Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn Y. Stevens, WGBH Educational Foundation; Joshua Littenberg-Tobias, GBH; Ranida McKneally, GBH; Ethan Cayko

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

, focusing on a socio-ecological problem shouldbroaden students’ ideas of engineering and the problems engineers solve, and ultimately increasegirls’ interest in engineering.The complexity of an environmental problem requires a different approach to designingsolutions. While building prototypes of some aspects of solutions may be possible, using modelsand simulations to understand and design solutions becomes increasingly important for complexsystems. K–12 engineering instruction often puts the focus primarily on the designing, building,testing, and optimizing solutions portion of engineering design [8], not providing students with afull understanding of what it means to engage in engineering design. In addition, this portion ofthe process is often

Collection

2011 North Midwest Section

Authors

M. S. Stachowicz; L. B. Kofoed

Problem Based Learning Principles for projects with “soft” evaluation. 1 M. S. Stachowicz, 2L. B. Kofoed Laboratory for Intelligent Systems, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA, The Warsaw School of Computer Science, Warsaw, Poland mstachow@d.umn.edu1 Department of Architecture, Design & Media Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark, lk@create.aau.dk2IntroductionInspired by a design workshop course offered at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department(ECE) at the University of Minnesota Duluth (UMD) [1] we could see

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Marty Bowe; John Feland; Brian Self; Daniel Jensen

, 1994.26. Reamon, D., Sheppard, S., “The Role of Simulation Software in an Ideal Learning Environment,” Proceeding of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences, Sept., 1997.27. Regan, M., Sheppard, S., “Interactive Multimedia Courseware and the Hands-on Learning Experience: An Assessment,” Journal of Engineering Education, pp. 123-131, Apr., 1996.28. Sheppard, S., Regan, D., “Bicycle Multimedia Courseware: Formative In-depth assessment Report,” Center for Design Research Internal Report, Stanford University, Dec., 1995.29. Tan, F. L., Fok, S. C. “Development of Engineering Courseware for University Undergraduate Teaching Using Computer Animation,” Computer Applications in Engineering Education, Vol. 3 (2), pp. 121-126, 1995.30

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Vincent R. Canino; Lisa Milkowski

engineering criteria 2000 (1) including “economic;environmental; sustainability; manufacturability; ethical; health and safety; social; andpolitical”.Under the previous senior-level design sequence, there was insufficient time for studentsto address all these design topics and bring their projects to completion. The teamsalready had to act fast to acquire and order necessary equipment or parts. This gave thestudent little time to formulate specifications, consider alternative designs, and conducttests to determine the optimal design. Additionally, projects related to testing of humanor animal subjects were started ahead of schedule or not feasible. These projects werenot feasible because of the time needed for receiving Institutional Review Board

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - Technical Session 8: Skill Building

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin B. Wheatley, Bucknell University; Katsuyuki Wakabayashi, Bucknell University; Kelly Salyards P.E., Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

Paper ID #39695Integration of ethics in sustainability in a first-year design courseDr. Benjamin B. Wheatley, Bucknell University Benjamin Wheatley was awarded a B.Sc. degree in Engineering from Trinity College (Hartford, CT, USA) in 2011 and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Colorado State University (Fort Collins, CO, USA) in 2017. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Bucknell University. He runs the Mechanics and Modeling of Orthopaedic Tissues Lab and his pedagogical interests include first year engineering, computational analysis, and design.Prof. Katsuyuki

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susannah Howe, Smith College; Ron Lasser, Tufts University; Katie Su, Smith College; Sarah Pedicini, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2009-1228: CONTENT IN CAPSTONE DESIGN COURSES: PILOT SURVEYRESULTS FROM FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND INDUSTRYSusannah Howe, Smith College Susannah Howe is the Design Clinic Director in the Picker Engineering Program at Smith College. She coordinates and teaches the capstone engineering design course and serves as co-faculty advisor for entrepreneurial activity at Smith. Her interests include capstone design pedagogy and structure, entrepreneurship education across disciplines at the undergraduate level, and applied design in K-12 education.Ron Lasser, Tufts University Ron Lasser is a Professor of the Practice at Tufts University in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department. He brings his industrial experience and

