Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Clint Staley; Michael Haungs

encouraged by his initial work and have developed amodel that has been tested for scenarios involving many more students.ConclusionDuring the Great Recession, our model allowed us to save enough teaching resources to preservesmall class sizes in other courses and was a better alternative, in our minds, than pure onlinecourses. We are pleased with initial results and plan to continue teaching our systemsprogramming course in this way.Future WorkWe plan further assessment on the high-efficiency model. In the next academic year, we plan ondoing the following:1. Conducting a small group instructional diagnosis during the teaching of 357 Fall 2014. This is a service provided by our campus’ Center for Teaching and Learning and will help us gauge the

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 6

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA)

, 2024The Value and Instructor Perceptions of Learning Analytics for Small ClassesAfter the majority of education moved online during the COVID-19 pandemic, it becameincreasingly critical to gauge student learning and engagement without in-person interactions.Without the visual cues present in classrooms, instructors were blind to the nuances ofengagement afforded by face-to-face instructions. Instead, instructors relied on studentperformances on assessments as the proxy or the lagging indicator for engagement. Learninganalytics, on the other hand, provides an additional window into student engagement that isfrequently underutilized. Learning analytics uses the data generated as the students interact withthe learning management system (LMS) to

Collection

2007 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

John T. Tester

issues, as many of these students are introduced to programming for the first timein this class. Proceedings of the 2007 American Society for Engineering Education Pacific Southwest Annual Conference Copyright © 2007, American Society for Engineering EducationFigure 3. Weekly organization for "short projects."Technical Knowledge Supports the Large ProjectThe large project is an automated system (i.e., a robotic system). As such, it will require sensors(light, infrared, contact switches, rotational, thermal, etc.) and outputs (motor or light). Each sensorand output topic is individually targeted, such that they can be individually addressed in a small,week-long project. For example, if the final project requires a line

Conference Session

Bring Your Own Experiment: Experimentation and Laboratory-oriented Studies

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Bobby F. Hodgkinson, University of Colorado Boulder; Trudy Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

attachments and accessories allow for multiple hands-on learning experiments forstudents at the undergraduate and graduate level. For example, a 3D-printed accessory can beinstalled to teach conservation of momentum principles, or mock solar panels can be added formore advanced Satellite control dynamics in senior/grad level courses. Thus, this highly modularexperimental hardware is configured and currently used in multiple Aerospace undergraduate andgraduate level lab activities and courses. The hardware was designed to be small, portable andcost effective. Currently, we have eight operational units in order to serve large studentpopulations. The details of the software and hardware design, and how this hardware

Collection

2021 ASEE St. Lawrence Section Conference

Authors

Belinda B. Wang P. Eng., University of Toronto

programs. She is actively engaged in activities involving teaching pedagogy, technology and innovation. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 A Large Integrated Online Hardware Design Course Belinda B. Wang, University of TorontoGrowing up, we have all experienced the educational system at various levels. In kindergarten,teachers taught us by reading stories to us, drawing colourful pictures on paper, and holding ourhands to trace letters. Teaching and learning took place in close physical proximity. In middleschool, kids sat around tables and teachers walked from table to table to teach and observe. Theteacher’s physical

Conference Session

Advanced Aerospace Student Projects

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Changho Nam, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Scott Danielson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

an antenna and receiver. This comprehensivedesign and build project, concluding with successful test flights, enhanced the student learningand performance during the course of the project. Assessment data gathered by the projectfaculty mentor are provided in the paper.IntroductionUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are being used today less in military applications and more inthe civilian sector as an inexpensive alternative to manned vehicles. Such civilian applicationsinclude reconnaissance, environmental monitoring or acting as relays for communicationsystems. A small UAV, depending upon its intended application, can be technologicallyadvanced and capable of autonomously avoiding obstacles and track objects. Or they can beprogrammed with a

