Conference Session

Hands-On Learning in ET II

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helene Jabbour, Purdue University ; Israa Azzam, Purdue University ; Isaac Elí Lago, Tecnologico de Monterrey ; Farid Breidi, Purdue University ; Jose M. Garcia, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

position upon completing her Ph.D. This career trajectory aligns with her desire to leverage her accumulated experience and knowledge to mentor and guide emerging talents. A central component of her vision is inspiring and supporting aspiring scholars in pursuing academic and professional excellence, facilitating impactful change within our field.Ms. Isaac El´ı Lago, Tecnologico de Monterrey 7th Semester Undergraduate Student for a Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering, at Instituto Tecnol´ogico y de Estudios Superiores De Monterrey, CEM. Visiting Student Intern at Purdue University, IN.Dr. Farid Breidi, Purdue University Dr. Farid Breidi joined the School of Engineering Technology at Purdue University as

Conference Session

Assessment and Continuous Improvement

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Orlando M Ayala, Old Dominion University; Kristie Gutierrez, Old Dominion University; Isaac Koduah Kumi, Old Dominion University; Francisco Cima; Stacie I Ringleb, Old Dominion University; Krishnanand Kaipa, Old Dominion University; Danielle Marie Rhemer, Old Dominion University; Pilar Pazos, Old Dominion University; Jennifer Jill Kidd, Old Dominion University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

impacted theircollaboration skills, and whether their involvement affected their interest in participating inengineering outreach activities. To determine how their perceived impact of the project on theirprofessional preparation has changed from when they took the class to now when they areworking professionals, we compare their recent responses to the responses in reflections theycompleted while taking the course. The information gathered in the survey also provides a meansto evaluate the effectiveness of the project and identify areas for improvement, which hasimplications for how similar projects might be designed and enacted in the future. Introduction The Accrediting Board for Engineering and Technology, commonly known as ABET

Conference Session

Building BIM into Construction Curricula

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hyunjoo Kim, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Paper ID #7196Energy modeling/Simulation Using the BIM technology in the Curriculum ofArchitectural and Construction Engineering and ManagementDr. Hyunjoo Kim, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Assistant Professor of Engineering Technology and Construction Management He has 10 years of work experience in the construction fields and six years in research and teaching. His research interests include the use of 3D/BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology for energy modeling and simulations, information technology support for project management, artificial intelligence, data mining, machine learning, and

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS) Technical Session 4: Bring Your Own Experiments +

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huiran Jin, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Laramie Potts, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

curricula and incorporate new technologies andskills to ensure that their graduates are prepared for the changing labor market.Moving into the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), the need for higher education graduates tohave decision making and project application skills is more recognized than ever. The 4IR ischaracterized by the convergence of technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internetof Things (IoT), and robotics, greatly transforming the way humans live and work. In thiscontext, an increasing demand has emerged for professionals who not only have a strongtechnical foundation but also can solve complex problems and make informed decisions.Nonetheless, one challenge that S/G graduates often face is the gap between academic

Conference Session

Two Year-to-Four Year Transfer Topics Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie A. Rursch, Iowa State University; Douglas W. Jacobson, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

the Iowa State University Information Assurance Center. Dr. Jacobson teaches network security and information warfare and has written a textbook on network security. Dr. Jacobson has received two R&D 100 awards for his security technology and has two patents in the area of computer security. Dr. Jacobson has given over 50 presentations in the area of computer security and has testified in front of the U.S. Senate committee of the Judiciary on security issues associated with peer-to-peer networking. Page 22.127.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 AAS + 2

Collection

2010 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Erick Froede; David Saint John; Richard Devon

technological development, nanotechnology, couldsimilarly profit from practices of gift culture.What Nano Can Learn From LinuxNanotechnology, at first blush, would seem to be an unlikely candidate for open sourcedevelopment: It is capital intensive, reliant upon expensive instrumentation such as electronmicroscopes and associated characterization technologies, and the input of relevant experts andNobel Laureates. Yet costs of instrumentation are plunging, with desktop Atomic ForceMicroscope (AFMS) fetching around 25,000 USD and networks such as NNIN offering diverseservices at a distance for lower and lower costs. Some nano-facilitating techniques such asmicrofluidics and emerging desktop manufacturing produce highly shareable information

