Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leszek Gawarecki, Kettering University; Yaomin Dong, Kettering University; Gina Rablau, Kettering

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Paper ID #23748Redesigned Application-oriented Integral Calculus CurriculumDr. Leszek Gawarecki, Kettering University Research Interests Statistics Probability Stochastic Analysis Stochastic Differential Equation Education M.S. Mathematics, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland 1984 Ph.D. Statistics, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 1994 Experience Department Head, Kettering University, Flint, MI, 2008-present Professor, Kettering Univer- sity, Flint, MI, 2002-present Associate Professor, GMI Engineering & Management Institute, Flint, MI, 1998-2002 Assistant Professor, GMI Engineering & Management

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell L. Springer PMP, SPHR, SHRM-SCP, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

. Springer possesses a significant strength in pattern recognition, analyzing and improving organizational systems. He is internationally recognized, has contributed to scholarship more than 200 books, articles, presentations, editorials and reviews on software development methodologies, management, organizational change, and program management. Dr. Springer sits on many university and community boards and advisory committees. He is the recipient of numerous awards and recognitions, most recently, the Purdue University, College of Technology, Equity, Inclusion and Advocacy Award. Dr. Springer is the President of the Indiana Council for Continuing Education as well as the Past-Chair of the Continuing Professional

Conference Session

ECCD Innovations in Energy Engineering & Technology

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G Belu, University of Alaska Anchorage; Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Lucian Ionel Cioca, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, Romania

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

taught and developed undergrad- uate and graduate courses in power electronics, power systems, renewable energy, smart grids, control, electric machines, instrumentation, radar and remote sensing, numerical methods, space and atmosphere physics, and applied physics. His research interests included power system stability, control and pro- tection, renewable energy system analysis, assessment and design, smart microgrids, power electronics and electric machines for non-conventional energy conversion, remote sensing, wave and turbulence, nu- merical modeling, electromagnetic compatibility and engineering education. During his career Dr. Belu published ten book chapters, several papers in referred journals and in

Conference Session

Design and Research in BME

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Breanne Przestrzelski, Clemson University; John D. DesJardins, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

for the team’s innovation: Assurefit- a chest tube stabilization device. Breanne found her drive for innovation and fascination with design during the development of this technology and seeks to equip students with this same drive through experiential learning.Dr. John D DesJardins, Clemson University Dr. John DesJardins is the Robert B. and Susan B. Hambright Leadership Associate professor in Bioengi- neering at Clemson University and the director of the Frank H. Stelling and C. Dayton Riddle Orthopaedic Education and Research Laboratory at CUBEInC. He received his BS in Mechanical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, his MS in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh, and his Ph.D. in

Conference Session

Track: Pre-college - Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Tanya D. Ennis, University of Colorado, Boulder; Beth A. Myers, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Pre-College

Paper ID #24803Summer Bridge Design: Purposely Fostering Engineering Expertise and Suc-cess with the Redshirting in Engineering Program ScholarsMs. Tanya D Ennis, University of Colorado Boulder TANYA D. ENNIS is the current Engineering GoldShirt Program Director at the University of Colorado Boulder’s College of Engineering and Applied Science. She received her M.S. in Computer Engineering from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles and her B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Her career in the telecommunications industry included positions in software and

Conference Session

FPD VI: Presenting "All the Best" of the First-year Programs Division

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christa R. James-Byrnes, University of Wisconsin, Barron County; Mark H. Holdhusen, University of Wisconsin, Marathon County

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

). Page 25.1002.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Online Delivery of a Project-Based Introductory Engineering CourseIntroductionEngineering education is increasingly moving to nontraditional delivery modes, especially onlinedelivery. According to Allen and Seaman, “Over 5.6 million students were taking at least oneonline course during the fall 2009 term; an increase of nearly one million students over thenumber reported the previous year.”1 This represents a 21 percent growth rate while there wasonly a 2 percent growth rate for higher education student population.1 With this movementcomes the challenge to meet the quality offered by traditional face-to