Conference Session

Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristoffer Borgen, Purdue University; William Theodore Weldon, Purdue University; Brian Kozak, Purdue Polytechnic Institute; Tracy L. Yother, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

for companies such as Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and Pratt and Whitney. She has held positions in product support, customer support, and program management. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019Work in Progress: Tracking airworthiness in unmanned aerial systems through logbook entries Abstract With the rising prominence of small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS), there is anincreasing need to maintain safety. Current Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulationsrequire that each sUAS undergo a simple visual and operational preflight check. There is nodetailed airworthiness assurance or tracking requirement as required for certificated

Conference Session

Integrating Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kellie Grasman, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Suzanna Long, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Sean Michael Schmidt, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

Instructor paid a nominal fee toaccommodate a large number of respondents, but use of Poll Everywhere with small groups isfree.The Instructor would often insert several poll questions between Lessons. The Instructor couldprepare a question in advance or create them in real time in the classroom. Both multiple choiceand free response questions were created. Most questions presented an engineering economicsproblem requiring a numerical solution. Typically the question was projected for the class toview, and then students were asked to begin solving the problem independently or with a partnerbefore the Instructor began discussing the solution. Additionally, students were often asked torespond to a question about their approach to a problem before

Conference Session

Motivation, Goal Orientation, Identity, and Career Aspirations

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ellen Zerbe, Pennsylvania State University; Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University; Kyeonghun Jwa, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

each individual is unique,recognizing the archetypes of prominent identities can increase our understanding of the type ofstudents who attend small schools and open the door for tailored instruction that capitalizes onthese identities in a school's population.Introduction and Literature Review The engineering education research community has struggled to agree on precisely what"engineering identity" is and how it is measured. Instead, many varying (but often complementary)definitions are proposed [1]. Direct assessments of engineering identity can be as simple as askingsome variation of the question, "Do you see yourself as an engineer?" [2]. This straightforwardapproach provides an answer that can then be quickly correlated with

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura K Alford, University of Michigan; Valeria Bertacco, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

activities designed to lessen the impact of implicit bias onour students in large-enrollment introductory computer programming courses. One element ofassessing the success of our program is to use entry and exit surveys to gauge the change instudents’ perceptions of their abilities and learning environment. In particular, we are interestedin the difference between men’s and women’s perceptions of their abilities and the learningenvironments in these courses.The initial findings of these entry and exit surveys found that while there are differences betweenmen’s and women’s responses, the differences were not as great as we had feared. However, dueto the relatively large number of responses (1200+) it is possible that even a small difference in,for

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard DeVries; Douglas Stahl

tothe complex material idealizations so critical to the design courses that follow. Pessiki et al.[8]described an undergraduate laboratory with small-scale (bench-top) experiments including flexuralstrength of concrete beams, plastic bending of steel beams, and several non-destructive tests. Theauthors describe a significant component of course content focusing on the transducers and testsetups. In this regard their lab seems to be directed largely toward preparing students for graduate-level structural research work. While small-scale models can be effective in illustrating elastic behaviors and some failuremodes, large-scale specimens offer important advantages: First, construction techniques andconstituent materials are the same as in

Conference Session

Asset Sourcing for Remaking Engineering Learning

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Chelsea Haines Lyles, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; David Reeping, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education, Equity

Paper ID #33726Sense of Belonging in Large Online Engineering Classes: A Scoping ReviewDr. Chelsea Haines Lyles, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Dr. Chelsea H. Lyles (she, her, hers) is a Postdoctoral Associate for Outreach, Engagement, and Evalua- tion at the Center for Educational Networks and Impacts (CENI) at Virginia Tech. Her research interests include P-12 and higher education policy and finance, academic labor, graduate education, and assessment of student learning. By critically examining these areas, she aims to illuminate adverse, systemic impacts of policies and practices on historically

Conference Session

Concept Inventories in Mechanics

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Carisa H. Ramming, Oklahoma State University; Christopher Papadopoulos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Eric Davishahl, Whatcom Community College; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Sinéad C. MacNamara, Syracuse University; Meredith Silberstein, Cornell University; Joan V. Dannenhoffer P.E., Syracuse University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

readily-available concept questions designed for classroom use. Existingconcept inventories (CI’s), such as the Concept Assessment Tool for Statics (“CATS”) (Steif &Dantzler, 2005) consist of a relatively small number of questions (the CATS has 27), limiting thevariety of questions that can be posed for a given concept. Moreover, in-class feedback anddiscussion threaten the overall security of such an instrument that has a small number ofquestions. Finally, CI questions have single correct answers, limiting their use to motivateexploration and discussion of situations with multiple possible defensible answers andinterpretations.For concept-based instruction to be scaled up, a large repository of questions that can be broadlyand efficiently

