential for every American citizen in order tobetter make informed decisions about their everyday life, as well as nationally for the U.S. toremain competitive in the global economy in which we live3.However

Conference Session

Research on Design Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony F. Luscher, Ohio State University; Roger Forsgren, NASA Headquarters

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

and still is….”16Ham’s characterization of NASA’s attitude toward the STS-112 foam strike during the STS-113review illustrates a phenomenon called the “normalization of deviance,” described by authorDiane Vaughan in her book The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, andDeviance at NASA, whereby deviant behavior becomes commonplace and is no longerrecognized as outside of the norm.18 The deviance becomes accepted. This behavior has beenobserved across a variety of industries such aerospace, healthcare, energy, and even housingmarkets.One component of this phenomenon is the human tendency to favor information that supportsour beliefs regardless of whether that information is representative of reality. Typically referredto as

Conference Session

Building Pathways that Promote Pursuit/Persistence in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corey E. Baker, University of Florida, Gainesville; Justin Dunnavant, University of Florida, Gainesville; Janise McNair, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

investigated the level of diversity exhibited bythese SV companies 3,5 . Over the years, many technology companies have been reluctant torelease their respective demographic employment information. In recent years, due to socialpressure and the realization that diversity breeds innovation, tech companies have been making amore concerted effort to collect and publish their diversity data 6 . At the end of 2014, JesseJackson and the Rainbow PUSH Coalition convened at Intel’s headquarters with representativesfrom more than 20 tech companies to discuss the issue of diversity in Silicon Valley. From thosemeetings Intel emerged as a bellwether, pledging a commitment of $300 million over the courseof five years to increase the representation of women and

Conference Session

Computers in Education 7 - Modulus 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Rahman Adekunle; John Kofi Eshirow Jr., University of Virginia; Jacob Lam Herring, University of Virginia; Sin Lin, University of Virginia; Rider W. Foley, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

the digital divide and how community-engaged research can address computing needs in New York City. His research focuses on wicked problems that arise at the in- tersection of society and technology. Rider holds a Ph.D. in Sustainability from Arizona State University, and a Master’s degree in Environmental Management from Harvard University and a Bachelor’s degree in Environmental Science from University of New Hampshire. Before earning his doctorate, he has worked for a decade in consulting and emergency response for Triumvirate Environmental Inc. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Research-Practitioner Partnerships

Conference Session

Bridging Cultures, Advancing Justice: Fostering Inclusion and Sustainability in Engineering Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raul Mishael Sedas, Caltech; LIGO

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

communities, the artifacts and solutions that emerge from everyday ingenuity and anengineering mindset are deeply embedded as cultural practices. However, societal perceptionsand historical traditions, often shaped by the dominant majority, impose restrictions on what isconsidered a "legitimate" expression of engineering practice. This implicit definition tends todisregard the ingenuity inherent in everyday practices. I believe there is an opportunity to fosterdiversity and enhance the engineering field by embracing the voices and contributions ofminoritized populations through the inclusion of these cultural practices. By expanding ourunderstanding of engineering, we can enrich the field with a broader range of perspectives andexperiences.Connected

Collection

2025 PNW Section Annual Meeting

Authors

Stephanie Wettstein

, these activities encourage teamwork,independent problem-solving, and the integration of partial information to develop deeperconnections to real-world applications. Research has shown that jigsaw techniques enhanceengagement, critical thinking, and problem-solving across various disciplines, including digitalcommunication systems,[5] biomedical engineering,[6] and online game-based learning.[7]For example, Santiago and Guo[5] incorporated jigsaw activities into a digital communicationsystems course using the KEEN EM framework. Students researched emerging topics such as theInternet of Things and artificial intelligence, then presented their findings while drawingconnections to business opportunities. This approach encouraged curiosity, value

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session on Conservation and Optimization

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G. Belu, Southern University and A&M College; Lucian Ionel Cioca, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu; Richard Chiou, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, but good understanding ofauxiliary fields like information technology, cybersecurity, communication, controls ordistributed generation. The smart grid initiative not only requires power engineers to have a goodunderstanding of auxiliary fields, but also needs experts in these auxiliary fields to understandthe basic operations, requirements and capabilities of the future power systems. There is greatneed in industry for such cross-trained professionals to meet challenges in modernizing thepower grid. Training professionals and students in smart grids, alternative energy and distributedgeneration needs a creative curriculum that crosses traditional divisions based on disciplines5,9-14.Designing a novel power engineering curriculum consists of

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Agnes Galambosi, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Ertunga C. Ozelkan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

AC 2011-2528: INTEGRATING SUSTAINABILITY INTO SYSTEMS EN-GINEERING CURRICULUMAgnes Galambosi, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Agnes Galambosi has a PhD in Systems and Industrial Engineering from the University of Arizona in Tucson, AZ. She is currently employed at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte teaching several engineering courses.Ertunga C Ozelkan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte Ertunga C. Ozelkan, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Engineering Management and the Associate Director of the Center for Lean Logistics and Engineered Systems at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Before joining academia, Dr. Ozelkan worked for i2 Technologies, a leading supply chain

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Fluids, Heat Transfer

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiamin Zhang, Auburn University; Soheil Fatehiboroujeni, Cornell University; Matthew Ford, University of Washington; Eric Burkholder, Stanford University

Materials Science from the University of California, Berkeley, and went on to complete his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at Northwestern University. After completing a postdoc with the Cornell Active Learning Initiative, he joined the School of Engineering and Technology at UW Tacoma to help establish its new mechanical engineering program. His teaching and research interests include solid mechanics, engineering design, and inquiry-guided learning. He has supervised undergraduate and master's student research projects and capstone design teams.Eric Burkholder (Postdoctoral Scholar) Eric Burkholder is an assistant professor of physics and of chemical engineering at Auburn Univeristy. He received his PhD in chemical