Conference Session

Using Applications and Projects in Teaching Mathematics

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hassan Moore, University of Alabama, Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

-storming and creation of the prelude to the Second Order ODE project on MechanicalSystems. Team-teaching and the collaboration involved in this course have provided variousinsights, creating a wonderful course which receives high marks from students every semester.Bibliography1. Ruane, M. (2001). Calculus Reform, Differential Equations and Engineering. Proceedings of the 2001 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition.2. Foertsch, J., Moses, G., Strikwerda, J., & Litzkow, M. (2002). Reversing the Lecture/Homework Paradigm Using eTEACH® Web-based Streaming Video Software. Journal of Engineering Education, 91(4), 267.3. Barr, R.E., Pandy, M.G., Petrosino, A.J., Roselli, R.J., Brophy, S., & Freeman, R.A. (2007). Challenge-Based

Conference Session

Joint Session: Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division and Chemical Division

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Caroline Cvetkovic, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Keilin Jahnke, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Sarah Elizabeth Lindley, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Bethan Owen, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

Lindley, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Sarah Lindley is a PhD student in the Department of Bioengineering at The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Bethan Owen, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Embedding the Entrepreneurial Mindset into Undergraduate Bioengineering Courses: Two Instructional Laboratory Case StudiesAbstractExperimental laboratory courses are foundational to undergraduate instruction in variousengineering disciplines. Traditionally, students demonstrate competence in laboratory curriculathrough protocol-based experimentation as well as assignments such as lab reports, but

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 2: Enhancing Learning through Hands-On Design

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott F. Kiefer, York College of Pennsylvania; Stephen Andrew Wilkerson P.E., York College of Pennsylvania; Ashley J Earle, York College of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

Paper ID #42557Using Arduino Microprocessors in a Mechanical Engineering CurriculumDr. Scott F. Kiefer, York College of Pennsylvania Scott Kiefer has spent over twenty years teaching mechanical engineering at four different colleges. He started at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez in the traditional role of teaching and administering a modest graduate research program. At Trine University, a small private school in Angola, Indiana, he focused on undergraduate education while teaching ten different courses ranging from introductory freshman courses to senior capstone. Scott also served as an advisor to many

Conference Session

Faculty & Program Exchanges: Internationalizing, Collaborations, Interactions

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Hill, University of Detroit Mercy; Patricia Pena, Federal University of Minas Gerais

Tagged Divisions

International

2006 in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department (EECS), University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, doing part of her doctoral research, as a visiting scholar. In June 2008, she became a Professor of the Departamento de Engenharia Eletrônica (DELT), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Her research interests include discrete-event systems, supervisory control and its applications to manufacturing. She is also interested in industrial process control. Page 15.795.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 International Collaboration in an Undergraduate Control

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD) Technical Session 3

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cari Kaurloto, University of Southern California; Jane Lah, University of Southern California; Alvaro Quezada, Caltech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD)

Paper ID #45615Analyzing Student Information Literacy Skills: Perceptions, Outcomes, andFuture PlanningCari Kaurloto, University of Southern California Cari Kaurloto is the Head of the Science and Engineering Library at the University of Southern California. Her primarily role is to serve as the liaison to the engineering and computer science departments.Jane Lah, University of Southern CaliforniaAlvaro Quezada, Caltech ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Analyzing Student Information Literacy Skills: Perceptions, Outcomes, and Future

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ning Zhang, Central State University; Xiaofang Wei; Ramanitharan Kandiah, Central State University; Krishnakumar Nedunuri, Central State University; Subramania Sritharan, Central State University

Paper ID #36924Impact of hydraulic fracturing induced landscaping changeon regional surface water quality in eastern OhioNing Zhang (Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering)Krishnakumar V. Nedunuri (Professor of Environmental Engineering)Xiaofang WeiRamanitharan Kandiah Professor of Environmental Engineering © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comImpact of hydraulic fracturing induced landscaping change on regional surfacewater quality in eastern OhioNing Zhang, Xiaofang Wei, Ramanitharan Kandiah, Subramania I Sritharn, KrishnaKumarNedunuri

