Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 4 - Hands-on Learning

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Federica Aveta, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Marisha Rawlins, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Afsaneh Ghanavati, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Gloria Ma, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Pilin Junsangsri, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Anuja Kamat, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

Engineering, Math and Data Analysis, and Engineering DesignThinking. Each module spanned 40 minutes and comprised an initial lecture aimed atfamiliarizing female students with the specific engineering field and topic. The remainder of thesession was dedicated to hands-on activities.Faculty members from respective disciplines conducted each module, accompanied by 2-3undergraduate engineering student volunteers. These volunteers aided in setting up the lab andnecessary equipment, actively engaging with female students during activities, addressingqueries, and assisting with any technical issues they encountered during the laboratory activity. Itis important to note that both faculty members and student volunteers underwent training toeffectively

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

David S. Pixton, Brigham Young University; Jared Aaron Landetta, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

learning environments. The present work expands on previousstudies by focusing on a potential application of AR goggles, and seeks to evaluate benefits fromthis more immersive environment. Further, this work seeks to study AR’s role as part of anexhibit that facilitates a maker culture – where students of multiple disciplines can both createand consume AR content. The ultimate intent of this work is to create a long-term exhibit basedaround the 6-ft globe, which is refreshed and sustained by continued contributions to AR content.Teaching faculty constitute an important segment of patrons that can profit from a libraryexhibit. In this case, an exhibit that displays a new instructional technology can help aninstructor evaluate the value proposition

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation, Assessment and Program Improvement in ECE.

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Dianna L Newman, University at Albany/SUNY; Meghan Morris Deyoe, University at Albany, SUNY

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Students viewed the online lectures as aresource that reinforced and expanded their conceptual understanding of the course material butdid not see the videos as a key way of transferring new content. Many noted that unrestrictedaccess to the online lectures facilitated knowledge rehearsal, increased hands-on practice, self-regulated learning, and help in preparing for assessment. Students found the use of the onlinevideo lectures to be most helpful when studying for quizzes and tests, particularly noting the Page 23.1060.11capability of re-watching the videos and reconstructing what they wanted/needed to cover.Specific limitations or concerns to

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics - Courses and Curricula

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock Barry, United States Military Academy; Matthew Ohland, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

focus on discipline-specific issues. • Required course in ethics external to the program: This method relies on course offerings from philosophy or religion departments and exposes students to a more general ethics background, while sacrificing the discipline context captured in the “within the program” method. • Across-the-curriculum: This approach exposes students to ethical considerations repetitively, in multiple courses, during a progression towards their degree. This method requires commitment among all department faculty to capitalize on ethics discussions within traditional non-ethics focused courses.11 This research study assumes that via this method ethics is discussed in a

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Outside the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Bowler, Michigan Technological University; Susie Amato-Henderson, Michigan Technological University; Tom Drummer, Michigan Technological University; Joseph Holles, Michigan Technological University; Ted Lockhart, Michigan Technological University; Joanna Schreiber, Michigan Technological University; Debra Charlesworth, Michigan Technological University; Jingfang Ren, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

constituencies the profession serves. AsBebeau notes, one’s response to an ethical problem partially depends upon how he or sheconceptualizes his or her role.2 For this reason, it is used extensively in the investigation ofprofessional integrity and it has become central to the study of professional ethics in fields suchas medicine, dentistry, law, and social work, and others. Within the last couple of decades, field-specific instruments for inventorying role orientation have been developed for the purpose ofassessing an individual's level of professional integrity as well as for appraising educationalprograms designed to teach professional ethics.For the past two decades there has been considerable scholarly disagreement concerning thenature of a

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Canino, Trine University; Kendall B. Teichert, Trine University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

students may not feel as drawn to fully engage in humanities based assignments as inSTEM based assignments. Second, students may not appreciate the overlapping nature oflearning in various disciplines and settings, as well as the breadth of learning that is connected tothe engineering profession. Finally, this type of assignment is also new to the faculty facilitatingthe project, and improvements in the implementation of the project would be beneficial. Student Engagement As seen in the sample reflections above, many responses were superficial and lacked depth.The lack of draw for some students to engage in the humanities based aspects of this assignmentwere seen in a variety of ways. Of the students that participated in the survey, only 11