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Technical Session 9: Practices of Mentorship & Liaisons

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deanna Bailey, Morgan State University; Michel A. Kornegay, Johns Hopkins University ; LaDawn Partlow, Morgan State University; Charnee Bowens; Karen Gareis, Goodman Research Group, Inc.; Kevin Kornegay, Morgan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

motivating to see others who looked like me. 87%I was recognized for my strengths. 84%I feel that the instructors use creative ways to teach lessons. 83%The personal development activities helped me to gain confidence & 83%improved my self-esteem.My instructors use what I already know about cybersecurity & 82%computing to help me understand new ideas.My instructors communicate with my parents about what I am 73%learning.Future WorkThe 2021 survey results demonstrate that the program can be effectively deployed in a virtual format.Therefore, in order to broaden access to the program, we plan to add a virtual

Conference Session

Using Technology to Improve IE Education

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Jerry Davis; Paul Stanfield

/ molding and extrusion, electronics, MFg accounting / human resources, project processes multimedia library, statistical presentation, collaboration, computer process control, tooling and fixturing simulation and animation. Human-Machine / Automation Information Systems - Automated Assembly and Systems - 102 Graham Hall 416 McNair Hall Packaging Systems - Development of human-machine interface

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 4 - Innovating Engineering Education through Industry and Community Partnerships, Maker Spaces, Competitions, Research Initiatives, and Experiential Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeremy Straub, North Dakota State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

International Conference on Security and Management, 2012.[43] M. Bashir, A. Lambert, J. M. C. Wee, and B. Guo, “An Examination of the Vocational and Psychological Characteristics of Cybersecurity Competition Participants,” in Proceedings of the 2015 USENIX Summit on Gaming, Games, and Gamification in Security Education, 2015.[44] J. Hoag, “An Analysis of Academic Background Factors and Performance in Cyber Defense Competitions,” Inf. Secur. Educ. J., vol. 2, no. 1, 2015.[45] R. Agada, J. Yan, and W. Xu, “A Virtual Animated Commentator Architecture for Cybersecurity Competitions,” in Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2018, vol. 738, pp. 43–50.[46] “Collegiate Penetration Testing Competition

Collection

2017 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Pranav Bhounsule; Deborah Chaney; Lorena Claeys; Randall D. Manteufel

4.67 0.53 need mentors5 I enjoyed the mentoring experience 55 39 3 0 3 4.43 0.82 Service learning should be extended to other6 58 27 3 6 6 4.25 1.15 engineering courses where it is relevant If I were to choose an option for this course7 again, I will choose service learning over a 70 24 3 0 3 4.58 0.81 final project If instead, there was an option between Service learning and MATLAB simulation8 24 40 24 9 3 3.73 1.02 and animation of robots, I would choose Service learning.Table 2: The survey questions and response percentage of all 33

Conference Session

ECCD Innovative Teaching Applications

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas E McDermott P.E., University of Pittsburgh; Renee M Clark, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

appeals to more students.Over a period of two terms, we have implemented several improvements to the lab work. Theoriginal seven hardware lab experiments were replaced with six new hardware experiments andsix new computer software labs. Thus, the course’s hands-on laboratory content nearly doubled.The new hardware experiments feature power electronics, new machines and newinstrumentation. The new computer modeling assignments feature finite element and multi-domain system simulation software.In the fall 2014 term, we have also “flipped” the course. Each week, students watchapproximately 40 minutes of video, broken into segments. Most of the videos are screencasts thatintroduce new concepts or illustrate example problems in advance of the lecture

Collection

2004 GSW

Authors

Ronald Barr; Marcus Pandy; Anthony Petrosino; Barbara Austin

. The major lecture topics covered in the course have included: 1. Musculoskeletal Physiology and Anthropometrics; 2. Analysis and Simulation of Human Movement; 3. Biomechanical Systems and Control; 4. Computer Graphics Modeling and Simulation in Biomechanics; and 5. Experimental Techniques in Biomechanics. Proceedings of the 2004 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference Texas Tech University Copyright  2004, American Society for Engineering Education In the Fall 2003 semester, theclass was used for testingeducational materials as part of amuch larger educational