Conference Session

International Division (INTL) Technical Session #6: World-class STEM Leader

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lina Zheng, Beihang University; Yu Han; Ruilin WU; Jianglong Zhang; Ye Jinxin; Zijiao Jiang

Tagged Divisions

International Division (INTL)

andstudentsreachinagreementthatChina’sengineeringeducationneedstoactivelyrespondtotherapidchanging world and societal impacts. For instance, the NEE initiative is implemented through a three-phase design including “Fudan Consensus” “Tianda Action” and “Beijing Guideline”, to systematicallytransform engineering education. Specific approaches adopted vary from upgrading traditionalengineering programs such as Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering, restructuringengineering programs to be interdisciplinary, and newly establishing engineering programs towardsemerging technologies (Lin,2017). Regarding the curriculum, engineering schools are challenged toreviewandupdatetheirexistingdiscipline-basedcurricula,notonlyredesigningtheoverallcurricularstructure covered traditional engineering programs and emerging engineering programs

Conference Session

EMD Technical Session 2: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laramie Potts, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Huiran Jin

(IoE), and geosensing capabilities. In particular,innovation in geospatial technologies in the early stages of 4IR prepared a glut of remotelysensed imagery and maps to feed a voracious appetite for location-based information [16].Geospatial technologies, such as Global positioning System (GPS), Geographic InformationSystem (GIS), remote sensing (RS), Laser Scanners and the Robotic Total Station, supplylocation-based data and imagery for decision support across a multitude of industries fromcommercial applications to healthcare and the environment. While these emerging technologiesare proving beneficial for a variety of reasons, their power has unleashed a kaleidoscope ofimagery and maps revealing past practices and policies that worked social

Conference Session

Collaborations, Accreditation and Articulation Issues for International Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Salahuddin Qazi, State University of New York, Institute of Technology; Yasin Akhtar Raja, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Center for Optoelectronics & Optical Communications; Syed Muhammad Hassan Zaidi, NUST School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science

Tagged Divisions

International

academia, industry and government functionaries fromaround the world. The goals are to share knowledge and experience in the field of information andcommunication technologies (ICT) for global partnerships and collaborations aiding economicgrowth to support peace, prosperity and sustainability in the world. This has emerged as the visionof the HONET (High-capacity optical networks and enabling technologies).The purpose of our paper is to share and discuss the results of holding a series of internationalsymposia on High-capacity Optical Networks and Enabling Technologies (HONET) in differentcountries with a special focus on South Asia, Middle East and North Africa (SAMENA) region.These symposia started in 2004 with the sponsorship of NSF‟s Office

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Manian Ramkumar; Immanuel Edinbarough

the way in which industry andacademia perform various activities. More and more academic institutions are starting torecognize the vital link that the web provides between the faculty and the students. As the websavvy students demand specialized attention for customized curriculum and training, it becomesthe responsibility of the academia to provide new information technology based solutions, tosatisfy these needs. In this regard, an attempt has been made to develop an automated cellcapable of providing non-site based hands-on course in engineering and technology education.The main challenge in this effort is the remote programming and control of the robot and CNCmachine. Details pertaining to the intelligent control architecture, system

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn A. Neeley, University of Virginia; Bernd Steffensen, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

one perspective, the concept of T-shaped professionals who combine depth of technicalexpertise with breadth of knowledge appears to be but the latest iteration of the concept of theRenaissance or universal man (Gadol, 1973) as exemplified by Leonardo da Vinci. The T-shapedideal, on the other hand, emerged in the early 1990s and seems to respond to the needs ofinformation technology (IT) enterprises specifically and more generally of firms that seek todistinguish themselves for creativity and innovation. In its original incarnation (Palmer, 1990),what we now call the “T-shaped” individual or professional is described as a “hybrid manager”who combines IT skills with business skills. Twenty-five years later, one of the most frequentlyquoted

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly Black, Chicago State University ; Moussa Ayyash, Chicago State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

partnership betweenChicago State University (CSU), a small, Predominantly Black Institution (PBI), Quilt, a non-profit community organization, Argonne National Laboratory and industry partners designed toprepare individuals with the skills necessary to start new careers in the semiconductor andmicroelectronics industry in the Chicagoland area. The project focuses on reskilling workersthrough a series of compensated experiential learning activities. The impetus for the programarose from work at CSU’s Center for Information Security Education and Research (CINSER),which is an Intelligence Community, Center for Academic Excellence (IC CAE) [6]. A strategicgoal of CINSER is to prepare individuals for careers in critical and emerging technologies and