Conference Session

Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: The Role of Engineering Education towards Attaining UN Sustainable Development Goals

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Zelinka, University of Colorado, Boulder; Bernard Amadei, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering, Community Engagement Division, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering

). Thus, it is not yet mainstream in secondary and tertiary educationwhere linear cause to effect (deterministic) thinking is the norm. As noted by Dent (2001), termssuch “systems approach, systems thinking, and systems view” are not commonly understood.One of the limiting factors for not being mainstream is that systems thinking requires the“thinker” to embrace a new mindset and adopt different habits from those used in reductionistthinking. These habits are best described by the Waters Foundation, based in Pittsburgh, PA andare listed in Table 1. Even though these habits were developed in the context of integratingsystems thinking in K-12 education, they apply to a wide range of situations where the thinker isfaced with complex issues

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rania Al-Hammoud, University of Waterloo; Andrea Jonahs, University of Waterloo; Vaishnavi Pasalkar, University of Waterloo

Paper ID #37719Building Science Identity Among First-Year EngineeringStudents Through a Community-Based ProjectRania Al-hammoud (Dr.) Dr. Al-Hammoud is a Faculty lecturer in the department of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Waterloo. Dr. Al-Hammoud has a passion for teaching where she continuously seeks new technologies to involve students in their learning process. She is actively involved in the Ideas Clinic, a major experiential learning initiative at the University of Waterloo. She is also responsible for developing a process and assessing graduate attributes at the department to

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wen Huang, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

relateclassroom material to real-life engineering problems [5]. An empirical investigation of itscollaborative learning activity design under the HMD VR environment is not only of researchvalue as it contributes to the knowledge on the effectiveness of HMD VR environment incollaborative learning but also expected to benefit different stakeholders in the engineeringeducation systems. Students born in the new century will start to attend universities in 2018.They are a new generation that grew up with digital media and are eager to acquire the similarexperience in the class as their daily life. This requirement urges engineering faculties toaccelerate the application of new information technologies in their instruction [6], [7]. Theresults of this study

Conference Session

Electrical Energy Courses, Labs, and Projects II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hayrettin Bora Karayaka, Western Carolina University; Robert D. Adams, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Paper ID #5871A Project Based Implementation of a Power Systems Course for Electricaland Computer Engineering Technology StudentsDr. Hayrettin Bora Karayaka, Western Carolina University Bora Karayaka is an Electrical Engineering faculty at Kimmel School, Western Carolina University. With his over ten years of industry experience, he has extensive experience in project management, and a clear understanding of deadlines, industry requirements, safety and reliability issues, and other aspects in the power and energy fields. He is responsible for teaching electric power engineering courses in the department. Dr

Conference Session

Understanding Students: Cognition

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Sang Ha Lee; Stefani A. Bjorklund; John Wise; Thomas Litzinger

contacted at tal2@psu.edu.JOHN WISEJohn Wise is Director of Engineering Instructional Services at Penn State. In this capacity, he provides assistanceto faculty members and teaching assistants in the areas of teaching, learning, and instructional technology. Hereceived his B.A. in Liberal Arts from The University of the State of New York and his M.S. and Ph.D. inInstructional Systems from Penn State. He may be reached at jwise@psu.edu.SANGHA LEESangHa Lee is a doctoral candidate in Educational Psychology at Penn State. He earned his M. Ed. and B.S. in Page 8.240.9Mathematics Education from the Korea National University of

Conference Session

Secondary (6-12) Outreach

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Healy, Georgia Institute of Technology; Angela Berenstein

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

math K-12 issues, teacher education, and teacher professional development. For ten years she served on the Board of Examiners for the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education. She was also at the University of South Carolina for seventeen years where she taught undergraduates, had an active research program in paleo-oceanography, and numerous graduate students. She has a B.S. in Zoology from the University of Rhode Island and an M.S. and Ph.D. in Geological Sciences from the University of South CarolinaMrs. Angela Berenstein Page 23.1340.1 c American Society for