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Thermodynamics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Lutz, St. Ambrose University

. Ambrose University. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comA Rankine Cycle Design Project for Assessment of ABET Student Outcome #1IntroductionThis paper describes the implementation of an original Rankine Cycle design project into anApplied Thermodynamics course at St. Ambrose University to assess ABET Student Outcome#1 (SO #1). From ABET, SO #1 is “an ability to identify, formulate, and solve complexengineering problems by applying principles of engineering, science, and mathematics [1].”Moreover, ABET defines ‘complex engineering problems’ as those that “… include one or moreof the following characteristics: involving wide-ranging or

Collection

2007 North Midwest Section Meeting

Authors

Michael P. Hennessey

weighted string, and (4) a tracked vehicle.Introduction Traditionally, computer-aided-design (CAD) related topics have been taught in coursesseparate from System Dynamics in a BSME program. CAD is often taught in one or morefreshman or sophomore courses and focuses largely on static geometric issues associated withparts, assemblies, and drawings. It is commonly paired with a track on drafting. SystemDynamics is often a sophomore or junior level mechanical engineering course and emphasizesapplied mathematical modeling of systems from different energy domains, incorporates suchsimulation software as MATLAB® and Simulink®, and could be enhanced by CAD. At theUniversity of St. Thomas, currently System Dynamics is not a required course in

Conference Session

Investigating Alternative-energy Concepts

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Keith Coogler, Sam Houston State University; Dominick Fazarro, Sam Houston State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

AC 2009-1073: SELF-SUFFICIENT, ENERGY-EFFICIENT HOUSE DESIGNFaruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State UniversityKeith Coogler, Sam Houston State UniversityDominick Fazarro, Sam Houston State University Page 14.1050.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Self Sufficient Energy Efficient House DesignAbstractIf energy requirements of electronic components and home appliances decline reasonably, thenambient energy scavenging and conversion could become a viable source of power for manyapplications. The potential ability to satisfy overall power and energy requirements of anapplication using ambient energy can eliminate some constraints related to

Conference Session

Assessment Within Engineering Design Graphics

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Joseph Kirstukas, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Paper ID #15834Development and Evaluation of a Computer Program to Assess Student CADModelsDr. Steven Joseph Kirstukas, Central Connecticut State University Steve Kirstukas is an Associate Professor at CCSU, where he teaches courses in solid modeling, MATLAB programming, and engineering mechanics. He is exploring the use of computer-aided assessment of CAD files to give consistent, accurate, and quick feedback to students. He has degrees in civil and mechanical engineering, with a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. Steve has worked in industry as a civil engineer, software developer, biomechanics researcher, and

Conference Session

Using Laboratories for Instruction in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John E Matsson, Oral Roberts University; Matthew Raman Fulton, Oral Roberts University; Brennan T. Harrup, Oral Roberts University; Meagan N Case, Oral Roberts University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Roberts University A senior student in Mechanical Engineering at Oral Roberts University, about to graduate. Interested in manufacturing/design. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016Space Air Diffusion LaboratoryAbstractSpace air diffusion systems are an integral part of many HVAC systems1-2. The design of thesystem includes finding the best location for introduction of air into the room. This paperexpounds on the designing, building, and testing of a space air diffusion laboratory setup forundergraduate engineering students. The laboratory will enable students to conduct hands-onexperiments that involve visualization and measurements of laminar, transitional, and turbulentceiling wall air-jets

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Nicole DeJong; Ken Van Treuren; Don Farris; Cindy Fry

conclusion of the semester, the teams test their bridges to destruction to determine whichbridge holds the maximum load. A student peer assessment of the project is used and feedback isgiven to each student. The design project reinforces skills taught in the classroom and labs andmotivates the students to pursue engineering as a career.OverviewThe Introduction to Engineering course offered at Baylor University is intended to provide anoverview of the profession of engineering, the engineering educational experience, and theengineering program at Baylor University. It also provides students with some skills and toolsneeded as they progress through the program. The course seeks to accomplish these purposesthrough discussions, demonstrations

