Conference Session

Women, Minorities and the New Engineering Educator

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annette Mallory Donawa; Clifton Martin, Morgan State University; Carl White, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

students who obtain advanced degrees in STEM disciplines. Inorder to satisfy these requirements, CAMRA’s educational engineering researchers areimplementing and assessing novel and innovative programs and interventions. Initially, during the summer 2005, CAMRA, through its summer bridge program,the Pre-Accelerated Curriculum in Engineering Program (PACE), hypothesized that acourse on critical thinking could elevate information processing and, as a result,increase academic outcomes in STEM courses. To further this engineering educationresearch study, the researchers conducted a pilot course during the Spring 2006semester with CAMRA Scholars, which consisted of freshmen, sophomore, and juniorstudents, where both quantitative and qualitative

Conference Session

New Directions for Engineering Technology

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yury Alexandrovich Kuleshov, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Emily Rada, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Anne M. Lucietto, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

professional engineers personally showed the need for practical and applied skills[1]. Institutions with engineering technology programs expanded associate programs to includebaccalaureate curricula, which included mathematical theory, alongside technical skills,mimicking traditional engineering programs before the 1950s [1].One issue in the formation and growth of four-year engineering technology programs was anaming convention. With the reluctance of engineering faculty to adopt the bifurcated curricula,engineering programs were, and still are unwilling to adopt engineering technology programs asengineering [1]. Ideas for naming this new baccalaureate degree program included "AppliedEngineering" and "Engineering Science" [4]. Academic institutions

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Assorted Topics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simin Nasseri, Society of Manufacturing Engineers; Mohammad Jonaidi, Kennesaw State University; Navid Nasajpour Esfahani, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ralph Schultz, Kennesaw State University

established and used in various academic majors, many of them areutilized for improving the educational system related to engineering specifically. In many of thereferences, the faculty and students have specifically expressed how wasteful some activities areand how implementing some new approaches have saved significant time and resources. Theyhave shown how application of lean manufacturing concepts has helped in evolving policies forEngineering Education [5, 7, and 14].Table 1- Summary of some important Lean Models and their implementationsDeveloped by Year Summary Implementation ReferenceWilliam K. 2009 Student mental health and therapy service by creating a chart Bowling

Conference Session

Environmental engineering pedagogy and innovation

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marty Anne Gustafson, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Carl Vieth, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Patrick Eagan, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

competency matrix demonstrated how traditional engineering instruction excluded Page 23.455.4several elements of the SCM dimensions. These were most notably observed in aspects of thebusiness practice and economics, management and planning, environmental justice and equity,and working across boundaries competencies. The need for instruction in these competenciesnecessitated both new course development and a cross-campus collaborative curriculum to builda broader systems approach. For this degree program therefore, lead faculty developed two newengineering courses focused on delivery of foundational competencies. The first course

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Mohamed. E. Brihoum; Ahmad Ibrahim

now referredto as; communication skills, team work, critical thinking, ethics, applied research, and provenskills. Such attributes are still considered important as demonstrated by more recent studies [3]and are taken into account in assessing quality of education [4]. These attributes are fundamentalto the “new” rules of the accreditation board for engineering and technology [5].The extent of these attributes is usually assessed through a successful completion of a technicalproject before graduation. The way is paved for the technical aspects of such project by the workdone in numerous laboratory courses where students perform experiments with progressivelevels of sophistication in both design and analysis. Instructors can form cross

Conference Session

Capstones and Economics

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Gang Liu, University of Pittsburgh at Bradford

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

many times that the students tried todesign nuts and bolts for no specific reason. Some mechanical engineering seniors even tend tobuild a small flange with seven or eight bolt holes, which does not match the industrial standards.It just reflected how poor the common sense and awareness of the standards among the currentundergraduate engineering students are. • What can educators do to help to minimize those gaps?While new approaches to techno-science seem to gain ground as characterizing the ties betweenmodern science and technology, leaving neither one in a subsidiary role (Ihde & Selinger, 2003).Compared to those several decades ago, the students nowadays in engineering schools are notprepared in practical aspects. Without hands-on

Conference Session

Computer Science

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Xiang Zhao, Alabama A&M University; Showkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University; Tamara Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

