Conference Session

Direct Measures of Student Performance

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Bronzini, George Mason University; John Matusik, The Engineering Groupe

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2007-502: USING THE SENIOR DESIGN JURY TO DIRECTLY ASSESSPROGRAM OUTCOMESMichael Bronzini, George Mason University Michael S. Bronzini currently holds the Dewberry Chair in Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering (CEIE) in the Volgenau School of Information Technology and Engineering at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, and is also the Chair of the CEIE Department. Prior positions include Director of the Center for Transportation Analysis at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chair of the Department of Civil Engineering at Penn State University, and Director of the Transportation Center and Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Tennessee. Dr

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS) Technical Session 6: Online, Remote, and VIrtual Labs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Grodotzki, Technical University Dortmund, Institute of Forming Technology and Leightweight Components; A. Erman Tekkaya, TU Dortmund University, Institute of Forming Technology and Lightweight Construction

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

. Human-remote laboratories offer a unique and innovative approach to laboratory-basededucation and training. They provide students with a direct experience that is not possible withconventional remote or virtual laboratories, as the human instructor is able to respond to thestudents' inputs in real-time. Additionally, they can facilitate collaboration and communicationamong students and the instructor, promoting a more interactive and engaging learningexperience. Classical limitations of remote and virtual systems, such as a pre-defined course ofevents or a limited number of potential parameter to influence, are circumvented by the use of ahuman instructor, typically an expert of the machine or experiment.When a new course is being designed or

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lili Dong, Cleveland State University; Yuejin Xu, Murray State University

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

protocol and instruction [9],interactive simulations [11, 13, 16], at-home laboratory experiments [10], and remote access toequipment [3, 14].Electronic Printing Laboratory (EPL) was established by the first author in 2015. The EPL isequipped with two Optomec’s Aerosol Jet (AJ) 200 Systems (see Figure 1) and their supportingequipment (such as ink and substrate preparation systems, circuit curing system, waterpurification system, testing instrument and so on). The EPL course was designed based on theuses of the laboratory equipment. It has been offered in every spring semester since 2016 as aregular laboratory course for both undergraduate and graduate students in Electrical Engineering(EE) program. The EPL course requires students to utilize

Conference Session

Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cauligi Raghavendra, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

International

. American students visitingIndia or China might also gain real-world work experience while engaged in industryrather than in the classroom laboratory. Increasingly, a number of companies are offeringsuch opportunities in countries like India and China. This type of summer program can bescaled up through widespread promotion at many U.S. and top Indian universities.Summer Programs at USC USC Viterbi School of Engineering (VSoE) administers successful summerresearch internship programs with visiting students from India, China, and from otherschools in the states. We send our students to partnering universities in India and China inturn. Financing for the program with IIT Kharagpur came from a donor who is analumnus of that IIT. Funding for the

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K. Joseph Hass, Bucknell University; Juliana Su, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

arrays. Page 25.947.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Modernizing the Microcontroller Laboratory with Low-Cost and Open-Source ToolsInstructors in the area of embedded systems face an ongoing struggle to incorporate currentdesign and development techniques into their laboratory exercises. In addition to the difficulty ofkeeping pace with technological advances in the field, a significant investment is often made inthe design tools and development boards with the expectation that these costs will be amortizedover five years or more. Fortunately

Conference Session

Pedagogical Innovations in Laboratory Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Yongjin (James) Kwon, Ajou University; Robin Kizirian, Drexel University; Matthew Dordai; Bret Alan Davis, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

software, PLCStudio, to help enhance thecombination of passive and active learning in the class.IntroductionAn effort has been initiated to modernize and add a wider variety of PLC teaching innovations tothe Robotics and Mechatronics Laboratory at Drexel University since 2009. The approach tomodernize the laboratory involved the participation of undergraduate and graduate students forredesigning experimental setups and upgrading the automated equipment as part of their Co-opproject. This approach kept the cost low and provided enhanced learning opportunities for thestudents who developed the experiments for MET 205 Robotics and Mechatronics. They gainedvaluable real world experience in the design and integration of automated equipment andPLCStudio