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Wang Chien Ming; Mohamad Ridwan; Ang Kok Keng

-casting, where technology can be used to takeover some of the traditional roles in the teaching process so that educators can devote resources,time or otherwise, on the more progressive techniques such as the participatory workshop-lectures or the inquiry-based tutorials that would be discussed in the next section.Another aspect of this system that helps the progressive scenario is its comprehensive monitoringand assessment capabilities. From its monitoring window, which is part of the system’s program,educators can monitor the students’ performance in the tutorials at a glance so that students whoare lagging behind may be identified at an early stage despite the huge class size. It would alsoallow them to see which questions students are having

Conference Session

Computing & Information Technology: Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanon Marie Reckinger, Stanford University; Bryce E. Hughes, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

retention in academic programs. Prince (2004) nicely summarized theeffect sizes of collaborative learning on each of the aforementioned learning outcomes. Anotherimportant factor to consider when incorporating collaborative learning is frequency. Analysis bySpringer et al. (1999) showed that a medium amount of group work (compared to a small amountor a large amount) produced the highest effect size on student achievement. Cooperativelearning outcomes were also reviewed in Johnson and Johnson (1989) and Johnson et al. (1998).They found that cooperative learning (compared to competitive learning) improved academicachievement, interpersonal relationship, liking among students, perceptions of social support,and self-esteem. Research does show that

Conference Session

Software Engineering Constituent Committee Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymond Scott Pettit, Abilene Christian University; John D. Homer, Abilene Christian University ; Kayla Michelle McMurry, Abilene Christian University; Nevan Simone, Abilene Christian University; Susan A. Mengel, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

Paper ID #13887Are automated assessment tools helpful in programming courses?Mr. Raymond Scott Pettit, Abilene Christian University Raymond S. Pettit teaches courses in programming, artificial intelligence, objected oriented design, al- gorithms, theory of computation, and related subjects in ACU’s School of Information Technology and Computing. Prior to joining the ACU faculty, he spent twenty years in software development, research, and training the Air Force Research Lab and NASA’s Langley Research Center as well as private indus- try. His current research focuses on how automated assessment tools interact with student

Conference Session

Engineering Without Borders: Programs Involving Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Pinnell, University of Dayton; Eger Bill; Phillip Aaron, University of Dayton; Charles Schreier, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-1865: INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL SERVICE IMMERSIONS:MODEL FOR DEVELOPING GLOBAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS INSMALL TO MID-SIZE UNIVERSITIESMargaret Pinnell, University of DaytonVipul Ranatunga, Miami University-OhioEger Bill, University of DaytonPhillip Aaron, University of DaytonCharles Schreier, University of Dayton Page 12.951.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 International Technical Service Immersions: Model for Developing Global Scientists and Engineers in Small to Mid-Size UniversitiesAbstract: The University of Dayton (UD) Engineers in Technical Humanitarian Opportunities ofService-learning (ETHOS) program is working to further develop

Conference Session

Program and Curriculum Design Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Paper ID #9231Redesigning an online executive Master’s class for a large number of studentsDr. Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University Malini Natarajarathinam is an Associate professor with the Department of Engineering Technology and Industrial Distribution in the Dwight Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M University. Dr. Natara- jarathinam’s teaching activities surround classes in purchasing, distribution networks and strategic re- lationships. She strives to make learning fun, relevant and perpetual to her students. The students of the Industrial Distribution Program presented her the Award of

