Conference Session

Software Applications in ET Programs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MADDUMAGE KARUNARATNE, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

fortheir usage without loss in course time to teach writing MATLAB scripts and functions. Having tolearn another programming (scripting) language along with C cannot be too significant an extra effortwhen both are being taught, provided the course content is managed properly. In order to gauge theperceptions, difficulty and effort levels, a survey was done at the end of the semester. It should benoted that the regular grading assessments also included MATLAB specific problems to keep studentsmotivated in their learning. An incentive was the occasional hands-on sessions to show, tryout andpractice visualization graphics and simple animations provided by the instructor. In a project towardend of the course, students demonstrated their grasp of

Conference Session

K-12 Computer Science and Computational Thinking Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Afrin Naz, West Virginia University Inst. of Tech.; Mingyu Lu, West Virginia University Inst. of Tech.

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Ballroom Lab 1:30 – 3 State-of-the-art of computing Cutting edge technologies Engineering Lab 3 – 3:30 Break Ballroom Lab 3:30 – 4 Surveys to Google Computer Lab 4–5 Concluding session Post-workshop activities Engineering LabSession 1: Computational thinkingThis session intends to educate the audience (i.e., high school teachers) about the fundamentalconcepts of computing. During this session we demonstrated how high school teaching wouldbetter prepare the students for statewide assessments and for college degrees that involvecomputers and computing. Extensive

Conference Session

Innovative Pedagogy in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew D. Lovell P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sean P Brophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sensen Li, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

critical concepts associated with thedynamics of physical systems. Topics included (1) two and three-dimensional particle Page 23.281.3kinematics, (2) two-dimensional rigid body kinematics, (3) the equation of motion, (4) theprinciple of work and energy, and (5) the principle of impulse and momentum. This taxonomyof topics was based on the chapter sequence outlined in the course textbook[8]. Each chaptercontains many useful worked examples and practice problems based on fundamental principles.In past offerings, the students’ performance on exams was adequate, but the variance was higherthan desired. The exams assessed students’ abilities to solve

Conference Session

Manufacturing Partnerships

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Tony Lee Kerzmann, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

bachelor’s of arts in physics from Duquesne University and a bach- elor’s of science in mechanical engineering from the University of Pittsburgh in 2004. After graduating, Kerzmann enrolled in graduate school at the University of Pittsburgh, where he graduated with a mas- ter’s of science and a doctorate of philosophy in mechanical engineering in 2007 and 2010, respectively. Kerzmann is currently an Assistant Professor and Mechanical Engineering Coordinator at Robert Morris University, where he teaches mechanical engineering courses, as well as courses on alternative energy. His research interests include hybrid concentrating photovoltaic systems, energy system life cycle assessment, renewable energy product development

Conference Session

Dynamics - Wow! They accelerate

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sudhir Kaul, University of Mount Union; Pattabhi Sitaram, Baker College, Flint, MI

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

student assessment. It may be noted that all exams are scheduled during the timeallocated for the tutorial session to avoid losing any lecture time during the semester. Sophomore Year EGE 210 Material Statics & Science & Dynamics Mechanics (4 credits) of Materials Junior Year Kinematics & Structural Dynamics of Analysis Machinery Fig. 1. Curriculum Layout – Statics, Dynamics and other

Conference Session

Materials Science Education for the Future

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd C. Hufnagel, Johns Hopkins University; Michael J. Reese Jr., Johns Hopkins University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

of a four-year study in Page 23.364.4which the Structure of Materials course is taught using a traditional lecture approach and anactive learning approach in alternate years. The study began in fall 2011 with a lecture-basedformat and continued in fall 2012 with the active learning approach. Prior to this the instructorhad taught Structure of Materials twice at the undergraduate level and nine times at the graduatelevel. He is an experienced instructor on the course topics prior to the onset of the study.We are assessing the effectiveness of the active learning approach using three instruments. Tomeasure

Conference Session

Software Engineering Outreach: Industry, K-12

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clare McInerney, Lero - the Irish Software Engineering Research Centre; Mike Hinchey, Lero-the Irish Software Engineering Reseaach Centre