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Glenn Ellis; Baaba Andam

bringing out student preconceptions about machine consciousness and other topics.Turing TestIn Alan Turing’s classic article “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”,3 he begins with thequote “I propose to consider the question, ‘Can machines think?’” and then proceeds to describea procedure for investigating machine intelligence. Turing writes: The new form of the problem can be described in terms of a game which we call the 'imitation game'. It is played with three people, a man (A), a woman (B), and an interrogator (C) who may be of either sex. The interrogator stays in a room apart from the other two. The object of the game for the interrogator is to determine which of the other two is the man and which is the woman. He knows them by

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Ozoemena Chika Anyaegbu; Emmanuel Abiodun Dada, Prairie View A&M University

closeboiling olefins and paraffin. Energy recovery from waste heat will be investigated. • To actively carryoutresearch for the application of fundamental thermodynamic principles and kinetics to advanced oxida-tion processes (sonochemistry, etc) for reduction of pollutants like NOx, SO2, VOC, and Hg. • To usecomputer aided softwares like ASPEN , HYSIS and ICAS in process and product development and inmodeling the underlying principles and behavior of new routes to products of interest . (ICAS is Inte-grated Computer Aided Software developed by Prof. Rafiqul Gani of Technical University of Denmarkwhom I have collaborated with for many years.) • To build on my collaborative research activities withother faculty members in my university and other

Conference Session

Digital Technologies and Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Chen, California Polytechnic State University; Christine A. Victorino, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Charles Birdsong, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Unny Menon, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Marilyn Tseng, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Tyler Scott Smith

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

slightly from this, but only the common questions between thethree surveys (#1 through #12) and the open-ended comments were analyzed and compared. Page 22.109.6ME 422 SurveyFor the purpose of this survey, [online textbook] materials include Assignments, Quizzes, ReadingContent, Cases, Video Clips, Simulations, MP3 Files, Interactive Learning Resources, Flash Cards,and Crossword Puzzles. 1. I reviewed [online textbook] materials on a weekly basis, outside of the classroom. a. Strongly Disagree b. Disagree c. Neutral (neither agree nor disagree) d. Agree e. Strongly Agree 2. The [online

Conference Session

Robotics, Automation, and Product Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; James O. Frendewey, Michigan Technological University; Mohsen Azizi, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

PLC systems as theyare used in the industry today. Students learn both basic and advanced applications using thepowerful Allen Bradley CompactLogix 5300 PLC, a PanelView Plus terminal, andnetworks throughout the curriculum. The 990PAB53 System comes with a mobile carrying case,workstation mounting panel, master control relay circuit, Allen Bradley CompactLogix 5300Programmable Controller, RS Linx and RS Logix 5000 software, a PanelView Plus terminal, anEthernet Switch, I/O Simulator, five application circuits, student curriculum, instructor’sassessment guide, and installation guide29. Learners will study industry relevant skills, includinghow to operate and program PLC systems for a wide range of real world applications. Figure 1

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

VISAR BERISHA, Arizona State University; HO-MIN KWON, Arizona State University; Andreas Spanias, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

from a single or agroup of sensors, etc. This capability enables students to use all of the existingsignal processing functions in J-DSP and form and execute real-time/real-lifesimulations using the user-friendly environment of J-DSP.Educational simulations include, obtaining data, characterizing the frequencyspectrum using real-time FFTs, performing time-invariant or adaptive filtering,using simple non-linear functions (thresholds) to detect events at specificlocations, etc. In fact virtually all non real-time online laboratories that wepreviously developed8 can be adapted for use with real-time sensor data. Not onlycan undergraduate experiments now be performed real time, but we can also usethese platforms to provide exposure to exciting new

Conference Session

STEM Issues

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Osazuwa John Okundaye Jr., Texas A&M University; Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University; Mathew Kuttolamadom, Texas A&M University; Sharon Lynn Chu, University of Florida; Elizabeth Deuermeyer, Texas A & M University; Alexander Nicholas Berman, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

engage in computer graphics applications (computer-aided design, modeling, animation, and 3D fabrication) and concepts pertaining to Computer Science.Dr. Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University Dr. Malini Natarajarathinam joined the faculty of Industrial Distribution Program at Texas A&M Univer- sity in 2007. Natarajarathinam received her Ph.D. in Supply Chain Management from The University of Alabama. She received her Bachelor of Engineering (Major: Industrial and Systems Engineering) from Anna University [Tamilnadu, India], her MS in Industrial Engineering from Auburn University, her MA in Management Science and MS in Applied Statistics from The University of Alabama. She has experi- ence working with

