Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Barry David

Session 1454 Technical Entrepreneurship as an Undergraduate Course Barry G. David Millersville University of PennsylvaniaAbstractThis paper describes the content, methods and student activities of an undergraduate course intechnical entrepreneurship. The course engages students in a variety of research, problemsolving and critical thinking activities as they seek solutions to practical problems faced bydesigners and engineers bringing products to market. The one semester course requires studentsto present product concepts to the class during the second week of

Conference Session

A Focus on Non-Traditional Students and Non-Traditional Course Delivery Methods

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Armineh Noravian, San Francisco State University; Patricia Irvine, San Francisco State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

Paper ID #9757Building technical capital in the technology educationMs. Armineh Noravian, San Francisco State University Armineh Noravian currently works as an adjunct faculty in engineering at San Francisco State University and as an educational research associate. Noravian holds a MS in engineering and MA in applied anthro- pology (cultural) from San Jose State University. She is currently completing her Ed.D. at San Francisco State University. Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Armineh Noravian at armineh@mail.sfsu.edu.Dr. Patricia Irvine, San Francisco State University Dr. Irvine is

Collection

2022 CIEC

Authors

Marilyn Dyrud

ETD 335 Managing Ethics Cases in Technical Courses Marilyn A. Dyrud Oregon Institute of TechnologyIntroductionCase studies have been used in teaching since antiquity. Modern usage began in the 1870s andhas since been a staple in such fields as law, business, medicine, psychology, and ethics.Cases offer several distinct advantages over other pedagogical methods. First, they are engaging,since they are narratives, and humans have a natural affinity for stories. Second, they offer realsituations, which makes it easier for students to relate to the information

Conference Session

Network Administration and Security

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ron McKean, Ferris State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Page 11.1289.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 The Evolution of a Technical CurriculumCurriculum development is one of the most exciting, rewarding and challenging aspects ofhigher education. Quickly changing technologies and economic factors require education that isagile and creative. Establishing a new curriculum is often difficult due to procedural steps,limited resources and internal politics. Once in place, it needs to maintain technical currency aswell as attractiveness to the student and employer.This paper presents a history documenting the birth of a unique degree program and itssubsequent evolution to remain effective in a very dynamic and technical world. This storyreveals on-going challenges

Conference Session

Two Year College Tech Session I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Jonassen, University of Missouri; William Miller, University of Missouri; Matthew Schmidt, University of Missouri; Matthew Easter, University of Missouri; Rose Marra, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

AC 2008-182: TECHNICAL COLLEGE PROGRAM IN RADIATION PROTECTIONDavid Jonassen, University of Missouri Dr. David Jonassen is Distinguished Professor of Education at the University of Missouri where he teaches in the areas of Learning Technologies and Educational Psychology. Since earning his doctorate in educational media and experimental educational psychology from Temple University, Dr. Jonassen has taught at the Pennsylvania State University, University of Colorado, the University of Twente in the Netherlands, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and Syracuse University. He has published 30 books and numerous articles, papers, and reports on text design, task analysis

Conference Session

Engineers and Communities: Critical Reflections of Challenges, Opportunities, and Practices of Engaging Each Other

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Reddy, Colorado School of Mines; Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Paper ID #26685Engagement in Practice Paper: Engineering Students vs. Geological Risk inthe Gold Supply Chain: Using Geological Risk in Gold Mining Communitiesto Overcome Technical Instrumentalism among Engineering StudentsDr. Elizabeth Reddy, Colorado School of Mines Elizabeth Reddy is a Teaching Assistant Professor in the Division of Engineering, Design & Society at Colorado School of Mines. She is a social scientist, holding a PhD in cultural anthropology from the University of California at Irvine and an MA in Social Science from the University of Chicago. She is Co-Chair of the Committee for the Anthropology of Science

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

VJ Tocco, University of Florida; Kevin Buettner; Madeline G Sciullo, University of Florida; Jennifer Sinclair Curtis, University of California, Davis; Jason E. Butler, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Student