University of Brighton, U.K. He also worked in the Research Division of Corning Inc. He earned his Ph.D. and M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Clarkson University, New York and B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from BUET.Prof. Tamara Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University Tamara Chowdhury is an Assistant Professor & Coordinator of Construction Management Program in the Department of Mechanical & Civil Engineering and Construction Management at Alabama A&M University in Huntsville, AL. Prof. Chowdhury has extensive background in teaching undergraduate students in the Department of Civil Engineering, Construction Management and conducting research. She also worked for a multinational research organization for

Conference Session

Faculty Development Medley

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan M. Cruz, Virginia Tech; Cynthia Hampton, Virginia Tech; Stephanie G. Adams, Old Dominion University; Niyousha Hosseinichimeh

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Constituent Committee

Professional Nursing, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 75-82, 2007.[41] S. A. Ambrose, M. W. Bridges, M. DiPietro, M. C. Lovett, and M. K. Norman, How learning works: Seven research-based principles for smart teaching. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.[42] D. A. Fowler, M. L. Macik, J. Kaihatu, and C. A. H. Bakenhus, "Impact of Curriculum Transformation Committee Experience on Faculty Perspectives of their Teaching and its Influence on Student Learning," presented at the American Society for Engineering Education, New Orleans, LA, 2016.[43] C. Henderson, M. Dancy, and M. Niewiadomska-Bugaj, "Use of research-based instructional strategies in introductory physics: Where do faculty leave the innovation- decision

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development using Robotics Activities

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shramana Ghosh, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Veena Jayasree Krishnan, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Sheila Borges Rajguru, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Vikram Kapila, NYU Tandon School of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

to groups underrepresented in STEMfields. This distinctive curriculum was developed and refined through a multi-stage process: (i)involving PD facilitator training; (ii) three dimensional NGSS curriculum development by teachersand facilitators; and (iii) teacher participants’ support of other teachers. The study participantsincluded six science and math teachers from New York City (NYC) middle schools who hadpreviously undergone LEGO robotics PD at the NYU Tandon School of Engineering but lackedformal NGSS-plus-5E lesson development experience. This was done purposefully to focus oncurriculum development for the new national standards. A qualitative case study [10] is used as amethodology for analysis. A sociocultural theoretical framework

Conference Session

BME Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Sweeney, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

) explain how both intracellular and extracellular biopotentials ariseand are recorded; (4) explain how electric fields and currents can be used to stimulate cells andto defibrillate the heart; and (5) record and analyze common biopotential signals arising from theheart, nerves, and muscles.Books & ResourcesBy far the most popular textbook for courses in Bioelectricity is Plonsey and Barr‟sBioelectricity: A Quantitative Approach (now in its 3rd edition)3. In our course we use Plonseyand Barr as the required text, and also refer to the free on-line text Malmivuo and Plonsey‟sBioelectromagnetism4. Other texts in use in Bioelectricity courses listed in the onlineBiomedical Engineering Curriculum Database (see above) include J. Patrick Reilly‟s

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Sven Nielsen

Session 2003-1190 NEW MASTER IN ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN WITHIN THE AALBORG PROJECT BASED LEARNING MODEL Sven Hvid Nielsen, Associate professor Department of Production Aalborg University, Denmark e-mail: i9shn@iprod.auc.dkABSTRACT: Aalborg University’s thirty years of experience with project-organised andproblem-oriented studies has proved by continuous assessment to be an important innovationin higher education. The curriculum in engineering as well as in natural science is project-organised from the day the freshman arrives until graduation. In the design-oriented projectwork the students deal with some

Conference Session

First Year and Cross-Disciplinary

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Gregory J. Mazzaro, The Citadel; Kevin Skenes, The Citadel; Timothy Aaron Wood P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

approaches," in ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference, Arlington, Texas, 2003.[18] T. Gally, S. Chadwick, R. Shaffer, M. Cone and J. Helbling, "Interdisciplinary freshman experience," in ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Portland, Oregon, June 2005.[19] A. Mahadevan-Jansen and C. Rowe, "Module based freshman engineering course development," in ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Salt Lake City, Utah, June 2004.[20] R. E. Musiak, R. A. Grabiec, E. W. Haffner, S. Schreiner, A. K. Karplus and M. Vollaro, "Forging new links: Integrating the freshman engineering curriculum," in ASEE Annual Conference & Exhibition, Albuquerque, 10 New Mexico, June 2001.[21] V. Ercolano