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS) Technical Session 6: Online, Remote, and VIrtual Labs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Isaac D. Dunmoye, University of Georgia; Deborah Moyaki, University of Georgia; Adurangba Victor Oje, University of Georgia; Nathaniel J. Hunsu, University of Georgia; Dominik May, University of Wuppertal

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

Paper ID #37429A Scoping Review of Online Laboratory Learning Outcomes in EngineeringEducation ResearchMr. Isaac D. Dunmoye, University of Georgia Dunmoye Isaac is an Engineering Education Ph.D. student, in the College of Engineering, University of Georgia. His area of research focuses on students’ learning, cognition and engagement in virtual and online learning environments. He is interested in qualitative, quantitative and mixed methodology research that are needed for proper design of instructional material, necessary for harnessing and experimenting the multidisciplinary nature of engineering context to make

Conference Session

ECE Laboratory Development & Innovations

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Kang Yen; Osama Mohammed

able to view the resulting field picture under the specific conditionbeing experimented in real-time through an interpolation program, which takes its input from theexperimental setup.DATA ACQUISITION The data acquisition system has a 25 MHz throughput as well as sixteen channels in unipolarmode or eight channels in bipolar mode. The high throughput and sampling rate allows the user toget a better idea of how quickly the machine data varies, under different loading conditions. Asshown in Figure 1, all the signals generated from the machines in the laboratory are linked to thecomputer via the signal conditioner. A surge suppressor was also designed for use in this system.Included in this surge suppressor is a noise filter, which filters out

Conference Session

Mechanical and Architectural Engineering Laboratories

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Toyama, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Reza Sadr, Texas A&M University at Qatar

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

neighboring and Asian countries with verydiverse educational and cultural backgrounds. Teaching engineering sciences in such a new andculturally diverse environment introduces many opportunities for innovation. However, there aremany challenges that are unique to TAMUQ. Because of their varied backgrounds and pre-college educational experience, students find it more difficult to link classroom theory withphysical results and applications. Integration and application of coursework from one class to thenext has also proven difficult.Learning Thermo-Fluid materials for many engineering students can be daunting, no matter theirprevious background. Thermo-Fluid laboratories are often the first place students have a chanceto make the physical real-world

Conference Session

Pedagogies of Making and Design

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Geetanjali R. Date, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Sanjay Chandrasekharan, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

. Colleges anduniversities focus too narrowly on specialization, and produce graduates who are neitherprofessional nor personal successes. More and more educators argue that science and technologystudents must be more liberally educated; recent reports on education are cases in point.”.To the extent that sustainability concepts and active-learning methods were integrated into thecurricula, it was found that there are barriers hindering the re-orientation of engineering curriculatoward “sustainable” engineering.7 The main broadening experiences, coming from electivecourses in the humanities and social sciences, remain peripheral.16 Based on a study ofpractitioners' responses to a sustainable-design challenge, Mann, Radcliffe, and Dall’Alba17stress

Conference Session

ECE Laboratory Development and Innovations

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Nathaniel Whitmal

with design experience that supports thegoals of ABET Engineering Criteria 2000, (iii) to prepare students for further work in DSP,particularly in their “Major Qualifying Project (MQP),” a one-year capstone design experienceproviding credit equivalent to three courses. EE 3703 has two features that distinguish it fromprevious real-time DSP courses: its use of the interactive “studio” format, and its use of softwareengineering principles.Assessment data for the course was derived from student grades, lab reports, identical pre/post-course assessment exams, and MQP reports. The pre/post -course exams focused on topicscovered in both the present and prerequisite courses, and were used to gauge the preparation andprogress of each student. The data

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard A. DeVries; Douglas C. Stahl

undergraduatesunderstand the causes and implications of these behaviors, the Structural Engineering Workshopwill incorporate laboratory experiments with full-scale structural components into what aretraditionally lecture-only upper division courses. Web-based multimedia material will helpstudents place each experiment into context within the course and within the field of study. TheStructural Engineering Workshop will also create a new level of continuity within ourarchitectural engineering program, as content will be directed at students in all years of study ingraphics, mechanics, analysis, management, and design courses. In addition, students insophomore construction materials labs and construction methods labs will participate in thefabrication of test