Paper ID #22626Peer-led Research Methods Workshop for First-year Ph.D. Students (StudentPaper)Mr. Vincent Joseph Tocco Jr., University of Florida Graduate Student in Chemical Engineering at the University of Florida.Mr. Kevin BuettnerMs. Madeline G Sciullo, University of Florida Madeline Sciullo is a 4th year Ph.D. Candidate studying Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Uni- versity of Florida under the appointment of Dr. Mark Law. Her research interests include device physics and simulation on III-V and Silicon based sensors for various application ranging from pH sensors, me- chanical stress effects, to

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Safin H. Bayes, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Jude Aloudeh, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Aymen Elsheikh, Texas A&M University at Qatar

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

Paper ID #29463Paper: Engineering Students’ Perceptions about Female Professors:Insights from the Arabian GulfMr. Safin H. Bayes, Texas A&M University at Qatar Safin is a rising Senior at Texas A&M University at Qatar, majoring in Electrical Engineering. His inter- ests lie in embedded systems, circuit design, software development, and machine learning. He served as the Vice President/President of IEEE Student Branch at TAMUQ in Fall 2019/Spring 2020. Recently, he got elected to serve as the Vice President of ETA Kappa Nu Honors Society of TAMUQ Chapter for the Academic year 2020-21. He also works as the Faculty

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Karina Sylvia Sobieraj, Ohio State University; Rachel Louis Kajfez, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Student

Paper ID #30906Paper: Using Qualitative Techniques to Understand the Types ofUndergraduate Research MentorshipKarina Sylvia Sobieraj, The Ohio State University I am a fourth-year biological engineering student pursuing a minor in biomedical engineering. I am active in many clubs on campus including Make a Wish and the Society of Women Engineers and I am also an undergraduate researcher for an engineering education research group.Dr. Rachel Louis Kajfez, The Ohio State University Dr. Rachel Louis Kajfez is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at The Ohio State University. She earned her B.S. and

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy Dean Kelley P.E., University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Page 25.15.3IntroductionOne of the areas in which many engineering students are deficient is their writing andcommunication skills. Although engineering students are required to take several laboratorytype classes, which include laboratory reports, and technical writing type English classes, therestill exists the need for more writing opportunities. This paper deals with one method to give thestudents more opportunities to write research papers without significantly increasing their workload. This method also does not significantly increase the grading load of the instructor. Beingable to adequately research a topic is also an important tool in an engineer’s arsenal. Thisteaching method promotes active learning as the primary learning

Conference Session

Case Studies

Collection

2022 ASEE Zone IV Conference

Authors

Jonathan Verrett P.Eng., University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Siba Saleh, University of British Columbia, Vancouver

Tagged Topics

Conference Submission

Paper ID #35928Community engaged learning (CEL) in co-curricular student groups (fullpaper)Dr. Jonathan Verrett P.Eng., University of British Columbia, Vancouver Jonathan Verrett is an Associate Professor of Teaching in the Department of Chemical and Biological En- gineering at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. He teaches a variety of topics with a focus on design in chemical and biological engineering. His pedagogical interests include leadership development, open education and peer-learning.Siba Saleh, University of British Columbia, Vancouver American

Conference Session

Special Session: Engineering Leadership—The Courage to Change

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marnie Jamieson, University of Alberta; John R. Donald P.Eng., University of Guelph

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD)

teaching and research; and the tension between technical and non-technical contentemphasis and delivery.In this paper we aim to look more deeply at cultural constructs associated with engineeringeducation through a targeted literature review and integrative analysis of engineering educationculture, the engineering culture of professional practice, the general theoretical constructs ofculture and cultural dimensions in societal and organizational contexts with the explicit purposeof developing a foundational understanding of the cultural co-contraries observed and discussedin our 2023 paper. This foundational understanding can then be used to build a model forcharacterizing engineering education culture and evaluating positive cultural change

Collection

Proceedings of the 2020 ASEE PSW Section Conference, canceled

Authors

Scott Matthew Boskovich, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Chris Burns, Boys Republic

Tagged Topics

Diversity

; Exposition, Atlanta GA, June 2013.4. Boys’ Republic, https://boysrepublic.org/who-we-are/.5. Boys Republic, https://boysrepublic.org/della-robbia-wreaths/.6. Filiposka, M., Elmaraghy,W. and Djuric, A. “Kinematic Analysis of a 6DOF Gantry Machine,” Conference Paper in SAE Technical Papers, Detroit MI, April 2015.7. “How A Spray Gun Works.” Design and Function of Spray Gun www.secondchancegarage.com/public/635.cfm.8. OpenCV Computer Vision Library, http://opencv.org/.9. Nvidia Jetson Developer, https://developer.nvidia.com/embedded/jetson-tx2-developer-kit.10. Lin Engineering, https://www.linengineering.com/products/stepper-motors/8718-series/#fndtn- standard_motor.11. Pthread_create - Linux man page. https://linux.die.net/man/3