Conference Session

Diversity and Inclusion

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mel Chua, Olin College; Tess Edmonds, Olin College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

residential rather than commuter campus), or shortened dependingon the size and scope of the issue being discussed. We have successfully run step-backs with 2-minute presentations, 10-minute "overhearing/discussion," and 1-minute response sessions, buttight timing is important in these situations.The Step-Back Consulting architecture also emphasizes the importance of enabling multiplekinds of voices to be heard, including the voices of “non-experts” in a field. The "non-expert"view is useful precisely because it "misinterprets" the situation and produces new views ofreality that can lead to generative thinking. Instead of being framed as erroneous, this"miscontextualization" can be used as an aid to think differently. This helps students

Conference Session

Myths About Gender and Race

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jordana Hoegh, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering

resistance, with a result that no one likes, but that everyone expends considerable effort in maintaining. (p. 116).In the case of the pipeline metaphor, we clearly hear from many voices including university andcollege administrators,25 industry partners, governmental agencies,26 and sometimes almost“design” itself 27 calling for more women to enter engineering professions in numbersproportional to their representation in the country. And yet, a large gap remains. Who are ourother actors? Clearly women faculty themselves, and likely their families, their colleagues, theirstudents, perhaps their passion for research even may serve as an actor. What is the stock overwhich actors are disputing? What might this new systems metaphor prompt us to

Conference Session

ERM: Instruction and Engagement

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aparajita Jaiswal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Devang Patel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Yi Zhu, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jin Su Lee, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Alejandra Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

model-based cognition in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) can be better supported by means of expert tools and disciplinary practices such as data science computation, modeling, and simulation. In 2015 Dr. Magana received the National Science Foundation’s Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award to investigate modeling and simulation practices in undergraduate engineering education. In 2016 she was conferred the status of Purdue Faculty Scholar for being on an accelerated path toward academic distinction. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com A Reflection on Action Approach

Conference Session

Choice and Persistence in Engineering Education and Careers

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gillian M. Nicholls, University of Alabama, Huntsville; Rhonda Kay Gaede, University of Alabama, Huntsville

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

classes may have some serious drawbacks for students. Theylose the economic investment in the course, their cost to complete the degree may risecorrespondingly, their pattern of course-taking may be disrupted as pre-requisite courses must beretaken before successor classes, and the appearance of one or more “W’s” on a transcript maybe off-putting to prospective employers. The new Dean of Students examined the policy afterbeing appointed to the position and expressed concern that allowing students unlimitedwithdrawals was not ultimately benefiting students. Suggested changes to the policy of unlimitedwithdrawals have been discussed, but none has been approved to date. The suggested changesincluded placing a cap on the number of withdrawals allowed

Conference Session

Course Transformation in ECE

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Christopher D. Schmitz, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Timothy Bretl, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

for an easier version. However, we believe themastery exercise already helps to avoid this issue. Many students not serious about improvingtheir understanding of the material will also be turned away by the requirement of an additionalexercise. We have also heard concern that students may neglect preparing for the first-chanceexam knowing that a second-chance exam is present. However, the weighted grade usedprovides the opportunity of the best adjusted score to the students who do the best on the first-chance exam, thus there remains substantial motivation for preparing well for the first-chanceexam. In addition, randomized exams that uses a small pool of questions have been shown totypically provide a fair assessment despite some information

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Valerie L. Young; Peter L. Silsbee; Joseph W. Newkirk; Bradford L. Snowden; Anu Maria; Jerry W. Samples

system in this country. The singleness of purpose of this program and its immediate and long-term effectson the participants indicate that a core issue has been identified: college teachers want toimprove and can if given the tools. Just the demonstration of a standard, attainable bymost, is a first step that many have not experienced. It is truly unfortunate that most haveclearly identified how they do not want to teach, while most have not identified how theywould like to teach. Establishment of an environment where all this can be accomplishedis not difficult. It requires thought and concern. It requires a common goal and willingparticipants. Participants A, B, C, and D represent engineering faculties across thecountry. They have