Conference Session

Design, Assessment, and Redesign of Writing Instruction for Engineers

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Y. Yoritomo, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Nicole Turnipseed, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; S. Lance Cooper, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Celia Mathews Elliott, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; John R. Gallagher, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; John S. Popovics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Paul Prior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Julie L Zilles, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

and graduate students fromengineering and writing studies, our team proposed first researching current undergraduatewriting instruction in engineering at our large research university. We applied a mixed-methodsapproach, including administering surveys, conducting discourse-based interviews, collectingcourse documents, and analyzing curricular pathways. Our team also examined best practicesfound in writing studies research. We found that current writing assignments are rarely wellaligned with professional genres, that current writing instruction often does not employ bestpractices from the writing studies literature, and that departmental curricula do not distributewriting across the four-year programs. Our findings suggest the potential for

Conference Session

Engineering Empowered Communities: Place-Based Community Engaged Learning

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anindya Debnath, University of Arkansas; Suman Kumar Mitra, University of Arkansas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

, sustainable transportation, travel demand modeling, , land use-transportation interaction modeling, and transportation safety. Dr. Mitra’s current research focuses on how technological advancement in transportation can best serve the disadvantaged population through the integration of transportation systems, economic activities, and land uses. He was a recipient of the Environmental Excellence Award from the Federal Highway Administration and his research on carless households was awarded the Public Impact Fellowship in 2016. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 20241 Work in Progress: Designing a Community-led Bike Share Program for a2 Small US City - Evidence from

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Derek Breid, Saint Vincent College; Stephen Jodis, Saint Vincent College; Stacy Birmingham, Saint Vincent College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D)

forengineering hours given the large general education core of the College and the budget and spaceconstraints of the program. General education cores with significant credit hour requirements area strength of liberal arts institutions but present challenges for designing curricula for programswith significant credit hour requirements. This meant that we had to be intentional about what weincluded in the required engineering core – required by all engineering students – and in theengineering concentrations. The budget and space constraints forced the engineering faculty tothink outside the box when designing the curriculum, creatively using shared laboratory spacesand designing meaningful lab work around small, portable devices.[8] Engineering

Conference Session

Assessment and Its Implications in IE

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Mary Anderson-Rowland

the program waseffective, they would have had a good proposal. The funders would then need to decide howsure they needed to be that the program was making a difference before they continued thefunding.IV. Is The Sample Size Large Enough?For the data in our example, the p-value was 0.15798. We might be inclined to say that theprogram was effective; depending on what magnitude response increase we really wanted to see.We note that the sample is very small, n=6. It is difficult to make a decision based on only sixpairs of data. The small sample size is taken into account by the statistical test and thus reflectedin the p=0.16. If we had more evidence, say six more data points that replicated the first six,what would the p-value be? It is p=0.032

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Roger Ware; Charles F. Yokomoto

Session 3230 Using Small Groups to Promote Active Learning and Student Satisfaction in a Required Engineering Ethics Course Charles F. Yokomoto, Roger Ware Electrical Engineering/Psychology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Introduction A learning experience in professional ethics has become increasingly important forengineering majors for several reasons. Chief among them are (1) ABET EC-2000's learningoutcome which states that engineering programs “must demonstrate that their

Conference Session

Panel Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura E. Ray, Dartmouth College; Raina White, Dartmouth College; David M. Feinauer P.E., Norwich University; David A. Hodgson, Union College; Eric B. Welch, Christian Brothers University; Yeu-Sheng P. Shiue, Christian Brothers University; Carlos L. Luck, University of Southern Maine; Jonathan West, University of New Mexico; Blair T. Allison, Grove City College; Kevin Huang, Trinity College; Nathan Amanquah, Ashesi University College; Daniel Logan Ray; Devin Tracey Montgomery, Dartmouth College; Prudence Merton, Dartmouth College; Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

of Education / Spencer Postdoctoral Fellow. Dr. Svihla studies learning in authentic, real world conditions; this includes a two- strand research program focused on (1) authentic assessment, often aided by interactive technology, and (2) design learning, in which she studies engineers designing devices, scientists designing investigations, teachers designing learning experiences and students designing to learn. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 BYOE: The Fidget Car – An Apparatus for Small Group Learning in Mathematics, Systems and ControlsContact InformationPlease contact Laura Ray, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College,lray@dartmouth.edu, for