Conference Session

S6B: Full Papers - One Size Does Not Fit All

Collection

14th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience (FYEE) Conference

Authors

Robin A.M. Hensel, West Virginia University; Susie Huggins, West Virginia University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Full Papers

Paper ID #40608Full Paper: Engendering Engineering Inclusion through an InteractiveTheatre SketchDr. Robin A.M. Hensel, West Virginia University Robin A. M. Hensel, Ed.D., is a Teaching Professor in the Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources at West Virginia University and an ASEE Fellow Member. As a mathematician and computer systems analyst, she collaborated in engineering teams to support energy research before entering higher education where she taught mathematics, statistics, computer science, and engineering courses, secured over $5.5M to support STEM education research, led program

Conference Session

ERM: New Research Methods and Tools

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Trevion Henderson, University of Michigan

Paper ID #37232Research Paper: Development and Validation of aDepoliticization in Engineering ScaleTrevion S Henderson (Assistant Professor) Trevion Henderson is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering and STEM Education at Tufts University. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Research Paper: Development and Validation of a Depoliticization in Engineering ScaleAbstractThe ideology of depoliticization in engineering refers to the pervasive belief that engineeringwork is technical

Collection

15th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience Conference (FYEE)

Authors

Ethan E Danahy, Tufts University; Mehek Kunal Vora, Tufts University; Yume Menghe Xu, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; William Church

documentation) that students could pick-and-choosefrom as needed. Highlighting the design and creation of these different chatbots, this paper firstdescribes the background technical implementation and then presents details of student use (viausage logs) and implications for further use in first-year engineering contexts.IntroductionMany industries are rapidly changing, and are predicted to continue to change, based on therelease of and widespread availability of generative artificial intelligence interfaces [1].Education is not immune, and educators across all ages are wondering what the impact will be,from good effects (teachers enacting quality pedagogical interventions to students enhancingtheir own leading experiences) to the bad (outsourcing

Conference Session

Tools of Teaching

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Jacques; Mark Shields; John O'Connell; Matthew Mehalik

contemporary and future technical and business careers. Our goal hasbeen to provide an introduction to such perspectives in typical interdisciplinary first-semesterclasses of engineering design and/or communications.For several years, we have been using a modification to classroom use of commercial simulationsof manufacturing. The activity is usually done in the evening accompanied by pizza and softdrinks. The materials used are paper templates that require student teams to perform many stepsof cutting, folding, adorning, inspecting for quality, and launching for accuracy on a target. Theformat is a competition allowing redesign and improvement from the first (usually quiteineffective) and second (somewhat better) member assignments and team

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Curriculum and Resource Exchange

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristina Maruyama Tank, Iowa State University; Tamara J. Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Elizabeth Gajdzik, Purdue University, West Lafayette; M. Terri Sanger, Purdue University; Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Brianna L Dorie, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Emma Mann

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

Paper ID #15341Designing Paper Baskets: A PictureSTEM Curriculum Module (P12 ResourceExchange)Kristina Maruyama Tank, Iowa State University Kristina M. Tank is an Assistant Professor of Science Education in the School of Education at Iowa State University. She currently teaches undergraduate courses in science education for elementary education majors. As a former elementary teacher, her research and teaching interests are centered around improv- ing elementary students’ science and engineering learning and increasing teachers’ use of effective STEM instruction in the elementary grades. With the increased emphasis on

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session I - Curriculum Development

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Russel C. Jones, World Expertise LLC

Tagged Topics

Invited - Curriculum Development

Paper ID #8386Invited Paper - American Influence on Engineering Education in the MiddleEastDr. Russel C. Jones, World Expertise LLC Russel Jones is a consultant, working through World Expertise LLC. Until recently he was senior Advisor at the Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research, a new institution in Abu Dhabi, UAE. KUSTAR offers undergraduate and graduate programs in engineering and science. Prior to that, he served as Founding President of the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, UAE – a new university dedicated to graduate education and research, focused on alternative energy. He