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

to arise in the ICT sector with growth at 6.1%annually over the period of 2005-2010, translating into a net job creation of 11,000 over this fiveyear period.The output from undergraduate computing programmes is 754 in 2009 [9] and 959 in 2011. Thebulletin further notes that there is a particular difficulty in filling available positions in the ICTsector for software engineers and computer programmers. Our E&O programme specificallyaddresses this problem. In Ireland, there is no “computing/computer science” subject, officialcomputing curriculum or a US-like advanced placement programme at junior or senior level inhigh school. However, recently we have been commissioned by the National Centre forCurriculum and Assessment (NCCA) to write a

Conference Session

Materials Science Education for the Future

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eunice Yang, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Materials

-, respectively. Although the sample size is low, this observation is inagreement with literature [6] that supports the benefits of active learning for students who typically do notdo well academically.At the end of the semester part of the Learning Gains Assessment [3] obtained from www.cihub.org wasadministered to the students (reference Table 4). The Learning Gains Assessment asked students “Howmuch did each of the following activities help your learning?” The in-class demonstrations had the mostfavorable impact on student learning as over 50% of the students felt that it help their learning “a lot”.The author believes this was the case because the demonstrations were actually very fun to observe aswell as contained hands-on participation that

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan W. Klingbeil, Wright State University; Anthony Bourne, Wright State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

. Moreover,roughly half of the college's incoming enrollment consists of computer science and engineering(CS/CEG) majors, for whom EGR 101 is not a required course. As a result, a multiyearassessment of the program revealed that only about 1/3 of our incoming students were evertaking EGR 101.As a result of this finding, Wright State developed EGR 100 Preparatory Mathematics forEngineering and Computer Science, the inaugural offering of which enrolled over one hundredMPL 3 and 4 students in Fall, 2007 (undertemporary course number EGR 199). Thesestudents are two or three classes behind Calc I(which requires an MPL 7) and are not immediatelyeligible for EGR 101. Assessment has shown thatMPL 3 and 4 students make up about 1/3 of ourcollege's incoming

Conference Session

CIP Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Danielson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Chell A. Roberts, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

be delivered by the program’s faculty,the latter issue should not be significant. However, the use of company engineers to overseeprojects and the intellectual property issues that may prohibit project technical content frombeing revealed to the program’s regular faculty has sparked discussion. Fortunately, by theprogram’s assessment and continuous improvement plan, the significant course outcomes thatneed to be assessed in the project courses do not rest on the technical specifics but on theprofessional skills demonstrated by the students. Thus the intellectual property of the technicalwork can be protected. This realization seems to have addressed initial concerns about this issue.RecommendationsBased on this experience, the following

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Research in Physics or Engineering Physics II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve E. Watkins, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

physical principles anddevice behavior and an improved sequence in electronics instruction are outcomes.I. IntroductionElectronics is a particularly important area of electrical and computer engineering (ECE) and hasbeen recognized by the National Academy of Engineering as one of the twenty “GreatestEngineering Achievements1.” It gives instrumentation and processing support. It gives thehardware integral to systems and projects. It is a core area for assessment examinations such asthe Fundamentals of Engineering (FE)2 and for curricula guidelines such as the NationalStandards for Computer Engineering3. The study and analysis of key nonlinear semiconductordevices including diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers are foundations for

Conference Session

Global Issues in Engineering Education

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Joseph Akinmusuru

. Degrees from HKIE-Hong Kong and ECSA-South Africa are generally accepted beginning in 1995 and 1999, respectively, the dates these accrediting bodies were accepted as signatories of the Accord. For degrees earned prior to the aforementioned dates, each signatory country assesses the degrees on an individual basis. They should be contacted individually for specific policies on this matter.” (http://www.washingtonaccord.org/wash_accord_faq.html13).The following statement by the ECSA gives an insight into the frustrations that may be faced infuture by engineers in signatories countries as the Accord membership grows: “As has been reported before, ECSA interpreted the agreement that full admittance