Conference Session

K-12 and Outreach

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Suren Jayasuriya, Arizona State University; Ramana Pidaparti, University of Georgia; John M Mativo, University of Georgia; Kimberlee Ann Swisher, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

through hands-on-technology experiences. These include Google’s TeachableMachine, image editing software and image generation software (GauGAN) from Nvidia, andTinker cad. After the familiarization of AI topics and tools, teachers led the development of alesson module that incorporates these new AI into their own existing lessons they teach in themiddle school curriculum. All teachers attended the next week workshop, in the morning andtaught the new lesson to students. Each teacher received the feedback from everyone, and alsoobserving peer lesson modules. More details about the lesson modules are briefly presented below.The lessons modules developed by teachers at the UGA workshop include convex/concaveconcepts; rocks and geology; transparent

Conference Session

Graduate School

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Mazen I. Hussein, Tennessee Tech University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

and related fields inthe last few years. Industrial and systems engineering (ISE) and supply chain management(SCM) online programs are among the fastest growing online programs. This paper includes asurvey of some current teaching trends and study plans from top ISE and SCM online graduateprograms. There is a common ground between ISE and SCM. In general, there are some similarcourses in the two fields and an overlap in the study plans; this is more obvious in theundergraduate level. This paper introduces a comparison between the ISE and SCM onlineprograms at the master’s degree level. The survey of this study can be used to develop a graduateonline curriculum for an up-to-date program that combines ISE and SCM.KeywordsEngineering Education

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Chene Chetcuti, United States Military Academy; Hans J. Thomas P.E., U.S. Military Academy; Brent J. Pafford, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

and Military Intelligence Officer, he is rated in both rotary-wing and fixed-wing aircraft. His former assignments include Flight Platoon Leader, Battalion Adjutant (Personnel Officer), Flight Company Commander, and assistant Battalion Operations Officer where he has served both stateside and overseas in Germany, Iraq and Afghanistan.Major Hans J. Thomas P.E., U.S. Military Academy Hans Thomas is a Major in the US Army, and is currently an Instructor in the Civil & Mechanical Engi- neering Department at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. He has his Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the United States Military Academy (2002), his Master of Science in Engineering

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Improving Student Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Cara J. Poor, University of Portland; Heather Dillon, University of Portland; Jeffrey Matthew Welch, University of Portland; Nicole C. Ralston, University of Portland

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Paper ID #28779Implementation of real-world class activities in an Introduction toEnvironmental Engineering ClassDr. Cara J Poor P.E., University of Portland Dr. Poor teaches many of the integral undergraduate civil engineering courses at University of Portland, including hydraulics, fluids, and environmental engineering. Dr. Poor is a licensed professional engineer with ongoing research in green infrastructure design, water quality, watershed management, and engi- neering education. She is currently developing new curricula for hydraulics, fluids, and environmental engineering labs, and conducting research on methods to

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Lawrence Genalo

Session 1364 A Project-Based Approach to DOE in Materials Lawrence J. Genalo Iowa State University1. Introduction At Iowa State University, the Materials Science and Engineering Departmentteaches a course in the statistics of materials. Approximately one third of this two creditcourse is devoted to the design of experiments (DOE). A relatively brief introduction tothe theory of DOE sets the stage for the inclusion of a software package used to assistmaterials engineers to design and analyze the results of experiments. Texts for engineering statistics (1-3) contain chapters

Conference Session

Graduate School

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Ioulia Rytikova, George Mason University; Mihai Boicu, George Mason University; Harry J Foxwell, George Mason University; Duoduo Liao, George Mason University; Larisa Olesova, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

education. Helping students to develop critical thinking, problem-solving,and decision-making skills, often viewed as essential elements of student success in STEM.One promising approach that has received considerable attention in learning sciences and STEMeducation over the past few years suggests integrating research experiences into the curriculum. Agrowing body of research indicates that offering research opportunities to not only MS, but alsoBachelor of Science (BS) students provides them an active command of research concepts theyhad not previously obtained, fosters a new degree of intellectual independence and curiosity, andstimulates an unprecedented level of scholarly activity particularly among undergraduates33-39. Notonly does it