Conference Session

M2C: Learning by Design 2

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Bonnie S. Boardman, University of Texas, Arlington; Martin Kendall Wallace, University of Texas at Arlington; Morgan Chivers, UTA FabLab

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

Paper ID #28010Full Paper: A Makerspace Project for New Transfer StudentsDr. Bonnie S. Boardman, University of Texas, Arlington Bonnie Boardman is an Assistant Professor of Instruction in the Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Department at The University of Texas at Arlington. Her primary research interests are in the engineering education and resource planning disciplines. She holds a B.S. and Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from The University of Arkansas and an M.S. in Industrial Engineering from Texas A&M University.Mr. Martin Kendall Wallace, University of Texas at Arlington Martin K. Wallace is

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Rick L. Homkes; Kevin D. Taylor; Russell A. Aubrey

Classroom Workshop. Center for Instructional Services at Purdue University, 1994.Antaki, P. J. (1992, April). Designing and Delivering Technical Presentations. Mechanical Engineering, 63-65.Conroy, C. M., & Wright, C. R. (1993, May/June). Getting your brain wave to print. Performance & Instruction,19-22Homkes, R. (1996). Writing and publishing your way to tenure. [CD ROM: \papers\2275\227503ms.pdf] 1996ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings. American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, DC.Biographical InformationKevin D. Taylor is an Assistant Professor of EET at Purdue University at Kokomo. Prior to starting his teachingcareer in 1987, Mr. Taylor was an IC Design Engineer for Texas Instrument, Inc. He spent the past three

Collection

15th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience Conference (FYEE)

Authors

Toluwani Collins Olukanni, Norwich University; Majd Khalaf, Norwich University; Michael Cross, Norwich University; David M. Feinauer P.E., Virginia Military Institute; Ali Al Bataineh, Norwich University

Paper ID #45016Full Paper: Future-Ready Students: Survey Analysis Utilizing Natural LanguageProcessingToluwani Collins Olukanni, Norwich UniversityMajd Khalaf, Norwich University Majd Khalaf is a senior undergraduate student at Norwich University, majoring in Electrical and Computer Engineering. He is deeply passionate about DevOps engineering and machine learning. Majd has contributed to various projects and research in natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision. Currently, he is a Site Reliability Engineering intern at Walmart ASR and a Senior AI Researcher at Norwich University’s Artificial Intelligence

Conference Session

Full Papers III

Collection

FYEE 2025 Conference

Authors

Rachel Anne Smith, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Aileen Hentz PhD, University of Maryland, College Park; Thaddeus Hill, Iowa State University of Science and Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity, FYEE 2025

Paper ID #49831Full Paper: Network-based Reflection to Support First-year Engineering StudentsRachel Anne Smith, Iowa State University of Science and Technology Rachel A. Smith is Associate Professor of student affairs and higher education in the School of Education at Iowa State University. She currently serves as the school’s Director of Graduate Education. She earned her PhD and MS in Higher Postsecondary Education from Syracuse University and holds a BA in history from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.Aileen Hentz PhD, University of Maryland, College Park Aileen N. Hentz has over twenty years of experience working as

Conference Session

Novel Courses and Content for ChEs II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margot Vigeant, Bucknell University; James Maneval, Bucknell University; Michael Prince, Bucknell University; Michael Hanyak, Bucknell University; William Snyder, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

AC 2008-1726: HANDS-ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SENIOR DESIGN:EVOLUTION FROM PAPER TO PRACTICEMargot Vigeant, Bucknell UniversityJames Maneval, Bucknell UniversityMichael Prince, Bucknell UniversityMichael Hanyak, Bucknell UniversityWilliam Snyder, Bucknell University Page 13.661.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Hands-On Chemical Engineering Senior Design: The Evolution from Paper to Practice Margot Vigeant, James Maneval, William Snyder, Michael Hanyak and Michael Prince Bucknell University Department of Chemical

Conference Session

Building and Engaging Communities for Scholarship, Advocacy, and Action for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Adrienne Robyn Minerick, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International, Minorities in Engineering