Conference Session

Tenure and Promotion Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

David Cottrell

address the needs of employers and students as well as theinstitution as a prerequisite for developing and sustaining a program characterized bycontinuous improvement.1 Certainly, a commitment to quality, continuous processimprovement, and customer satisfaction is not new within management circles.Nevertheless, its current creative extension into the day-to-day activities of academia hassignificantly changed the way programs self-assess their effectiveness; they have slowlybegun measure success as an institution and as faculty in terms of their ability to engageand subsequently satisfy the needs of their “customers.” The engaged university bydefinition uses its scholarly resources to address the needs of society, including the variousconstituents

Conference Session

Potpourri Design

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Mark Thompson; William Riffe; Laura Rust; Brenda Lemke; B. Lee Tuttle; Henry Kowalski; Douglas Melton; Lucy King; Jacqueline El-Sayed

instructions, assessment methods, results and improvements made from term to term.A section on how this course links manufacturing / industrial with mechanical and electrical/computer engineering; how interdisciplinary material feed forward to the education system andhow they relate to the program outcomes of ECE, EE, IE, ME, MfgE was added. This binderserves as a documentation folder for ABET accreditation visits.The initial offering of the course was not without its difficulties and this section will attempt toaddress some of them and ways to improve the situation. In assessment, there is often a long listand a short (more imminent) list of areas for improvement. This paper discusses the major onesin the short list. They are categorized as (1

Conference Session

Capstone and International Experiences

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rob O. Hovsapian, Florida State University; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M University/Florida State University; Juan Ordonez, Florida A&M University/Florida State University; Jose Vargas, Universidade Federal de Parana; Necesio Gomes Costa, Universidade Federal de Itajubá

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Page 25.572.7coordination between them, therefore the design coordinators from each department workedtogether throughout the year to establish guidelines for the students working outside theirdepartments. For effective assessments they also developed a grading rubric for how individualsand groups are to be evaluated which made the grading more objective and consistent, andprovided the students with in-depth feedback on each graded assignment and overall coursegrade. 10 The design coordinator responsible for the lead department also meets with each team ina staff meeting setup at least every other week scheduled and more frequently if requested by theteam or the coordinator to address any issues or challenges that the team is facing. The

Conference Session

Contextual Competencies

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christel Heylen, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven; Jos Vander Sloten, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

students and the contents of the reports matter as well asthe writing style. This paper describes the mixture of teaching and assessment methodsimplemented within the first year of the engineering curriculum at KU Leuven to ensure thatall 400 students gradually learn more about the basic principles of writing technical reports.After instruction by the didactic team, the students are practicing by writing technical reports(learning by doing). After grading, the student teams are forced to reflect on receivedfeedback. Furthermore, an interactive seminar using clicking devices is implemented,together with a peer review assignment. The paper first describes the implementation of thetechnical writing assignments. To study the efficacy of the writing

Conference Session

Factors Impacting Engineering Career Choices, Including Engaging Families

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Massi, University of Central Florida; Charles H. Reilly, University of Central Florida; Diane Johnson, University of Central Florida; Leslie Castner, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2012-3204: EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS: THE IMPACT OF A ONE-DAY STEM CONFERENCE ON MIDDLE SCHOOL GIRLS’ AND PAR-ENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD STEM CAREERSDr. Lisa Massi, University of Central Florida Lisa Massi is the Director of Operations Analysis in the UCF College of Engineering & Computer Sci- ence. Her primary responsibilities include accreditation, assessment, and data administration. She is a Co-PI of a NSF-funded S-STEM program at UCF entitled the ”Young Entrepreneur & Scholar (YES) Scholarship Program.” Her research interests include factors that impact student persistence to graduation and STEM career intentions.Dr. Charles H. Reilly, University of Central Florida Charles H. Reilly is the Associate Dean

Conference Session

Teaching and Learning Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Owe G. Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering; R. David Kent, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Christina Howe, University of Evansville; Mary B. Vollaro, Western New England University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, science and math. The definitionof general education is intended to include the humanities, social sciences, and business.The purpose of an education is not just to provide job skills, but to provide the foundation for alifetime series of careers. Engineering graduates should recognize that while technical skills arereadily perishable, professional skills/competencies are more likely to endure. The latter skillswill play a key role in career advancement and job survival since professional skills, whenaccompanied by technical skills, provide long-term career value. This includes but is not limitedto the ability to recognize societal needs, assess perceived versus real needs, work with others toaddress these needs, communicate effectively, and