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation in Engineering Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelley Racicot, Washington State University; Charles Pezeshki, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

systems approach. ABET, for example, suggests that it is important to use a Page 12.168.2“multi-method/multi source approach to maximize the validity and reduce the bias of any oneapproach” [6, p. 2]. While systems thinking is not new to program evaluation or engineeringdesign, it is seldom employed in course-level research, where the focus tends to be on evaluatingthe local impact of specific teaching methods on individual student achievement [7]. Unliketraditional courses, project-based courses, such as capstone design, are not bounded by the wallsof the classroom, the term of the course, or the enrollment list. Project sponsors, faculty, andeven

Conference Session

Been There, Done That: Advice for New Faculty

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Dahm, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

sustainable,assessment plans must make efficient use of faculty time. This paper will presentstrategies for collecting assessment data that serves multiple purposes beyondaccreditation, using the Rowan University Junior/Senior Engineering Clinic as anexample.The Rowan University Junior/Senior Engineering Clinic is a multidisciplinary, project-based course required for engineering students in all disciplines. Students solve realengineering research and design problems, many of which are sponsored by localindustry. Because each clinic project is unique, grading student work and maintainingapproximately uniform expectations across all projects is a significant challenge. At thesame time, the Clinic is the course within the Rowan Engineering curriculum

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Elisa Linsky; Gunter Georgi

Session # Integrated Technical Writing Instruction in Freshman Engineering Elisa Linsky, Gunter Georgi. Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York.Convincing freshman engineering students that acquiring technical writing expertise is critical totheir success is central to the mission of the writing program in General Engineering. Bydeploying writing consultants to each section of our benchmark introductory course, EG 1004,we teach the fundamentals of good writing within the context of regular engineering coursework.EG 1004 is a survey course designed to introduce various engineering disciplines to ourincoming freshmen. Teamwork

Conference Session

Curriculum and Assessment I

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter J. Clarke, Florida International University; Debra Lee Davis, Florida International University; Ingrid A. Buckley, Florida Gulf Coast University; Geoff Potvin, Florida International University; Mandayam Thirunarayanan, Florida International University; Edward L. Jones, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

include distance educa- tion, cyber-learning, and videogames in education. He has proposed innovative and futuristic educational applications.Prof. Edward L. Jones, Florida A&M University/Florida State University Edward L. Jones is Professor and Interim Chairman of the CIS Department at Florida A&M University (FAMU) in Tallahassee, Florida. He joined the faculty after 13 years as a software engineer at Harris Corporation. His SIGCSE 2001 paper, ”Integrating testing into the curriculum - arsenic in small doses,” proposed a vision for incorporating testing into the CS curriculum. He founded the FAMU Software TestLab, funded by federal and corporate grants for training software testing practitioners and

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Improving Student Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Alison Cupples, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

engineeringmajors (Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, AppliedEngineering Systems).The approach involved eighteen short (8-12 minutes long each) tutorials, available to thestudents at the start of the semester (Fall 2019). The tutorials were generated using MicrosoftPowerPoint and included a voice recording, typed text with animations, typed equations,annotations generated with a stylus pen and diagrams from the textbook or from on-line sources.The PowerPoint files were saved as MP4 files and were placed on Kaltura MediaSpace. Thestudents were able to access a link to each video on MediaSpace by clicking on a link placedwithin the class file in Desire to Learn (D2L, a cloud based learning management system). Thebenefits of

Conference Session

Software Engineering Topics

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University; Walter W. Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

AC 2012-3787: EFFECTIVE ACTIVE LEARNING APPROACHES TO TEACH-ING SOFTWARE VERIFICATIONDr. Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University Sushil Acharya, D.Eng., Associate Professor of software engineering, joined Robert Morris University in the spring of 2005 after serving 15 years in the Software Industry. With U.S. Airways, Acharya was responsible for creating a data warehouse and using advance data mining tools for performance improve- ment. With i2 Technologies, he worked on i2’s Data Mining product ”Knowledge Discover Framework” and at CEERD (Thailand), he was the Product Manager of three energy software products (MEDEE- S/ENV, EFOM/ENV and DBA-VOID), which are in use in 26 Asian and seven European countries by