Conference Session

Improving ME Instructional Laboratories

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sorin Cioc, University of Toledo; Constantin Ciocanel, University of Toledo; K Cyril Masiulaniec, University of Toledo; Douglas Oliver, University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, students wereexposed to the practical aspects and important advantages of collaboration and brainstorming.Third, due to the latest innovations in technology and education, laboratory based work is alwaysin need of enhancement; students engaged in performing lab work are well positioned tounderstand the possible shortcomings, and thus propose improvements; each student, accordingto his or her own ideas and experience (such as experience gained during the coop program),should be able to have a contribution, ranging from very small to significant, to at least one ofthe labs he/she was exposed. Lastly, best solutions can be followed by senior design projects inwhich the proposed improvements are further developed and implemented in the laboratory.This

Conference Session

Pedagogical Innovations in Laboratory Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Murthy Kasi, North Dakota State University; Yaping Chi, North Dakota State University; G. Padmanabhan, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Lines LinesFigure 1. An example of a flownet(a)(b) Dam Cutoff Stream wall lines Equipotential linesFigure 2. Flow nets showing stream lines and potential lines for (a) a discharging well in anaquifer bounded by a stream parallel to an impermeable barrier (plan view) (slightly modified1), Page 22.1392.3and (b) groundwater flow beneath a dam with a cutoff wall (sectional view).Laboratory courseThe flownet experiment was

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ed Doering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sam Shearman, National Instruments

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

such as Caller ID, textmessaging, and audio signal processing.This paper describes the overall structure and design of the laboratory projects, and theimplementation of the project materials on the Connexions resource. Each of the ten laboratoryprojects is also summarized. Page 14.341.3Laboratory Project StructureEach laboratory project opens with a summary of activities and expected results, learningobjectives, list of deliverables, and linkages to relevant chapters in popular textbooks3-11. Anintroductory section presents enough background theory to bridge between the student’sclassroom experiences and the project activities. The introduction

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Stephen G Ritchie; Carlos C. Sun

Session 2793 OAK-TREE: One-of-A-Kind Transportation Research and Education Experiment Carlos Sun1, Stephen Ritchie2 1. Faculty of Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028-1701 2. Faculty of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2175Abstract - This paper chronicles the traffic control course/laboratory named OAK-TREE (One-of-A-Kind Transportation Research and Education Experiment) at the University of California atIrvine and discusses a proposed implementation at Rowan University. In order to address thechanging nature of transportation and civil

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

John Watkins; Joel Esposito; Matthew Feemster

compensator design and stability analysis are rendered ineffective. While the discipline ofmodeling is deeply rooted in physics, the process of constructing representative models can often beas much of an art as a science. Identifying system parameters, utilizing simplifying assumptions, andjudging the validity of the resulting simulation results are very difficult topics to convey solely in alecture format. Typically, algorithms and/or textbook procedures cannot serve as alternatives for theengineering intuition garnered through hands-on laboratory experience. One of the most crucial stepsin teaching the flow of the modeling procedure (see Figure 1) to undergraduate engineering studentsis the “validation” of their developed model. In order to fully

Conference Session

Computers in the Laboratory

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Biswanath Samanta, Georgia Southern University; Jonathan G. Turner, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

teaching and research in the areas of Mechatronics and Intelligent Systems in theDepartment of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Southern University. The laboratory coversmechatronic instrumentation, control and mobile robotics. The broad topics include sensors,actuators, data acquisition, modeling, simulation, analysis, design and implementation ofcontrollers, and swarm robotics. The laboratory provides an integrated hardware and softwareenvironment from basic instrumentation to rapid control prototyping, hardware-in-the-loopinvestigations, and intelligent robotic systems.I. IntroductionRecently there is a growing emphasis on multidisciplinary education and research, especiallyinvolving science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University; Timothy Hinds, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

curricular change are difficult to achieve.Top-down reform can be successful in two general contexts. If a college is a new entity, thendeveloping systemic change becomes a degenerate activity; since there is no existing educationalprogram, the focus becomes “doing it right the first time.” An example can be drawn from auniversity experience in Spain. The School of Chemical Engineering at the University Rovira iVirgili in Tarragona, Spain went beyond the departmental level with their reform efforts toincorporate project-based cooperative learning teams. There, first-year chemical engineeringstudents are involved in team design projects that are led by two fourth-year students. Theseprojects are authentic, real-world tasks that require students to