Conference Session

ETD Design I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Border, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

elsewhere in otherdata lines or parity lines to illustrate other syndromes.Figure 9. Parity Encoded in Triangular Form Work in MultismIII. AssessmentIntentional lab assessment work is done formally through examination of submitted studentlaboratory work, grading of laboratory work content, grading of written examinations andreading the student laboratory feedback solicited at the end of the semester. Additionally,informally collected feedback is provided by students throughout the semester. There are anumber of positive outcomes indicated through these assessments.  Simulations are built in the allotted time. Most students obtain the expected simulation results. Many students report that troubleshooting the GUI programs is less tedious

Conference Session

Ethical Cases and Curricula

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu, St.Joseph’s College; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

, engineering colleges have been formulating and implementing assessment andfeedback processes for improving their curricula as required by the ABET accreditation criteria.Through these processes, many departments identified the need for improving the ethicscomponents of their curricula. Since there is no consensus on learning objectives or pedagogicalapproaches for ethics education, faculty in many engineering colleges including the authors ofthis paper, have integrated ethics into their curricula rather than having students take a course inphilosophy or ethics5-7.The ethical behavior of an individual becomes even more important as business, industry, andeducation fields are challenged to perform at optimum levels due to globalization and

Conference Session

Outreach Activities and Introductory Materials Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter R. Hondred, Iowa State University; Karri M. Haen, Iowa State University; Adah Leshem, Iowa State University; Michael R. Kessler, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

crucial for safety as well as an excellent way to explain the application to the energy unit in the science curriculum. 4. Endothermic Reaction – Similar to the exothermic reaction, this activity used a mixture of vinegar and baking soda. As the temperature decreases, the lead author discussed with the students the effects of endothermic reactions and again references the need for understanding a reaction and applying it to the science curriculum. In order to evaluate the effect of the resident engineer in the classroom, pre- and post-surveyinstruments were implemented to assess 8th grade student attitudes to science and engineering as well asstudent understanding of concepts relating to materials science

Conference Session

Considerations for the Collection Conscious Librarian

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theresa M. Calcagno, George Mason University; Jessica Bowdoin, George Mason University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

reviewedavailable statistics and assessed the success of the program. The criteria used to determine if theprogram would continue included the number of circulations for each title, the number of ILLrequests received for these textbooks, and feedback from faculty and Reserves staff. Thedecision was made to continue the program for Spring 2010 because: • more than half of the Reserve items circulated five times or more during the first semester; • ILL staff noticed a decrease in the number of borrowing requests for textbooks received; and • feedback from both Reserves staff and IT/E faculty involved with this program was positive. In January 2010, the IT/E librarian used the list of identified courses and updated theengineering

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth A. Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Dianna L. Newman, University at Albany/SUNY; Meghan Morris Deyoe, University at Albany/SUNY; Craig J. Scott, Morgan State University; Mohamed F. Chouikha, Howard University; Yacob Astatke, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

provided, acrosssemesters by both developing and non-developing faculty. In addition, the Mobile Studio I/OBoard was used in two courses for electrical engineering majors taught at external sites:‘Elements of Electrical Engineering’ and ‘Network Analysis.’16Previous papers have provided scientific evidence pertaining to the use of this platform15-17. Allof the programs utilize standard assessment tools as part of their accreditation procedures and thecore partners have used additional pre- and post-surveys, interviews, and observations to betterunderstand how the approach works as an educational experience for students. In addition, someof the tools developed in the core program are now being adapted for use at other schools forcomparison purposes

Conference Session

Ethics and Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed S. Khan, DeVry University, DuPage; Aram Agajanian, DeVry University, Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

risks and failures, and (4) developing informedand ethical personal decision-making and leadership to solve problems in a technological world.7 Page 25.965.5 Advances in Nanotechnology also present numerous challenges and risks in health andenvironmental areas. Nanotechnology risk assessment methods and protocols need to bedeveloped and implement by the regulatory bodies. Eric Drexler, author of Engines of Creationhas identified four challenges in dealing with the development, impact andeffects of Nanotechnology on society.8 (1) The Challenge of Technological Development (control over the structure of matter) (2

