Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John C. Oliva, Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

landbased military vehicles. While working there, I managed their mechanical CAD group. Afteronly a short time with them, I accepted a different job at the National Superconducting CyclotronLaboratory in East Lansing, Michigan. There I was the team leader for the mechanical designdepartment’s Analysis & Simulation group. NSCL is a nuclear physics research facility thatproduces continuous beams of rare isotopes used in experiments conducted by researchers that Page 24.324.3come from around the world to use the facility. After serving in that role for a bit over fouryears, my most recent job change emerged which brought me to Hemlock

Conference Session

Innovative Topics in ChE Curriculum

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Milo Koretsky

microelectronics industry but also inthe emerging field of nanoscale materials processing. The lab modules, which provide studentswith hands-on learning as well as more open-ended problem solving experiences, are describedelsewhere.1,2 Another important component to this approach is providing students applications inthe context of their core ChE engineering science classes. The classroom examples providestudents an integrated experience throughout their undergraduate studies and allow students tosynthesize chemical engineering science fundamentals applied toward microelectronics andnanomaterials processes. In this paper, two such examples are presented to illustrate how unitoperations from microelectronics processes are integrated into a core engineering

Conference Session

A Potpoturri of Innovations in Physics

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Lance Calvert; Michael Shannon

many physics principles. In addition to using standard classical physicsdemonstrations, i.e. a cart on a ramp or the laser and a diffraction grating, numerous pieces ofactual military hardware are brought into the classroom to stimulate discussion about the physicsconcepts associated with the equipment. For example, during the Reconnaissance of theBattlefield Phase, optics concepts are the main focus. Army equipment such as militarybinoculars and laser aiming sights are used to demonstrate the principles of magnification,photon energy, diffraction, etc. From this discussion emerges a chalkboard example problem inwhich the cadets actually calculate these quantities. In almost every lesson, cadets are exposedto an actual piece of military

Conference Session

Issues in Multidisciplinary Programs

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Byron Newberry; James Farison

, have been 7 of 103 for Fall 2000, 9 of 113 for Fall 2001, and 7 of 106 for Fall 2002.There have been 6 general Engineering graduates from Fall 2000 through Fall 2002, and 4 moreare anticipated for Spring 2003. The program’s flexibility has already allowed individual generalEngineering majors to prepare for engineering careers with “concentrations” in business(management, information systems), computer science, music/acoustics, and pre-med.ConclusionGeneral Engineering programs account for only a small percentage (~2%) of the total number of Page 8.1113.8engineering graduates nationally. This naturally raises the question: What significance

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Cynthia Mitchell; Anna Carew

engineeringeducation, very few studies have examined what students themselves think of sustainability.Studies on student perceptions of sustainability-related topics give us some indication of theinterest and motivation students may have in learning about sustainability. Researchers at theUniversity of Washington10 examined engineering students' conceptions of their profession. Thestudent group as a whole had conceptions covering all eleven of the United States AccreditationBoard for Engineering and Technology graduate attributes11. There was, predictably, a strongfocus on technical concepts and great variation in the range of outcomes included in individualschemas. The study suggests that students' conceptions of what it is to be an engineer varywidely, from

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David B. Benson, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

that are present in a number of core educationtheories. The observations of student gaps and repair/remediation issues are the everyday, reallife exemplars of what happens when there is a mismatch between principles of theory andpractice. The learning cycles approach, first articulated in the late 1950’s and 1960’s by RobertKarplus and J. Myron Atkin (physics/elementary science education) and independently Page 25.1160.3developed by Chester Lawson (biology education) (Lawson, 1989), is one of these corephilosophies which informs this research. Karplus and Atkin based their Learning Cyclesapproach on observation and Piaget’s work on

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Potpourri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence E. Whitman, Wichita State University; Don E. Malzahn, Wichita State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

F J P Logical Empathetic Systematic Casual Reasonable Compassionate Planful Open-Ended Questioning Accommodating Early Starting Pressure-Prompted Critical Accepting Scheduled Spontaneous Tough Tender Methodical Emergent  Language through reading and reflectionWeekly reflections were based on a set of 15 articles and 14 videos. These were chosen