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Yale N. Patt; Kevin J. Compton

1996 semesters, 110students completing the course successfully in the fall, and 150 students completing the coursesuccessfully in the Spring. Starting in Fall 1996, EECS 100 has been a required course. In Fall1996, 260 students took the course. In Spring 1997, 380 students are enrolled (as of this writing).The reaction of the students has been overwhelmingly positive.The introduction of a new first course clearly has a rippling effect on the material that can betaught in subsequent courses. At Michigan, courses for computer engineering and computerscience majors continue with two software related courses (EECS 280 and 380) and twohardware related courses (EECS 270 and 370). EECS 280 used to start by teaching the syntax ofC. Now, EECS 280 can

Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rigoberto Chinchilla, Eastern Illinois University; Harold Jay Harris, Eastern Illinois University School of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Contribution Award as well as the ”Excellence in the Use of Technology ” (research) at EIU. His publications include: ”Ethical and Social Consequences of Biometric Technologies in the USA”, ”Technology in Central America and the Impact on CAFTA” and ”Design of an Industrial Control Laboratory” amongst others. Dr. Chinchilla has been awarded numerous grants and serves in numerous departmental and university committees at Eastern Illinois University.Mr. Harold Jay Harris, Eastern Illinois University School of Technology Page 22.697.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011

Conference Session

Effective Projects and Experiments in Instrumentation and Control

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

. Page 22.269.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Automated Battery Charger Instrumentation Interface for Multiple Interconnected Battery Strings as a Student ProjectAbstract The goal of this project was to create a remote monitoring and control capability for theeight large battery charging units currently in use at the Naval Acoustic Research Detachment inBayview, Idaho. These units charge 1866 valve regulated lead acid batteries that provide powerfor propulsion, instrumentation, and control of the second Large Scale Vehicle (LSV 2), a Navyacoustic research submarine. These batteries must be charged while the submarine is dry dockedwith each of eight battery

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexis Ortiz-Rosario, The Ohio State University; Ali Kaveh Rahimi

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

Paper ID #38647Board 4: WIP: An Integrative Remote Patient MonitoringIndustry-Classroom Program for Undergraduate Biomedical EngineeringStudentsDr. Alexis Ortiz-Rosario, The Ohio State University Alexis Ortiz-Rosario is an associate professor of practice in the department of biomedical engineering at The Ohio State University. He holds a B.S. in industrial engineering from the University of Puerto Rico Mayag¨uez, and an M.S. and Ph.D. in biomedical engineering from The Ohio State University.Ali Kaveh Rahimi ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023Work in Progress: An Integrative Remote Patient

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ma Muktadir, North Carolina A&T State University; Sun Yi, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Engineering at North Carolina A&T State University. He has developed new and novel methods for sensing and control algorithms for dynamic systems, which are adaptive and robust. The methods have also been applied to networked robots and UAVs/UGVs using AI, neural networks, sensor fusion, machine visions, and adaptive control. He has managed research projects supported by DoD, NASA, Dept. Energy, and Dept. Transportation. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Machine Vision-Based Detection of Surface Defects of 3d Printed ObjectsAbstractDue to advances in 3D printing technologies, 3D object manufacturing has attracted significantattention nowadays

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia; Mohammad Ali Rahimi, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

Tagged Topics

Diversity

University studying for his Master’s degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Co-founder of Arcane Reality, a Virtual Reality gaming company. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 The design and Implementation of a Smart Switch Outlet Adapter Ali Rahimi1 and Sasan Haghani1,2 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of the District of Columbia, Washington DC 20008AbstractThis paper focuses on the development of a Wi-Fi smart plug capable of remotely