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Keith A. Schimmel P.E., North Carolina A&T State University; C. Dean Campbell, North Carolina A&T State University; Marcia Gumpertz, North Carolina State University; Yvette Maria Huet, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Ajit D. Kelkar, North Carolina A&T State University; John P. Kizito, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

department has a volunteer facultymember interested in URM success designated as a Faculty Fellow. The Fellow receivesprogrammatic support to increase their understanding of the issues facing URMs in doctoralprograms and assessment support to identify the departmental practices that may be hinderingURM student success. Together with their department head and director of graduate programs,they work with the departmental faculty to understand graduate student pathways, identifypractices and policies that promote success, and diagnose trouble spots. Based on this study ofthe graduate student experience in their own department, the Fellow develops a departmentalinitiative designed to address departmental weaknesses. The faculty as a whole develop

Conference Session

Innovations in Promoting Technological Literacy II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vazgen Shekoyan, Queensborough Community College, CUNY; Todd Holden, Queensborough Community College, CUNY; Raul Armendariz Ph.D., Queensborough Community College, CUNY; Helio Takai, Brookhaven National Laboratory; Sunil Dehipawala, Queensborough Community College, CUNY; Dimitrios S. Kokkinos Ph.D., Queensborough Community College, CUNY; Regina Sullivan, Queensborough Community College, CUNY; George Tremberger Jr, Queensborough Community College, CUNY; Paul J. Marchese, Queensborough Community College, CUNY; David H. Lieberman, Queensborough Community College, CUNY; Tak Cheung, Queensborough Community College, CUNY

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

without Interrupting Service,” Pat.# 7,561,798, July 14, 2009. ”Methods and Apparatus for Automated Testing and Analysis of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), Wavelength Selective and/or Optical Switching Devices,” Pat. # 7,340,166, March 4, 2008. ”Multimedia Distribution System Using Fiber Op- tic Lines”, Pat. # 6,055,077, April 25, 2000. Synergistic Activities: curriculum development in physics, Designed a partially online laboratory in physics for Queensborough Community College (2010); mem- ber of doctoral examination committees in the area of optical remote sensing (LIDAR systems) at EE Department of the City College of CUNY since 1984; and participation in NSF Research Experiences for

Conference Session

Innovative Laboratory Instruction

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Hosni Abu-Mulaweh

. This approach couldmake the subject of thermodynamics a more pleasant experience for the undergraduatemechanical engineering students.Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne is a state supported institution. Thus makesthe purchase of new instructional laboratory apparatus a challenge due to typical budgetarylimitations. In addition, the apparatus designed by companies specializing in educationequipment may not exactly reflect the educational objective intended by the faculty. Theseobstacles had forced us to seek and search different venues to acquire a portable experimentallaboratory apparatus for demonstrating thermodynamics processes and principles. We concludedthat such an apparatus can be designed, developed and constructed “in

Conference Session

K-12 and Graduate Experiences in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sam Dreyer, University of Illinois at Chicago; Miiri Kotche, University of Illinois at Chicago; Jennifer Olson, University of Illinois at Chicago ; Andria Shyjka, University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

Research Experience in a bioengineering laboratory at a major researchuniversity can enhance the knowledge of a high school pre-engineering or science teacher,making it possible to more effectively convey the nature of the scientific process inbioengineering to his or her students. In combination with guided instruction in Common CoreState Standards and Next Generation Science Standards-aligned curricula design, the laboratoryresearch is more effectively translated and applied in high school science classrooms. TheBioengineering Department at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) is ideally positioned toimplement such a combined experience for local high school teachers, which in turn will have adramatic impact on one of the most diverse

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Lundstrom; Ram Chandran; Arnaldo Mazzei

design, modeling, simulation, analysis, and identification ofmulti-disciplinary engineering systems.This paper describes how the courses are laid out in order to achieve the desired goals and howthe laboratory experiments should fit into the courses to promote this multidisciplinaryunderstanding.IntroductionKettering University, formerly known as GMI Engineering & Management Institute, offersBachelors Degree programs in Mechanical, Electrical, Computer, Industrial and ManufacturingSystems Engineering, Environmental Chemistry, Applied Mathematics, and Management.Kettering students begin a unique five year cooperative education program in their freshmen yearby alternating 12 week period of classroom studies with related work experience in over