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eva Andrijcic, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; William D. Schindel, ICTT System Sciences; Craig G Downing, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

number of people with malaria, but it also caused cats to eat lizards which atepoisoned insects. Island cats died off, and in turn the local rat population flourished, bringing tothe people of Borneo two new serious diseases, namely the Bubonic plague and typhus. In orderto combat these new diseases WHO had to parachute new populations of cats into Borneo. Thesecats were able to control the rat population and therefore the spread of the new diseases. Thisexample very clearly illustrates some major issues in systems problems – when not consideredholistically, short-term band aid solutions solve localized problems, but create other problems inthe process. While WHO was in the end able to remedy their poor decision, in many situationsonce the

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division (SWED) Technical Session #2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ben Arie Tanay, Purdue Engineering Education; Lexy Chiwete Arinze, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Siddhant Sanjay Joshi, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kirsten A. Davis, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James C Davis, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division (SWED)

technical assistance in 9 support writing/editing code, understanding new software languages, and learning new software engineering concepts Idea Student used LLMs for creative tasks such as 5 generation designing a system, understanding/following best practices, and approaching complex problems Professional Writing Student used LLMs for communication 6 aid support assistance in emailing instructional faculty and writing assignments

Conference Session

Tree-huggers, Diggers, and Queers--Oh my!

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Cech, University of California, San Diego; Tom Waidzunas, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

Page 14.1384.2definitions of LGBT categories and issues facing LGBT persons in engineering workplaces, and 1makes recommendations for creating LGBT-friendly workplace cultures.3, 4 Nevertheless, thistopic has yet to be systematically examined in either professional engineering settings orengineering education. We break new ground with a study of LGB students enrolled in a majorUS engineering college we call “Gold University.”This project draws on intensive interviews and focus group meetings with seventeen engineeringstudents from a variety of engineering sub-disciplines and educational levels. Our researchquestions investigate (1) the climate

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

related careers, show promise in addressing this national shortage7.The authors believe that it is necessary to create local programs such as those mentioned before,aimed at exposing female students in their final three years of high school to basic conceptswithin different areas of engineering and construction management to open the possibilities forthese students to choose a technical major.Since retention of students is another major concern, the camp was designed in such a way thatcurrent female engineering students can participate as mentors and assistants for each activity.The faculty in charge of the different activities trained the students, providing a service learningexperience and giving leadership opportunities to them.Description of

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Leon L Van Dommelen; Yousef Haik; Namas Chandra

. coreclasses have been offered live over the web, our motivation and experiences. Despite someminor drawbacks, the program is judged successful and will be made available to all eligiblestudents worldwide starting Fall 2000.1 Introduction.Teaching is not just a matter of providing factual information, exercises, and tests. Althoughhard to quantify, social issues can be very important for students, for example: personalinteractions with instructors and fellow students, (both of which may provide benefits such ascomfort, reassurance, and some feeling of control); the advantages and pressures of belonging toa group; humor and unexpected events that liven up the classroom experience. The recentexplosion of the Internet has started to make it possible to

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kuntinee Maneeratana, Chulalongkorn University; Angkee Sripakagorn, Chulalongkorn University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

students’ grades are studied such that the base-line performance can be established andcompared to study the impact of the new admission system. Then, correlations between courseand average grades for all three bachelor programs are calculated and preliminarily investigated.II Undergraduate Study and AdmissionThere are twelve departments and two department-equivalent school and center in the Faculty ofEngineering, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, that altogether offer 18 undergraduate, 18master’s and 11 doctorate degrees in engineering and science. Predominantly, ten departmentsoffer 13 government-subsidized bachelor’s programs, the backbone of undergraduateengineering study. With the general preferences of science over the humanities in

Conference Session

Programs and Pedagogies

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Piyush Taneja; Elnaz Safapour, University of Texas at Arlington; Sharareh Kermanshachi, University of Texas at Arlington