Conference Session

Unique Laboratory Experiments and Programs Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel Lakeou, University of the District of Columbia; Tinh Dinh, University of the District of Columbia; Abiyu Negede, University of the DIstrict of Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Graduating Senior in Electrical EngineeringAbiyu Negede, University of the DIstrict of Columbia Graduating Senior in Electrical Engineering Page 12.1164.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Practical Design Projects utilizing Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLD).I. IntroductionThis paper describes the use of programmable logic-based design in junior/senior projectapplications in electrical and computer engineering programs. It is shown that a variety ofprojects can be conceived using a complex programmable logic device (CPLD) as a centralcontroller of analog to digital (ADC) and

Conference Session

Contemporary Instrumentation Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mustafa Guvench, University of Southern Maine; Joshua Ward, Fairchild Semiconductor; Robert N. MacKinnon, Yarmouth Water District

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

. Page 13.25.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 A Computer Controlled Test System for Micro-Electro- Mechanical-Resonator (MEMS Resonator) Gas Sensors AbstractThis paper describes a computer-controlled test system designed and developed to measureand characterize the response of MEMS Resonator Gas Sensors to various gas mixturesand concentrations and temperature. The change in the resonance frequency of the MEMSresonator due to the absorbed mass of gas molecules on a thin film coating of a polymerlayer is being used as a microbalance to measure hazardous gases and volatile compounds.The automated test system developed employs LabView as the software platform

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurement Innovation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Schwartz, Western Carolina University; Mequanint Moges, University of Houston; Xiaojing Yuan, University of Houston; Driss Benhaddou, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2009-819: TOWARD THE INTEGRATION OF PSOC AND BIOMEDICALINSTRUMENTATIONJoshua Schwartz, Western Carolina UniversityMequanint Moges, University of HoustonXiaojing Yuan, University of HoustonDriss Benhaddou, University of Houston Page 14.1275.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Building Toward the Integration of PSoC and Bio-medical InstrumentationAbstractAs part of its quality instruction enhancement plan, the University of Houston is transformingundergraduate learning experience through research. This transformation aims to improvestudent learning by providing and expanding research experience and its importance to

Conference Session

Project-Based Student Learning: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Blanton, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2009-1250: FIR FILTERS FOR TECHNOLOGISTS, SCIENTISTS, AND OTHERNON-PH.D.SWilliam Blanton, East Tennessee State University Dr. Blanton is an associate professor and coordinator of the Biomedical Engineering Technology concentration at East Tennessee State University. His scholarly interests are the applications of digital signal processing to electronic instrumentation, especially medical instrumentation and medical imaging. Page 14.632.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 FIR Filters for Technologists, Scientists, and Other Non

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Pau-Chang Lu

, followed the belief thatwe are now acutely in need of a large dose of antidote in modern engineering educationagainst over-application of artificial (or virtual) intelligence. While the present authorhimself has been constantly developing software packages with elements of artificial intel-ligence, he is keenly aware (as many others are) that KNOWLEDGE (in clear contrastagainst information) can not be transmitted in a totally virtual and passive fashion! Ourstudent body lately is observed to manifest the following symptoms: They no longer cul-tivate the habit of thinking and reasoning; they lack the ability to formulate engineeringproblems in mathematical terms; they have a very limited vocabulary in both mathemat

Conference Session

Electromechanical & Manufacturing ET Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shuping Wang, University of North Texas; Vijay Vaidyanathan, University of North Texas

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

2006-313: A MASKLESS FABRICATION APPROACH OF INTEGRATEDOPTICAL WAVEGUIDES FOR ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY STUDENTSShuping Wang, University of North TexasVijay Vaidyanathan, University of North Texas Page 11.64.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 A Maskless Fabrication Approach of Integrated Optical Waveguides for Engineering Technology StudentsIntroduction The optical waveguide is one of the fundamental components for optical integrated circuits1.The current technique used to fabricate polymer waveguide devices is mainly based on spincoating and photolithography patterning2. The technique requires fixed photomasks, which areinherently