Collection

Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference

Authors

Briana Lowe Wellman, University of the District of Columbia; Ludwig C. Nitsche, University of the District of Columbia; Dong Hyun Jeong, University of the District of Columbia

Paper ID #35271Online Course and Program Assessment Strategies Leading to EffectiveContinuous ImprovementDr. Briana Lowe Wellman, University of the District of Columbia Dr. Briana Lowe Wellman is an associate professor and chair in the Department of Computer Science and Information Technology at the University of the District of Columbia. She joined UDC in May 2012 after receiving her Ph.D. in Computer Science from The University of Alabama in December 2011. Dr. Wellman’s area of specialization is robotics. Her research focus is on cooperative multirobot systems and sensor networks in search, coverage, and surveillance

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division: Self Efficacy

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacey Leigh Kelly, Virginia Tech; Darren K. Maczka, Virginia Tech; Jacob R. Grohs, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

engineering that contribute to the development of an engineering product or process. • I can identify and access appropriate sources of information. • I can write an effective summary of synthesized information and appropriately cite sources. • I can develop and deliver an effective oral presentation • I actively monitor and evaluate my contributions to teamwork. • I can articulate and elaborate on skills used in problem solving. • I can effectively estimate a solution. • I can represent an engineering system visually. • I am aware of global issues and emerging technologies and their impact on engineering practice.It is important to note that while the Tucker Lewis Index of the fit was 0.93 which is considered good, theroot-mean

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew J Bates, Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

establishing basic concepts,application contexts and analysis frameworks. It also provides the opportunity to establish therisk analysis and management knowledge as an engineering discipline using analogies from otherengineering disciplines such as structures or hydrology. The American Society of Civil Engineers recognized the importance of risk when itstated: Page 23.695.4 “The manner in which civil engineering is practiced must change. That change is necessitated by such forces as globalization, sustainability requirements, emerging technology, and increased complexity with the corresponding need to identify, define

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education and K-12

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eva Andrijcic, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

AC 2012-3189: GOT RISK? THE ROLE OF RISK ANALYSIS IN HIGHSCHOOL EDUCATIONMs. Eva Andrijcic, University of Virginia Eva Andrijcic is a third-year Ph.D. student at the Department of Systems and Information Engineering at the University of Virginia. Page 25.675.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Got Risk? The Role of Risk Analysis in High School Education




1. IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to focus on an important aspect of systems engineering, namely riskassessment and management, and to present a case study of a class in which high school studentswere

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS) Technical Session - Case Studies

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary M Bevilacqua, University of Colorado Denver

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

high frequencies of informed consent, confidentiality, and risk minimization.What was particularly notable, however, were several emergent themes not emphasized in theprofessional codes covered in class. These included: • Environmental sustainability in biomedical design • Continuous monitoring and feedback as a duty of care for engineers • "Truth" in data and transparency across the research lifecycleThese additions reflect a growing awareness of the interdisciplinary ethical challenges ofcontemporary biomedical design, showing that students are thinking beyond compliance. Theirnovel ideations illustrate awareness towards broader definitions of responsible innovation andtowards further critical ethical thinking. Instructors also

Conference Session

Community-Engaged Engineering Education Challenges and Opportunities in Light of COVID-19 Paper Presentations 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Whitney Gaskins, University of Cincinnati; Paula Davis Lampley Esq., University of Cincinnati; Krizia Leonela Cabrera-Toro, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division, Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Information Society (IADIS) International Conference on Educational Technologies, Sydney, Australia, December 11-13, 2017 pp.44-50 9. D. R. Johnson, “Sense of belonging among women of color in science, technology, engineering, and math majors: Investigating the contributions of campus racial climate perceptions and other college environments”, Ph.D. dissertation Dept. Counseling and Personnel Services, College Student Personnel Administration Program., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 2007.10. R. M. O’Hara, “STEM(ing) the Tide: A Critical Race Theory Analysis in STEM Education,” Journal of Constructivist Psychology, pp. 1–13, 2020.11. Ladson-Billings, G. “Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES) Technical Session 5: Decoloniality and Indigenous Knowledges

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Robert Bruce, University of Ottawa

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

, potentially undermining long-term societal resilience. By prioritizingtechnological efficiency and profit maximization, current paradigms risk marginalizing humanand environmental considerations. Emerging research suggests a more nuanced approach thatbalances technological innovation with holistic social responsibility, integrating ethicalframeworks that consider broader ecological and human-centric impacts beyond mere techno-economic metrics [25,26]. Place-based education involves direct experience that is moreengaging, promotes civic participation that contributes to democratic institutions, promotes anethic of environmental stewardship and sustainability, and responds to local economic, social,and environmental pressures [27]. These methods share

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Reynolds Brubaker, Stanford University; Mark Schar, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

at the end of the period" (Hicks, 1946). Engineers have a tradition ofproducing economic impact – often through technological innovation and industrialization.Economic sustainability can be an end in itself or a means of producing lasting social orenvironmental impact. For example, within the business community, Prahalad re-framedchallenges in Base of the Pyramid (BoP) markets (areas of extreme economic poverty) as areasof emerging, high-growth market potential (Prahalad, 2009). As of 2008, BoP marketsrepresented an estimated US $5 trillion of demand (Subrahmanyan & Tomas Gomez-Arias,2008). As for-profit corporations expanded into BoP markets, social entrepreneurship and theimpact investment industry also emerged aiming to attain