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division (MFG) Technical Session 4

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dalya Ismael, Old Dominion University; Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; Murat Kuzlu, Old Dominion University; Charles Lowe, Old Dominion University; Lisa Bosman, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing Division (MFG)

Paper ID #46718Integrating Sustainable Practices into Lean Engineering: Applying the Engineeringfor One Planet Framework in Manufacturing Engineering Technology EducationDr. Dalya Ismael, Old Dominion University Dr. Dalya Ismael is an Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Technology at Old Dominion University. She holds a Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Virginia Tech. Her research focuses on advancing sustainable design and construction practices through behavioral interventions, immersive visualization, and data-informed decision-making. With over a decade of combined academic and industry experience

Collection

2022 CIEC

Authors

Grant Richards; Nicole Otte

training system would introduce and allowstudents to engage with the instruments, technologies, and processes used in the showcasesystem.The success of the PIPES project encouraged all to seek out maximum opportunity for studentengagement in the design and development stages. It was evident that the complexity and theuse of emerging technologies in the showcase system would make a meaningful and engagingstudent experience very challenging. The training system would require a less complex solutionbased on proven designs, allowing for a bounded student design and development experiencesuitable for senior capstone. Fig. 2. Continuous process system.Engaging StudentsTwo consecutive senior capstone experiences are needed

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session II - Faculty Development

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Danielle Marie Dowling, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Morgan M Hynes, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

lexicometry into future analyses can serve as a sort of diagnostic metric that wecan use to inform our professional development activities in the coming years.IntroductionMotivated by the call to promote authentic science and engineering practice among K–12students—most recently and notably made by the Next Generation Science Standards (NationalAcademy of Sciences [NAS], 2012)—we established the Interactive Learning and CollaborationEnvironment (InterLACE) Project so that we could create technologies to support theimplementation of collaborative design-based inquiry instruction in high school physics andengineering classrooms. The combination of design-based projects with the pedagogical stanceof inquiry is a good fit for the current shift toward

Conference Session

CPDD Technical Session 1 - Design of Professional Development Curricula

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell Springer, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Kathryne Newton, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI)

the Leadership weekend program) ❑ 66 (30%) were from the Biotechnology and Regulatory Science cohorts ❑ 37 (17%) were from information technology and related cohorts ❑ 21 (9.6%) were from aviation and related cohortsFigure 4 depicts the number of respondents by previous administered programs. Anderson 1 Aviation & Aerospace 1, 0% Management Building Construction 21, 10% Management

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jitendra S. Tate, Texas State University, San Marcos; Dominick Esperanza Fazarro, University of Texas at Tyler; J. Craig Hanks, Texas State University, San Marcos; Walt Trybula, Texas State University & Trybula Foundation, Inc.; Satyajit Dutta, Texas State University; Robert McLean, Texas State University; Fritz Allhoff, Western Michigan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

technology choices for emerging technological re- quirements. His current technical focus is threefold: nanotechnology, energy, and semiconductors. His business focus is on strategy development and technology insertion into the organizational structure. He is involved with a number of state and local organizations and committees focusing on economic devel- opment through business creation. Dr. Trybula is active in disseminating information on the importance of the appropriate insertion of Page 24.941.1 emerging technologies into the communities. He authored the State of Texas teaching module on ”Nan

Conference Session

Global Engineering Models: Curriculum Development, Improvements, and Partnerships

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Belle W. Y. Wei, San José State University; Patricia R Backer, San José State University; Wenchiang Richard Chung, San José State University; Andrew F. Wood, San José State University

Tagged Divisions

International

Was China, China in Revolution, andGreat Leap. The discussions from the assignments focused on societal issues such the urban-rural divide, the role of minorities, and consequences of the "one-child" policy. Dr. PatriciaBacker, the Tech 198 course coordinator, presented a class on information technology in China.The course concluded with a session on Taiwan and on China's international relations.Writing assignments were comprised of short essays based on the assigned books and tworesearch papers, one analyzing the relationship between China and India and the other on theeffects of the reform program in China and the impact of China's emergence as a global power

Conference Session

International Research Experience, Quality Improvement, and Programs/Curriculum Around the Globe