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Li Coffman, University of Oklahoma; Javeed Kittur, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

the third hierarchical level of the affective domain valuing, which focuseson an individual being able to find worth in something and being able to express that importance[1].Participants P1-P4 all noted that they find value in their learning when it is connected to a futurejob and/or seeing how a topic is applicable in real life. P2 specifically said they find certain topicsor classes to be of value knowing that it will make their job easier in the future. P2: I kind of just find value in my learning from being able to do more things. Like a lot of abstract math knowledge isn’t very useful day to day, but it’s a valuable skill. So having more knowledge about say computers lets me do more. The more I learn about computers

Collection

2022 CIEC

Authors

Joseph Parlier

315DICE. In all cases where VR was used to provide access to or engagement with content, eachcase allowed learners to do something virtually that would have been too dangerous (D),impossible (I), counterproductive (C), and/or too expensive (E) to do in real-life.Implications of AR and VR in the Instructional Process: Breaking Barriers with zSpaceExperiential LearningProviding learning experiences in lab-based courses is critical to student success, and instructorshave always been faced with how to provide these experiences in a safe, productive, andeconomical manner. VR has provided an opportunity for instructors to address some of theprevious barriers to access. zSpace is a computer leveraging components of both AR and VR toprovide an immersive

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anca L. Sala, Baker College; Raghu Echempati, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Johnson, J.A. Turso, “Development of a Mechanical Vibrations Course for EngineeringTechnologists”, 2003 ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings.2. W.E. Whiteman, B.C. Albert, “Integrating Dynamic Systems, Vibration, and Control”, 2003 ASEE AnnualConference Proceedings.3. R. Ruhala, “Four Free-Vibration Laboratory Experiments Using Two Lumped Mass Apparatuses with ResearchCaliber Accelerometers and Analyzer”, 2010 ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings.4. A. Mohammadzadeh, S. Haidar, “Analysis and Design of Vehicle Suspension System Using MATLAB andSimulink”, 2006 ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings.5. L.G. Kraige, I. Akhtar, S. Bisht, “Animation Software for Upper-Level Dynamics and Vibrations Courses”, 2007ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings.6. S. Rao

Conference Session

Sustainability and Engineering Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Lynch, Dartmouth College

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

. Page 13.1129.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Sustainable Natural Resource EngineeringAbstractNatural Resources figure centrally in the understanding of Sustainability and the Professionalresponsibility of engineers. A teaching approach is outlined that a) utilizes standardEngineering preparation in applied mathematics; b) applies it as a unifying theme across thenatural resource field; c) embeds basic undergraduate exposure to ecological and economicconcepts; and d) operates via desktop simulation tools accessible to all university students. Theapproach suggested is related to the new American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Body ofKnowledge (BOK2) requirement of Sustainability.IntroductionNatural

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Doris Yacoub; Robert Pfeffer; Rajesh N. Dave; Jonathan Luke; Ian S. Fischer; Anthony D. Rosato

offered by Dr.Dave. The original objective of the course was to include classical experiments, research relatedexperiments, and also computer simulated experiments (utilizing various available computersimulation codes and animation techniques). However, the trial course only included a selectednumber of classical experiments and research related experiments. The course development isongoing, and the next offering of the course is planned in Spring 1997. It is anticipated that thelaboratory development will be completed by that time and the course will also include simulatedexperiments. In the following sub-sections, several experiments are described.* These courses, offered as special topics, are in addition to the three courses proposed under

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Robotics in Pre-K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Alexander Bascou, University of Pittsburgh; Muhsin Menekse, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

integrating creativity into beginnercomputing education, students become intrigued by the potential of Computer Science, whilefurther application of computer models and simulations better suit them for mathematical andscientific investigations. Shanahan & Marghitu (2013) depicted a study advocating the potential benefits of usingcreativity-based activities in their analysis of a middle school program known as ProjectExpression, where Project Expression was a course designed to attract students into the field ofcomputing. In short, the course focused on a film project where participants were challengedwith creating a movie that expressed an idea, opinion, or belief relative to society. The filmproject was a landscape for learning cloud