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 5: Self- Efficacy

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Luke Morrison, University of South Florida; Chris S Ferekides, University of South Florida; Dhinesh Balaji Radhakrishnan, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

engineering course Itook. In this course, students were put into groups and had to complete an engineering task (inmy case, build a simple robot); however, the class’s primary learning outcomes focused on non-technical concepts like engineering ethics, which made this course like a mini capstone wherestudents had to find the information themselves to complete their projects. Reflecting on thisproject, I realized that researching and building circuitry for robots was the primary reason forselecting Electrical Engineering. Therefore, when I look at the department’s RED program, I seea similar ideology: an attempt to teach students more about the professional side of engineeringand empower students to take responsibility for learning. I still have not

Conference Session

Unique Pedagogies for Mechanics Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amie Baisley, University of Florida; Julian Ly Davis, University of Southern Indiana; Geoffrey Recktenwald, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics Division (MECHS)

of Mechanical Engineering at Michigan State University. Geoff holds a PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Cornell University and Bachelor degrees in Mechanical Engineering ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Different Teaching Styles and the Impacts on Test Design for DynamicsThe pedagogical design of a classroom, including the class environment, assessment methods, andlearning outcomes, impacts everything that students do and learn in that course. There are manydifferent methods of teaching that have emerged and been explored in engineering classrooms inrecent years such as flipped classrooms, repeated testing, courses with in-class hands-on activities,and also many

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria Chrysochoou, University of Connecticut; Rachael Gabriel, University of Connecticut; Connie Syharat, University of Connecticut; Christa L. Taylor, University of Connecticut

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

belonging inengineering. The study found that classroom inclusion was the only significant predictor ofbelonging and could predict it positively to a moderate degree. Further, it was found that studentsin revised inclusive courses reported significantly stronger feelings of inclusion and belongingthan their peers in traditional courses. These findings suggest that systematic efforts toimplement neuroinclusive learning practices in engineering education may contribute to a senseof belonging for all students.IntroductionThe concept of neurodiversity, a term coined by sociologist Judy Singer [1], emerged asmembers of the autistic community challenged the predominant disability framing of autism andembraced the notion that diversity of minds is both

Conference Session

Redefining Inclusivity: Embracing Neurodiversity in Engineering and Computing Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nolgie O. Oquendo-Colón, University of Michigan; Xiaping Li, University of Michigan; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

condition that affects asmany as 25% of college students with disabilities. Students with ADHD experience bothstrengths (e.g., creativity, divergent thinking, high energy levels, and the ability to hyper-focuson tasks of interest) and challenges (e.g., executive functioning, time management, organization,and study skills). Many of these challenges might be due to deficit-focused mindset common insome higher education environments. Some scholars have proposed that the teaching methodsemployed in college classrooms can significantly impact the academic achievement of collegestudents with ADHD. Few studies, however, have investigated how students with specificneurodisabilities are influenced by particular science, technology, engineering, and math

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 11

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Sheppard, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

well. • Copy of the information letter • Copy of the interview protocol • Pen or pencilWear business casual clothes. After talking over the interview with the interviewee (see notesbelow), start recording and open the interview with some casual questions such as, “How is yourday going?” If they are talking for a bit on these points let them keep going and do not cut themoff. You want them to talk throughout the interview, and it can help to get them going early on atopic that they are comfortable talking about.Avoid bringing in large pieces of technology if possible as they can be distracting/intimidating.Find a space that does not have a formal interview set up (you behind a desk and them on theother side). If the

Conference Session

Pedagogy

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Charles Pezeshki

performance metrics, as well as a constructed House of Quality 5. 2. Weeks 4-6. Students work on a series of conceptual and preliminary designs that are presented via conference call, video conference, or on-site. Conceptual designs are given as block diagrams, explaining different possible project topologies. Preliminary designs are fleshed out from the block diagrams, and offer more concrete feasibility information, including potential vendors for parts, gross dimensions, and rough drawings or solid models of designs. Students pick one option to pursue as a final design from the list of preliminary designs, or a synthesis of the given preliminary designs. This is done conjointly with the project sponsor