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian E. Reed, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Julia M. Ross, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Brian Bowe, Dublin Institute of Technology; Gavin Duffy, Dublin Institute of Technology; Martin Gerard Rogers, Dublin Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

profession today are unique and brought aboutby a rapidly changing world order with respect to the need for sustainable utilization of energyresources, sustainable use of material resources and production practices, proactiveenvironmental management of emerging technologies (e.g. nanomaterials), and sustainablemanagement of shrinking water resources that is increasingly becoming the cause of national andinternational conflicts. The creation of a new undergraduate engineering degree provides anopportunity to develop a program that embraces new problems and is focused on emerging issuesin the field of EWRE. Second, an environmental engineering degree provides an option forUMBC engineering students beyond the available programs (mechanical, chemical

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deana Lucas, Purdue University, West Lafayette ; Rebecca Martinez, Purdue Polytechnic Graduate Programs

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #41933Board 261: Engineering Technology, Anthropology, and Business: Reflectionsof Graduate Student Researchers in the Pursuit of Transdisciplinary LearningDeana Lucas, Purdue University, West LafayetteRebecca Martinez, Purdue Polytechnic Graduate Programs ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Engineering Technology, Anthropology, and Business: Reflections of Graduate Student Researchers in the Pursuit of Transdisciplinary LearningAbstract Two graduate student researchers, with specializations in engineering and technologyeducation and anthropology, collaborated on a National Science Foundation (NSF

Collection

Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference

Authors

Amy Voss Farris, Pennsylvania State University; Anna Eunji Kim, Pennsylvania State University; Junde Li; Swaroop Ghosh, Pennsylvania State University

scaled technologies. His research interests include low-power circuits, hardware security, quantum computing and digital testing for nanometer technologies. Dr. Ghosh served as Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions On Computer-Aided Design (2019-) and IEEE Transactions On Circuits and Systems I (2014-2015) and as Senior Editorial Board member of IEEE Journal of Emerging Topics on Circuits and Systems (JETCAS) (2016-2018). He served as Guest Editor of the IEEE JETCAS (2015-2016) and IEEE Transactions On VLSI Systems (2018-2019). He has also served in the technical program committees of ACM/IEEE conferences such as, DAC, ICCAD, CICC, DATE, ISLPED, GLSVLSI, Nanoarch and ISQED. He served as Program Chair of ISQED

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine G. Nelson, Arizona State University; Jenefer Husman, Arizona State University; Refika Koseler; Stuart Graham Bowden, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

someeducational technology tools are, and how we are adapting them for existing content in a PVwebsite. This photovoltaic web-based environment is a test-bed for the infusion of educationaltechnology to promote and develop effective additional educational resources, potentiallyinforming emerging and interdisciplinary fields of engineering in the future.Education Technology With the proliferation and exponential growth of computers and mobile technologies,access to much of the world’s information is cheap, easy, and fast.14 Technology becomes anindispensable part of our lives globally as it informs and provides a platform to improve the wayswe communicate, learn, and teach. Since the very first introduction of computers, educationaltechnologists

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary P. Halada, Stony Brook University; Nada Marie Anid, New York Institute of Technology; Marta A Panero, New York Institute of Technology; Nicole Simon, Nassau Community College; Yeong Ryu, State University of New York, Farmingdale; Barbara Hillery, SUNY Old Westbury

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #16514NSF TUES Grant: A Collaborative, Multi-Campus Program to EnhanceSTEM Learning in Energy Science, Technology and PolicyDr. Gary P. Halada, Stony Brook University Dr. Halada, Associate Professor in Materials Science and Engineering at Stony Brook University, directs an interdisciplinary undergraduate degree program in Engineering Science. He designs educational ma- terials focused on nanotechnology, advanced manufacturing, and how engineers learn from engineering disasters and how failure and risk analysis can be used to teach about ethics and societal implications of emerging technologies. Halada also

Conference Session

Graduate College Industry Partnerships

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reem Khojah, University of California, San Diego; Alyssa Catherine Taylor, University of California San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP)