Paper ID #22078The 2015, 2016, and 2017 Best Diversity Papers: Summary and PerspectiveDr. Janet Callahan, Boise State University Janet Callahan is Chair and Professor of the Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering at Boise State University. Dr. Callahan received her Ph.D. in Materials Science, M.S. in Metallurgy, and B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Connecticut. Her research interests include diversity, retention, mathematics and materials science teaching and learning, first-year programs, accreditation, and faculty development.Dr. Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University Dr. Stephanie

Conference Session

S6A: Full Papers - Out with the Old, In with the New

Collection

14th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience (FYEE) Conference

Authors

Joshua Eron Stone, University of Maryland - A. James Clark School of Engineering - Keystone Program; Forrest Milner; Sophie Roberts-Weigert

Tagged Topics

Full Papers

Paper ID #40631Full Paper: Introducing Machine Learning to First Year EngineeringStudentsJoshua Eron Stone, University of Maryland - A. James Clark School of Engineering - Keystone Program Laboratory Teaching Assistant for the University of Maryland’s flagship introduction to engineering course, and undergraduate Computer Engineering student.Mr. Forrest Milner Undergraduate Engineering Student at the University of Maryland, College Park. A. James Clark School of Engineering. Interested in projects relating to electronics and batteries, which you can check out on my website, forrestfire0.github.io.Sophie Roberts-Weigert

Collection

Proceedings of the 2020 ASEE PSW Section Conference, canceled

Authors

Sheree Fu, California State University, Los Angeles; Steven Matthew Cutchin; Karen Howell, University of Southern California; Shalini Ramachandran, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Algorithm Bias:A Survey of Computer Science Student PerceptionsAbstractIn the United States, Google performs over 3.9 million searches per minute. Monthly desktopsearches can exceed over 10.7 billion and mobile searches are predicted to grow steadily.Concurrently, recent discourse has raised questions about bias in search engines and big dataalgorithms. As the information universe becomes increasingly dominated by algorithms,computer scientists and engineers have ethical obligations to create systems that do no harm. Inthis paper, the authors discuss a survey that was conducted of computer science and computerengineering students' perceptions of algorithm bias. ​The aim of the survey was to gatherpreliminary data on how

Conference Session

Full Papers IV

Collection

FYEE 2025 Conference

Authors

James Nathaniel Newcomer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; David Gray, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Alice Hyunna Noble, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Devin Erb, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Annabel Bass, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

FYEE 2025

Paper ID #49783Full paper: Aligning First-Year Engineering Goals with Major SelectionMr. James Nathaniel Newcomer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Former mechatronics engineer and STEM educator who now works with first-year engineering students to help them establish academic trajectories to develop and meet their career goals.Dr. David Gray, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University David Gray serves as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. His teaching and research interests focus on interdisciplinary experiential learning, as well as the

Conference Session

Computers in Education 6: Best of CoED

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sherif Abdelhamid, Virginia Military Institute; Yousef Jalali, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Andrew Katz, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #33146Factors Associated with Collaboration Networks in ASEE Conference PapersDr. Sherif Abdelhamid, Virginia Military Institute Sherif E. Abdelhamid serves as an Assistant Professor at the Computer and Information Sciences Depart- ment, Virginia Military Institute (VMI). Before joining VMI, he was an Assistant Professor at the College of Computing and Information Technology (AAST - Smart Village Campus, Egypt). He was also an Infrastructure Software Engineer at the Center for Open Science, Virginia, USA. He obtained his Ph.D. and M.Sc. degrees in Computer Science from Virginia Tech and M.Sc. and B.Sc. degrees

Conference Session

NEW THIS YEAR! - ASEE Main Plenary II: Best Paper Recognition & Industry Day Session: Corporate Member Council Speaker

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca A. Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Topics

ASEE Board of Directors, Corporate Members Council

AC 2012-5601: BEST ZONE PAPER: IMPLEMENTING SOCIAL LEARN-ING STRATEGIES: TEAM TESTINGProf. Rebecca A. Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato Page 25.261.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012AC 2011-2920: IMPLEMENTING SOCIAL LEARNING STRATEGIES: TEAMTESTINGRebecca A Bates, Minnesota State University, MankatoAndrew Petersen, University of Toronto Mississauga Page 25.261.2 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Implementing Social Learning Strategies: Team TestingABSTRACTThis paper