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

foreveryone. Furthermore, it was concluded that many researchers prefer usingsurveys/questionnaires as a means of collecting data from a large number of respondents. Theresults demonstrated that adoption of Self-learning teaching method will improve researchskills and thinking ability of learners. This study also concluded that utilization of Social Mediateaching method will increase effective communication among learners. Selection of the mosteffective and appropriate teaching technique requires a lot of knowledge and involves a lot offactors. This study will help faculty members select the appropriate teaching methodologyaccording to the course learning objectives to meet the students’ needs and concerns,benefitting both students and

Conference Session

Status of CE Education: Today & Tomorrow

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Ressler, U.S. Military Academy; Daniel R. Lynch, Dartmouth College

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2011-668: THE CIVIL ENGINEERING BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ANDACCREDITATION CRITERIA: A PLAN FOR LONG-TERM MANAGE-MENT OF CHANGEStephen J. Ressler, U.S. Military Academy Colonel Stephen Ressler is Professor and Head of the Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the U.S. Military Academy (USMA) at West Point. He earned a B.S. degree from USMA in 1979, a Master of Science in Civil Engineering degree from Lehigh University in 1989, and a Ph.D. from Lehigh in 1991. An active duty Army officer, he has served in a variety of military engineering assignments around the world. He has been a member of the USMA faculty for 18 years, teaching courses in engi- neering mechanics, structural engineering, construction, and CE

Conference Session

Curriculum and Assessment I

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen C. Davis, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

Award for Women in Engineering Education in 2016. Dr. Davis received a B.S. degree in Computer Science from Loyola University, New Orleans in 1985 and an M.S. and Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Louisiana, Lafayette in 1987 and 1990, respectively. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Creating Guided Study Exercises for a Flipped Database Course Karen C. Davis Computer Science and Software Engineering Department Miami University Oxford, OH USA karen.davis@miamioh.eduAbstractThere is a preponderance of

Conference Session

Community Engagement and Humanitarian Engineering: Creating Inclusive Engineers

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul A. Leidig P.E., Purdue University; William C. Oakes, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

years.Dr. William ”Bill” C. Oakes, Purdue University William (Bill) Oakes is the Assistant Dean for Experiential Learning, a 150th Anniversary Professor, Director of the EPICS Program, Professor of Engineering Education at Purdue University, and a registered professional engineer. He is one of the founding faculty in the School of Engineering Education having courtesy appointments in Mechanical, Environmental and Ecological Engineering and Curriculum and Instruction. He was the first engineer to receive the U.S. Campus Compact Thomas Ehrlich Faculty Award for Service-Learning and a co-recipient of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering’s Bernard Gordon Prize for Innovation in Engineering and Technology Education. He

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qin Zhu, Virginia Tech; Scott Streiner, University of Pittsburgh; Rockwell Franklin Clancy III, Colorado School of Mines; Ryan Thorpe

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

engineering over the past twodecades, although disagreement exists concerning how ethics can and should be taught in theclassroom. With the support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) ImprovingUndergraduate STEM Education (IUSE) program, a collaboration of investigators from theUniversity of Connecticut, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University of Pittsburgh, andRowan University are conducting a mixed-methods project investigating how game-based orplayful learning with strongly situated components can influence first-year engineering students’ethical knowledge, awareness, and decision making. We have conducted preliminary analyses offirst-year students’ ethical reasoning and knowledge using the Defining Issues Test 2 (DIT-2),Engineering

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David O. Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Bowa George Tucker, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Edward L. Hajduk P.E., University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

served bytraditional academic programs graduating degreed engineers with classical curriculacharacteristic of earlier epochs. There are issues with both cost and breadth. Kazmer andBardaro1 recently found that the rate of return using engineering education has declined to 6.5%from the 19.0% found forty years ago by Psacharopoulos2. Regarding breadth, Bigliardi et al3advise managers of technical staff to develop and encourage lateral career moves of engineers,particularly for newcomers, by offering a variety of experiences that is likely to speed and betterdefine their self-concept.Of grave concern is widening income inequality, an inequality that potentially threatens our verysocial stability. Economist Tyler Cowen4, among other popular works5