-lecture formative assessments and designing AI-proof assignments. Her educational background includes a B.S. in Medical Technology, a Master’s degree in Chemical and Biological Engineering from KAUST, and a Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the University of California, Los Angeles. Reem has also engaged in post-doctoral research at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and the University of California, Irvine.Dr. Alyssa Catherine Taylor, University of California San Diego Alyssa C. Taylor is a Teaching Professor in bioengineering with thirteen years of teaching experience across introductory, laboratory, and capstone design courses. Her teaching career began in 2010 when she joined the University of Washington as an

Conference Session

Computers in Education Poster Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Jeff Kimble

college or a technical orengineering college. The two models are labeled as either Management Focus or TechnologyFocus. The influence of UNC Charlotte’s revised FSET curriculum is evident in the technologyfocus model being considered by the NFA. The technology focus model consists of the followingcomponents: Safety and Risk Reduction Management of Large Scale Emergencies Fire Dynamics Active Protection Page 7.52.4“Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2002, American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

LEES 4: Understanding and Disrupting Engineering Cultures

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chandra Turpen, University of Maryland College Park; Jennifer Radoff, University of Maryland College Park; Keeron Rahman, University of Maryland College Park; Paul Adkins, University of Maryland College Park; Harkirat Sangha; Samshritha Bikki

impactedhuman rights and capabilities (e.g. life, bodily health, bodily integrity, the development andexpression of senses, imagination and thought, emotional health, practical reason, affiliation,relationships with others, play, and control over one’s environment).Our approach in this paper is also informed by design-based research [34-38]. In design-basedresearch (DBR), scholars are striving to model how the design of a learning environment isconsequential for the forms of participation and engagement that emerge in that setting (e.g.design conjectures) [38]. Additionally DBR scholars seek to build claims about how those formsof participation and engagement lead to particular outcomes (e.g. theoretical conjectures) [38].To state this more

Conference Session

Scholar Program Proposal/Develop Courses and Materials/Collaborations and Accredatation Systems for Global Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Shumway, Brigham Young University; SClaudina Vargas, Complex Systems Optimization Lab; Geoff Wright; Ronald Terry, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

International

from less privileged backgrounds.It is hoped that these students will then rise to the highest educational standards, pursue studiesand careers in mathematics, science, and engineering fields, and make a difference in the world -creating opportunities to further advance science and technology in their countries andcommunities and to promote sustainable development.MACILE started in 2007 in the Hitavo-Nigua (Ytabo) region of the DR. Ytabo is approximately20 miles southwest of the capital, Santo Domingo. The region includes six towns with anestimated student population of 11,800 (from informal records). The median monthly income isless than US$150. On average, parents have completed through the 5th level of primary school(Survey, 2007). Less

Collection

2019 CIEC

Authors

Peter Rogers; Clinton Martin

cost estimating. The outcomes of the study revealed severalinteresting results regarding student reactions to blended learning, the role of blended learning increating a student-centered learning environment, and the importance of active learning activitiesin keeping students engaged and motivated.KeywordsBlended learning, online instruction, constructionIntroductionThis section addresses the primary motivations for initiating the project and provides detailsregarding how the online and face-to-face elements are blended within each course. The authorsalso provide background information regarding the evolution of blended learning with anexamination of how its implementation has evolved with technological advances in computing

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division (ARCHE) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eugene Kwak, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale

Tagged Divisions

Architectural Engineering Division (ARCHE)

eyes and employs handheld controllers to interact with the virtual content, shown in figure 1.2. VR has a wide range of applications and in architecture and design, VR can be used for visualizing designs, presenting to clients, and for creating virtual walkthroughs of buildings before they are constructed. [2] Figure 1.1 Image Courtesy Meta Figure 1.2 • Augmented Reality (AR): This technology provides the means to overlays digital information on a real-world display. AR involves using an electronic device with a camera to display digital information superimposed on the real-world view seen through the device's screen. AR enhances the physical world by providing additional information

Collection

2004 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Suzanna Long; David G. Spurlock

respect to workgroups as well. Virtual teams are vital components of globalmanagement systems. Created in response to increasing global competition, coupled withadvances in information and communications technology, virtual teams allow multiple levels ofinteraction and eliminate barriers to the marketplace. Moreover, they are a method ofoutsourcing organizational functions to create a leaner, more competitive landscape. Many organizations are turning to outsourcing to meet organizational needs from a maximumcost-benefit perspective. Contracting certain tasks garners the skills the organization needswithout long-term cash outlay. The move from traditional, face-to-face teams to virtual teams is driven by five majorfactors: • The