Conference Session

Communications and Ethics

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Claire Lynne McCullough, High Point University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

addition to the liberal arts course and outside the general educationvenue, was a necessary part of the engineering curriculum. While the examination of the newrequirements for ethics courses under the new general education guidelines at High PointUniversity is instructive, it has been the observations in the co-taught course of what materialsare used in a liberal arts focused course, how case studies are chosen, how they are presented,and how they are discussed from a philosophical perspective that have led the author to the viewthat a dedicated engineering ethics course, taught from the standpoint of an experienced © American Society for Engineering Education, 2023professional engineer, is a necessary part of educating

Conference Session

CAD/CAM in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Nutter, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Manufacturing Engineersconceptualization of new layouts Managementand processes before they are Object based simulations Techniciansbuilt, permitting improved (Visual, Intuitive) Workersbrainstorming and idea Figure 5: Simulation Spectrum of Comprehension.generation.At our school additional simulation applications are planned or under evaluation for incorporationinto the technology curriculum. These include Delmia’s V5 DPM Powertrain, Process Engineer,and Workload Linebalance, along with other applications in demand by industry. Planning is alsoin progress for integration of the Delmia simulation applications into other University courses

Conference Session

Thermodynamics

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Gafar Abbas Elamin P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

making the rightdecision on the best model to teach the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the results of thisstudy will be shared and discussed with the department curriculum committee.References1 W. Dempster, C.K. Lee, J.T. Boyle, “Teaching of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics using Interactive Learning Methods in Large Classes”, Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, Montreal, Quebec Canada, June 16-19, 20022 D. Boettner, S. Norberg, R. Melnyk, J. Highley, M. Rounds, and A. Ö. Arnas, “Teaching the Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics through an Integrated Systems Approach,” Proceedings of the International Mechanical

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering 1

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Sally J. Pardue, Tennessee Technological University; Byron A Pardue, Tennessee Technological University; Taylor Chesson, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

numerous problems for practice on individual andcombined concepts, then being assessed quickly on their mastery of concepts represented in thoseproblems. Students would know immediately if they worked something correctly or incorrectly so thatthey could remedy their errors or misunderstandings before moving on to new material.In numerous ME curriculums, one or more senior-level courses may be dedicated to machine design. Aclassical way of conducting a first course in machine design often begins with a review of loads analysisand stress analysis that students may or may not have gained knowledge of and skill with during aprerequisite course, such as mechanics of materials. Having reviewed these topics in the first few weeksof the course and prior

Conference Session

Computer Science

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Ciprian Popoviciu, East Carolina University; Sohan Gyawali, East Carolina University; Colby Lee Sawyer, East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

concepts through special topics courses vs core curriculum • Aligning the new content with pre-requisites made available by the existing curriculumIn the case of IoT, the novelty of the field of knowledge and the rapid developments intechnology, deployment and operation make it particularly challenging to develop relevantcontent and have existing courses covering pre-requisites needed. Moreover, the limitedavailability of IOT infrastructures makes it particularly difficult to quickly add labs in support ofcontent. Challenges reside in both resources and the ability to quickly launch relevant content.3. Solution DescriptionTo mitigate the challenges mentioned in the previous section we decided to take a pragmaticapproach to the process of

Conference Session

Capstones and Economics

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

David S Greenburg, The Citadel; Dimitra Michalaka P.E., The Citadel; Tyler Miner; Susan Kahn Huntington

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

of.Susan Kahn Huntington ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Southeastern Section Conference Applying Agile Business Solutions as a Graduate Capstone Project David Greenburg, Dimitra Michalaka, Susan Huntington, and Tyler Miner The Citadel, School of Engineering, Charleston, SCAbstractThe Department of Engineering Leadership and Program Management at the Citadel designedand implemented a graduate course to teach the fundamentals of Agile project management aspart of the MS Technical Project Management curriculum. The course was designed to provide asolid foundation in Agile methodologies