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael J. Pavelich; Barbara Olds

. The Next Step We see a wonderful opportunity to strengthen our use of assessment as direct feedback, as anintegral and natural part of our course and program design. CSM is in the midst of an undergraduatecurriculum redesign effort. As a faculty we have rethought and rearticulated our goals, we havedeveloped a curricular framework that contains some exciting innovations, and we have large numbersof faculty from all departments working energetically to redesign specific pieces of the curriculum.As part of the redesign process each of these working groups has been asked to supply an assessmentcomponent with their course or program plan. Thus we hope to see assessment built in as an integralpart of our new curriculum by faculty who design

Conference Session

International Engineering Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Freeman, Tufts University; Jonathan Crocker, Tufts University; Chris Swan, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

International

El Salvador project concentrates on water supplyand sanitation and the Ecuador project focuses on community-based natural resourcemanagement. Both of these projects were proposed in conjunction with non-governmentalagencies with long standing traditions their respective regions.Student and Faculty RolesThe Tufts Engineers Without Borders program is a student run organization, and thereforestudents are responsible and accountable for success as well as failure. The structure providesopportunities for students to learn leadership skills through experience. Students also learn howto assess critical decisions through experience. International projects are a medium for education,and can create actual change in the partnered communities, but

Conference Session

Writing and Technical Communications

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan M Adams, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott; Ashley Rea, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott; Brian Roth, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott; Katrina Marie Robertson, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott; Trey Thomas Talko, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

comfort to those seeking help in the near term. Without the aid orresources of massive systemic support, it is often our individual ability to identify the small shiftsthat will make the most impact for our students and colleagues in the moment. It is more oftenthe small shift which leads to the kind of change that lasts.This idea of the impact of a small shift is particularly salient when we consider educationalinterventions designed to address the problems women and underrepresented students experiencein engineering programs. Research shows that women face additional challenges in theirengineering classrooms [1], [2]. For example, our previous research showed the prevalence ofmicroaggressions, implicit bias, and negative stereotypes that

Conference Session

Project-based Education in Energy Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Tebbe, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

growing scarcity of firewood. Indeveloping countries 70% of the population makes use of firewood as an energy source3. Powersector development and the creation of a widespread rural electrification program via a grid-based approach is a challenging and long-term endeavor. The immediate solution involvesfocusing on “self-contained, stand-alone systems of generation” 1. Rather than basing thesestand-alone systems on conventional fuels such as diesel, solar energy can be an attractiveenergy resource. It is a renewable, cheap, and non-polluting resource readily available for manyareas, such as African nations. Small-scale solar installations based in rural communities are notonly viable but have the potential to make substantial improvements the

Conference Session

Computers and Learning

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khalid W Khawaja, American University in Dubai

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #6251A Learning Outcomes Assessment Level Dashboard Based on Standard Ter-minologyDr. Khalid W Khawaja, American University in Dubai Dr. Khawaja is currently the associate dean of the School of Engineering and an associate professor of Computer Engineering at the American University in Dubai. In his tenure at AUD, he spearheaded ABET and UAE MOHESR accreditation of various graduate and undergraduate programs. He is an established expert on the use of Java technologies in enterprise applications. His research interest is in the area of Enterprise Computing and Architecture and its usage in Education Systems

Conference Session

Examining Social Ties and Networks

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter A Simon, Carnegie Mellon University; Susan Finger, Carnegie Mellon University; David Krackhardt, Carnegie Mellon University; Daniel P. Siewiorek, Carnegie Mellon University; Asim Smailagic, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #11873Levels of Social Network Analysis and Small Team Problem Solving in theClassroomDr. Peter A Simon, Carnegie Mellon University B.S. Civil Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Held position of undersea pipeline engineer for in- ternational commercial diving company. M.S. Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, Ph.D. Civil Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University. Prior to academic work, worked as a commercial oilfield diver in Persian Gulf and South China Sea.Dr. Susan Finger, Carnegie Mellon University Susan Finger is a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University