Conference Session

Computers and Software in Teaching Mathmatics

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheri Shakiban, University of St. Thomas; Michael P. Hennessey, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

2006 he was tenured and promoted to the rank of Associate Professor. Mike gained 10 years of industrial and academic research lab experience at 3M, FMC, and the University of Minnesota prior to embarking on an academic career at Rochester Institute of Technology (3 years) and Minnesota State University, Mankato (2 years). Mike holds a Bachelor of Mathematics from the University of Minnesota (with distinction), an MS in Mechanical Engineering from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Minnesota. He is also a member of ASME, SIAM, and ASEE. Page 22.1046.1

Conference Session

Models of community engagement practices

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University; Lizabeth T. Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

materials science and engineering from Stanford University (1991 and 1987) and her B.S. degree in metallurgical engineering from the Michigan Technological University (1985).Dr. Lizabeth T Schlemer P.E., California Polytechnic State University Page 24.1037.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Relational versus transactional community engagement: An experience of the benefits and costsAbstractLearning through community engagement (CE) is widely considered a high-impact practice withthe potential benefit of accelerated cognitive development, deeper

Conference Session

Assessment

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech; Benjamin David Lutz, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

describe each site in moredetail.Mid-Atlantic SiteThe entrepreneurship course was team-taught by four instructors; three of whom had startupexperience. One was simultaneously working as a faculty member and startup co-founder;another had previous startup experience but was currently working as a faculty member leadingan interdisciplinary technology-focused research initiative; and the third was serving as aregional leader in startup and economic development. The fourth, despite having no formalstartup experience, had experience using the start-up development model that formed the basis ofthe course as well as a strong foundation in learning theories and the entrepreneurship educationliterature. In addition, other experienced start-up mentors from

Conference Session

Recruitment, Retention and First-year Programs in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John W Pritchard, Iowa State University; Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USAI. Introduction Students and hobbyists today are met with a plethora of electronics projects that can be easilycompleted with the wide variety of online resources and extensive documentation. Many of theseprojects include the use of high level embedded systems that serve as a “black box” for electroniccontrol of sensors, actuators, motors, wireless communication, and other complex systems [1-6].Recently, a trend has emerged in which these development platforms have become smaller, easier to use,open source, and affordable. This trend has enabled interesting projects that aim to introduce newtechnologies, inspire technological direction, provide capabilities to the underprivileged, and also

Conference Session

Committee on Educational Policy Presents: Holistic Students

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brett Rocha, United States Military Academy; Kevin Francis McMullen, United States Military Academy; Michael Rocha, United States Military Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

Paper ID #36891Say Yes to the Stress: Escape Rooms in Civil Engineering ClassroomsMajor Brett Rocha, United States Military Academy MAJ Brett Rocha is a second year instructor at the US Military Academy in the Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. She received her B.S. in Civil Engineering from USMA in 2012, her M.S. in Engineering Management from Missouri University of Science and Technology in 2016, and her M.S. in Civil Engineering from University of Central Florida in 2021. She teaches mechanics of materials, design of steel structures, and design of concrete structures.Dr. Kevin Francis McMullen, United States

Conference Session

Effective Teaching Potpourri

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeed Khan, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Logan Andrew Perry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Jacob Henschen, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Ann C Sychterz Ph.D., P.Eng, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

harness geometrically nonlinear systems, such as tensegrity structures and origami, for adaptive civil infrastructure. She obtained her PhD in 2018 from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) addressing the novel use of control algorithms, statistical diagnostic tools, and real-time feedback on a full-scale tensegrity structure to enable smooth deployability, damage detection, adaptation, and learning. She completed her masters and bachelors of science at the University of Waterloo, Canada. Dr. Sychterz completed a postdoctoral position at the University of Michigan on actuator optimization of adaptive origami structures. She has funded projects by the National Science Foundation, the Illinois