Conference Session

Design Cognition I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Gerard Spillane, University of Limerick; Niall Seery, University of Limerick; Donal Canty, University of Limerick; Diarmaid Lane, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

) Examining fewer alternativesThe importance of developing search rules, stopping rules, and decision rules was highlighted byRaab & Gignezer [19]. This led to the question, does the nature of the task impact on theeffectiveness of the participant? Or is it simply the level at which they (the problem-solver) havedeveloped their search rule, stopping rule, and/or decision rule.The capacity to highlight trends in problem-solving and individual heuristics that could bemonitored and tracked across a broad range (five themed areas) was considered. The divergentnature of technology meant that the method employed in codifying and assessing would have to bedeveloped in a proactive/ reactive manner.MethodTest toolThe Information Communication Technology

Conference Session

The Designer of 2020: Innovations in Teaching Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mikhail Gershfeld S.E., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Charles B. Chadwell, California State Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo; Sean P. Brophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

toward implementation on a broader scale.This introductory paper outlines the WEI framework as a work in progress vision consisting of aVirtual Classroom, Virtual Laboratory, and Virtual Studio as three pillars of the Virtual LearningEnvironment. At the time of the authorship of this paper, the Virtual Classroom model has beenlaunched and student assessment has been conducted at California Polytechnic State Universitiesat both Pomona and San Luis Obispo. Presented herein are details of the WEI framework, thepedagogy of the packaged curriculum with the available online streaming teaching modules,details of the launched pilot program, and students’ perceptions of the pilot program coursecontent and its delivery through the NEESacademy powered by

Conference Session

Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Garrett Clayton, Villanova University; James O'Brien, Villanova University; Kenneth Kroos, Villanova University; Amy Fleischer, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

efforts in the course include the integration of content from state-of-the-art topics, such as mechatronics and nanotechnology, into both the laboratory and lecture.The topics addressed in this paper are the initial development of the course, the evolution of thecourse over the past eight years, the current state of the course, student assessment of the course,and plans for future development.This MEA&D class differs from typical introduction to engineering classes1-14 in two main areas:1) the class is offered to sophomore students and 2) the inclusion of higher-level engineeringcontent. First, this class is offered to sophomore students, while typical introductory engineeringcourses are offered to freshmen1-12. The Villanova University

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Fitzpatrick, Drexel University; Adam Fontecchio, Drexel University; Eli Fromm, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

., Perkins, D. N. & Globerson, T. Partners in Cognition: Extending Human Intelligence with Intelligent Technologies. Educational Researcher 20, 2-9 (1991).13 Doppelt, Y. Assessing creative thinking in design-based learning. International Journal of Technology and Design Education 19, 55-65, doi:10.1007/s10798-006-9008-y (2009).14 Herrington, J. & Herrington, A. Authentic assessment and multimedia: How university students respond to a model of authentic assessment. Higher Education Research and Development 17, 305-322 (1998).15 Williams, V. L. Merging University Students into K-12 Science Reform. (RAND, 2002

Conference Session

Teacher and Counselor Professional Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beth Spencer, Georgia Institute of Technology; Donna Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2010-1230: RECRUITING ENGINEERING STUDENTS INTO K-12 TEACHINGBeth Spencer, Georgia Institute of Technology Ms. Beth Spencer is the Director of Pre-Teaching at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and Pre-Teaching Advisor. She received her B.A. in History from the University of Georgia.Donna Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Donna C. Llewellyn is the Director of the Center for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning (CETL) and an adjunct associate professor in Industrial and Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Her current areas of research are in equity of engineering education and assessment of instruction. Donna is a co-PI on the Tech to Teaching

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary First Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Dinehart, Villanova University; Joseph Yost, Villanova University; Shawn Gross, Villanova University; Aleksandra Radlinska, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

-project. A minimum or maximum page length was notspecified, but students were told to be concise in their write-ups. Report lengths varied slightly, Page 15.1253.11but were generally around 25 pages in length. Page 15.1253.12Figure 11. Example of a student poster from the SMARTBEAM® mini-project Page 15.1253.13Figure 12. Example of a student poster from the acoustic mini-projectAssessmentCourse Assessment and Teaching Surveys (CATS) are given at the conclusion of each course atVillanova University. The