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session II - Student Development

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Christie Ritter, The University of Colorado at Boulder; Alan Rolf Mickelson, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jared Leventhal, University of Colorado at Boulder; David Espinoza, University of Colorado at Boulder

Tagged Topics

Student Development

Naporegion home. Another perspective approached by this project is an intentional consciousness ofthe river and rainforest ecology. The commerce, as well as a general way of life on the NapoRiver, depends heavily on the river as well as the plants and animals that naturally inhabit it.Due to the inherent importance of the environment, the NapoNet team has provided theopportunity to consider its role in communications technology as well as in culture. An interestin the commerce of the region creates the need for an understanding of business as well. Global engineering for community development represents the foundation of theNapoNet project. The intricate intersection of communications, culture, ecology, and commerceare the applications within

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

William C. Oakes; Ronald Wukasch; Richard Foretek; Jennifer Watia; Jeffery L. Gray; Leah H Jamieson; Edward Coyle

Session 2625 EPICS: Experiencing Engineering Design Through Community Service Projects William C. Oakes Edward J. Coyle, Richard Fortek, Jeffery Gray, Leah H. Jamieson, Jennifer Watia, and Ronald Wukasch Purdue University/AlcoaABSTRACTIn the search for ways to simulate “real” design experiences in our classrooms, the model ofservice learning is often overlooked within engineering. It is, however, a powerful model forlearning the engineering design process. At Purdue University the EPICS - Engineering Projectsin Community Service – program is doing just that

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 24

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimia Moozeh, Queen's University ; Paul Cameron Hungler P.Eng.

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

in a multimediaenvironment. Considerable cognitive processing is required for a meaningful learning experiencespecifically in a multimedia environment, which can exceed the limited capacity of workingmemory [25]. Thus, multimedia design principles have been proposed for combining texts,pictures, audio and animations, as well as other guidelines such as providing opportunities forfeedback, reflection and controlling the pace of the presented material [25], [26]. Theseguidelines can help design XR environments to prevent cognitive overload for students.Experiential learning considers learning by doing. According to Kolb [27], learning involves fourstages of concrete experience, reflective thinking, abstract conceptualization and

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ulan Dakeev, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Reg Recayi Pecen, Sam Houston State University; Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Shah Alam P.E., Texas A&M University, Kingsville

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

(2016) developed a virtual home to recruitstudents to STEM fields. In their Home I/O design, the researchers provided various electricalapplications in a smart house, where one could switch between renewable and utility energy at varioustimes of day to simulate house’s energy consumption (Riera, Empirin, Annebicque, Colas & Vigario,2017).MethodologyA group of computer aided-design students (freshmen and sophomore) participated in this study. A totalnumber of thirty-five (4 female and 31 male) students completed a spatial orientation test online at thebeginning of spring 2017 and fall 2017 semesters. The spatial orientation test was used to explorestudents’ spatial orientation ability and was comprised of 10 questions, where the participants

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum Developments

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Greg Walker; Sean Brophy

Computer Science from DePaul University and PhD in Education and HumanDevelopment from Vanderbilt University. He currently is an Assistant Research Professor in theDepartment of Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt and co leader of the Learning Sciences thrust. Hiscurrent research interests relate to using simulations and models to facilitate students’ understanding ofdifficult concepts within engineering as part of the VaNTH Engineering Research Center (ERC). Page 10.295.11 Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society

Conference Session

Distance Learning and Online Teaching Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, there is early evidence that a blended instructional approach can result in learningoutcome gains and increased enrollment retention14 . Blended learning is on the rise in highereducation. As for now, 93% of instructors are using blended learning strategies and 7 in 10expect more than 40% of their courses to be blended15 by 2013.The third, on-line approach is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills andknowledge. In on-line learning, content is delivered via the Internet, audio or video tape, etc.,and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio. By 2006,3.5 million students were participating in on-line learning at institutions of higher education inthe United States.16 According to the