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratories

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Graff, LeTourneau University; Paul R. Leiffer, LeTourneau University; Matthew G. Green, LeTourneau University; Joel Koblich, LeTourneau University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

automation systems, embedded controls, and appropriate technology for developing nations. Page 22.1522.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Thirty Years of Rube Goldberg* Projects: a Student-Driven Learning Laboratory for Innovation  AbstractOne of the authors runs an annual “Rube Goldberg*” design project as the culminating studentdemonstration of a junior level electrical laboratory class. Over the past 30 years attendance hasgrown from a few students the first year to now include city-wide attendance and televisioncoverage from

Conference Session

Innovations in Manufacturing Laboratories

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Rodriguez P.E., Western Michigan University; Pavel Ikonomov, Western Michigan University; Alamgir A. Choudhury, Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Paper ID #17217Development of a 3-D Printer and CNC Milling Desktop Machine for Manu-facturing LabsDr. Jorge Rodriguez P.E., Western Michigan University Faculty member in the Department of Engineering Design, Manufacturing, and Management Systems (EDMMS) at Western Michigan University’s (WMU). Co-Director of the Center for Integrated Design (CID), and currently the college representative to the President’s University-wide Sustainability Com- mittee at WMU. Received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering-Design from University of Wisconsin- Madison and received an MBA from Rutgers University. His B.S. degree was in Mechanical and

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Adam El-Mansouri; Kevin Buck; Herbert Hess

often associated with introducingintegrated software and digital hardware design. In that way, they could have the studentscreating new “things” quickly and with a “personal touch”, a strong motivator for them to beginto understand what engineering is. As such, we began with a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) learning system designed for college sophomores and juniors. In this environment, wedeveloped some fundamental modules for a range of projects. Then we provided a few examplesof increasing difficulty on how to assemble these modules to perform a useful function. Afterseeing these examples, the high school students are encouraged to try themselves, first at aspecified project and then to create their own task and solution.Hardware

Conference Session

Simulation Courses & BME Laboratories

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Mounir Ben Ghalia

educational programs (for instance,Electrical Engineering) do not have a background in robot manipulators. Hence, they arenot expected to have a background knowledge of kinematics which is a prelude to thestudy of human leg modeling and control. Hence, the first section of the educationmodule is to teach students the concept of kinematics using interactive tools andgraphical animations. Students who have used this section of the educational modulehave found it to be a ‘fun’ tool and have been able to assimilate the concept of kinematicsexceptionally well even though they have not been exposed to the study of kinematicsprior to their experience with the interactive module.After having understood the topic of forward and inverse kinematics and with

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Jerz

. Laboratoryassignments reinforced lecture material, and are further explained below. Grading wasdistributed as follows: Exams - 45 percent, laboratory assignments - 40 percent, attendance andassignments, 15 percent. Exam questions focused primarily on lecture information, but couldinclude questions about laboratory knowledge. Lab assignments Six laboratory assignments were used to reinforce lecture information and to give hands-on design experience. It is believed that hands-on experience is required when learning aboutcomputer-based technologies. Having students experience old (manual) ways of accomplishingmanufacturing tasks, new computer-based approaches, testing and simulating computer results,and producing final

Conference Session

Outreach Projects and General Energy Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valentina Cecchi, Drexel University; Michael Kleinberg, Drexel University; Milo Tong, Drexel University; Bridget Kleinberg, Drexel University; Karen Miu, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Page 12.454.2undergraduate and graduate power engineering students were re-designed and adapted foroutreach education. An iterative design procedure was employed with the active involvement ofand feedback from a non-engineer and a high school student. The design process yielded notabledifferences from the original experiments designed for power engineers. Specifically, thefollowing new educational tasks were accomplished: 1. development of additional safety hardware, 2. re-definition of educational objectives, 3. iterative experiment design process, including: a. design of assessment surveys, b. design of new pedagogical material, i.e. laboratory manuals, c. development of new laboratory activities to be