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS) Technical Session - Ethics education methodologies and interventions

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robyn Mae Paul, University of Calgary

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

the classroom as the primary instructor remains limited in comparison. My firstassignment as an assistant professor was to co-teach an engineering ethics course, and myreflections during that experience are the primary focus of this paper.Background Literature: Engineering Ethics EducationEthics is core to the engineering profession and engineering identity, with significant regulationand accreditation processes ensuring education of ethics. However, learning engineering ethicsrequires practice and cannot easily be reduced, measured, and assessed within course learningoutcomes. Here, I summarize a few key pieces of challenges that come with engineering ethicseducation, much of which is informed by a Chapter in the Handbook for Engineering

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FPD) Technical Session 6: Learning by Doing - Contextual and Community-Based Engineering

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew James, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Juan David Ortega Álvarez, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Michelle Soledad, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Cassie Wallwey, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FPD)

design teams, including the Virginia Tech chapter of Engineers in Action. ´Dr. Juan David Ortega Alvarez, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ´ Juan David Ortega Alvarez is a Collegiate Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech and an Affiliate Courtesy Professor at Universidad EAFIT (Colombia). He holds a Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Purdue University and an M.S. in Process Engineering and Energy Technology from Hochschule Bremerhaven. With over 10 years of experience teaching undergraduate and graduate courses, Juan also has more than 6 years of professional experience as a practicing engineer, primarily

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele L. Strutz, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mark T. Carnes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Arthur Andersen & Co., sulfuric acid plant engineering at Monsanto, and traffic engineering with the City of Cincinnati. Her positions in the high- tech field stemmed from her undergraduate degrees in Civil Engineering and Mathematics from Vanderbilt University. Contact information: mstrutz@purdue.eduJames Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West LafayetteDaniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette Daniel M. Ferguson is a graduate student in the Engineering Education Program at Purdue University. Prior to coming to Purdue he was Assistant Professor of Entrepreneurship at Ohio Northern University. Before assuming that position he was Associate Director of the Inter-professional Studies Program and

Conference Session

Community and Industry Collaboration for Sustainable Development

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

community outcomes were less optimal. The resultsdraw attention to important issues in the hopes of inspiring interest, attention to best practices,and cautions.IntroductionAs the interest and application of community engaged research (CER) is increasing inengineering, it is becoming clear that there is a lack of consensus on best practices and a generalunderappreciation of ethical challenges. This research aims to help address these shortcomings,by amplifying the voices of academic women of color who have engaged in CER in STEMfields. This paper begins by providing background information on CER, then moves to theresearch methods, and concludes with the findings.At its most basic, CER brings together two ideas: research and community

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND) Technical Session 10

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Obumneme Godson Osele, Stanford University; Crystal Winston, Stanford University; Ihsan Mekki, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

, USA. Before pursuing the Ph.D., they received a B.S. in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA in 2019 and an MPhil degree from Imperial College London, London, UK in 2021. Crystal’s research interests include origami robot design and haptics. Their research is supported by the Stanford Graduate Fellowship and the Stanford Enhancing Diversity in Graduate Education Fellowship.Ihsan Mekki, Stanford University ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Am I The Villain?: How Critical Reflection Gaps in Individual University Decision-Makers Affect Access ProgramsAbstractTwo graduate students, holding underrepresented

Conference Session

Session 12: Track 3: Exploring Two Contrasting Narratives of LGBTQ+ Undergraduate Engineering Students at a Hispanic Serving Institution

Collection

2023 Collaborative Network for Computing and Engineering Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

J Garcia, Florida International University; Malak Elaouinate, Florida International University; Bailey Bond-Trittipo, Florida International University; Stephen Secules, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

, Florida International University Malak Elaouinate is a Florida International University student studying electrical engineering. Her re- search aims to investigate the many experiences of LGBTQ+ students at a Hispanic-Serving Institution in order to inform changes within CEC that contribute to students of marginalized identities feeling wel- come, comfortable, and accurately represented.Bailey Bond-Trittipo, Florida International University Bailey Bond-Trittipo is an engineering and computing education Ph.D. student in the School of Universal Computing, Construction, and Engineering Education (SUCCEED) at Florida International University. Her work centers on understanding how systems of oppression shape the culture of

Conference Session

Research on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Dina Verdin, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

belonging amidst the engineering culture at her institution?Theoretical Framework: Sense of BelongingSense of belonging is used as a guiding framework for this study. A sense of belongingencompasses both cognitive and affective elements [14]. At the cognitive dimension, theevaluation of belonging is based on one’s collective information about their experiences within agroup (i.e., engineering culture) and with members of the group (i.e., engineering peers, professors,etc.). At the affective dimension, evaluation of belonging is based on feelings that develop fromexperiences within a group or with members of the group [14]. The cognitive and affectivedimensions inform each other as an individuals’ “cognitive processing often results in an

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard L Canale; Ellen J Duwart; Cheryl Cates

special treatment, cooperative education shows itself to be a strong partner alongwith traditional academic coursework, in the development of these attributes in the engineeringgraduate. The authors propose that colleges who can document the results of cooperativeeducation learning will be in a stronger position to demonstrate that their students meet ABETEC 2000 criteria.Background Information on Accreditation and Cooperative EducationThe Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) is recognized in the UnitedStates as the sole agency for accreditation of educational programs leading to degrees inengineering. This voluntary accreditation system assures that graduates of an accreditedengineering program are adequately prepared to

Conference Session

How Communities and Systems Influence Equity: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marissa Tsugawa, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Brady Webster; Sakshi Solanki, Utah State University; Autumn Cuellar; Catherine Spence, Minnesota State University, Mankato

direction do youthink researchers need to go in understanding disability and neurodive?Neurodiversity is a relatively new area of research. Not everyone experiences disabilities in thesame way. This means researchers must hear from multiple different people with differentdisabilities. These interviews will provide similarities and differences on how individuals withdisabilites handle everyday life. Researchers can then use this information to improve areas foreveryone, not just one group. This may be changing teaching methods to learn how thatmakes sense to their brain—or developing technology that can increase individuals’ level ofindependence. These research discoveries could not just benefit people with disabilities. Theycan also improve the way

Conference Session

Disciplinary Engineering Education Research – Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mackinley Love, University of Calgary; Philip Egberts, University of Calgary; Joanna Wong, University of Calgary; Miriam Nightingale, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

a concrete experience, reflectively observing the experience, undertakingabstract conceptualization to integrate their learning into their existing body of knowledge, andactive experimentation to test the validity of their new learning. Implementation of all four modesinto a hands-on experience has been found to deepen learning [18].The use of Kolb’s cycle is particularly applicable in an engineering context. Every professionalengineer in Canada is required to follow the Engineers Canada code of ethics, one tenet of whichis professional engineers will “keep themselves informed in order to maintain their competence”([23], pp. 3). Engineering disciplines constantly change as new technologies and scientificknowledge become available and by

Conference Session

Design in Multidisciplinary Learning Environment

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Hoo Kim P.E., LeTourneau University; Paul R. Leiffer P.E., LeTourneau University; Laura Kathryn Neal, LeTourneau University; Kathleen Mays, LeTourneau University; Joon Wan Kim, LeTourneau University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Paper ID #34236Engineering Capstone Senior Design Project as a Story-Building PlatfomDr. Hoo Kim P.E., LeTourneau University Hoo Kim, Ph.D., P.E., is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering and Engineering Technology at LeTourneau University. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from POSTECH, Pohang, South Korea, and his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin. His professional interests include teaching in the area of electromagnetics and RF, integration of faith and engineering, and entrepreneurship in engineering.Dr. Paul R. Leiffer P.E., LeTourneau University Paul R. Leiffer, Ph.D., P.E., is a