Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Valerie L. Young; Peter L. Silsbee; Joseph W. Newkirk; Bradford L. Snowden; Anu Maria; Jerry W. Samples

not further the students’ interest in the subject matter.Did you learn anything about yourself during the experience?: Two things: 1. I am better than a lot of engineering teachers. 2. I am worse than a lot of engineering teachers.Therefore, there is a lot of room for improvement to achieve my goal of being a top-notchengineering educator. My strong points in my fellow participants’ words: has a well-modulated and enthusiastic voice, involves students, is confident, has lots of enthusiasmand energy, maintains good eye contact, provides good everyday examples students canrelate to, handles confusion well. My weak points: engages in excessive questioning,exhibits lack of attention to some details (e.g. covering topics in an

Conference Session

Construction Session 4: Outside of the Construction Curriculum

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William P Manion, University of Maine

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Paper ID #14547A Faculty Summer Internship Case StudyMr. William P Manion, University of Maine Mr. Manion is an Assistant Professor in the Construction Engineering Technology Program. Prior to his current appointment, he was an Instructor in Civil and Environmental Engineering for fourteen years. His interests include industry collaboration, alternative pathways to engineering degrees, workforce develop- ment and sustainable methods in building construction. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 A Faculty Summer Internship Case StudyThis paper describes a case

Conference Session

Technology Integration in Manufacturing Curriculum

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Derek M Yip-Hoi, Western Washington University; David Gill P.E., Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing Division (MFG)

University Dr. David Gill is an Assistant Professor of Manufacturing Engineering at Western Washington University where he specializes in CAD/CAM and CNC. Prior to coming to Western, Dr. Gill was Principal Member of the Technical Staff at Sandia National Laboratori ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Adapting CAD/CAM and CNC Curriculum to Advances in TechnologyOne of the challenges faced in manufacturing engineering education is how best to teach important,traditional content while branching out into new areas that are emerging as manufacturingtechnologies evolve. Dealing with this challenge requires a clear understanding of what is thefoundational material for a MFGE student to

Collection

2015 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Colin Neill; Joanna DeFranco; Amanda Neill

framework for facilitating effective engineering student teams and its impact on individual learning, International Journal of Collaborative Engineering, Vol. 1, No.3/4, pp. 213-235, 2014. 2. Topping, K.J., “The effectiveness of peer tutoring in further and higher education: A typology and review of the literature”, Higher Education, 32: pp. 321-345, 1996. 3. Lindren, D.M., Meier, S.E., “The Effects of Minimal and Maximal Peer Tutoring Systems on the Academic Performance of College Students,” Psychological Record, Volume 41, No 1, pp. 69-78, 1991. 4. Damon, W., “Peer Education: The Untapped Potential”, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, Volume 5, pp. 331-343, 1984. 5. Falchikov

Collection

2024 PNW Section Annual Meeting

Authors

Bryce E. Hughes; Nickolas Lambert; Emmanuel Teye

wereobserved between STEM and non-STEM students, meaning that gender identity and networkhomophily play a stronger role in sense of belonging than being a STEM major. Overall, thesefindings support the conception of homophily as an indicator of a supportive STEM learningenvironment for LGBTQ students, fostering equitable education. This emphasizes the need fortargeted support mechanisms within academic disciplines to enhance the persistence and successof LGBTQ students in higher education.Introduction LGBTQ people and identities have become political targets recently, and most especiallytransgender, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming people, as state legislators have introducedhundreds of bills policing gender identity and expression in the

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 14: Introductory Programming Assessment, Plagiarism, Motivation, Engagement, and Textbooks

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Alford, University of Michigan; Heather Rypkema, University of Michigan; Ryien Hosseini, University of Michigan; Megan Beemer, University of Michigan; Harsh Jhaveri, University of Michigan

Engineering, also from the University of Michigan. In addition to his pursuing his degree, Harsh is also a graduate student instructor (GSI) for Engineering 101, Introduction to Computers and Programming, a first-semester course mandatory for all engineering students. In addition to his teaching duties, Harsh has helped facilitate and develop course logistics, course development, and professional development for staff members through the Foundational Course Initiative at the University of Michigan. Outside of teaching, Harsh enjoys developing software for autonomous aircraft systems, cooking, and collecting Vinyl LPs.Ryien HosseiniMegan Beemer © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shamima Mithun, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Xiao Luo, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

Paper ID #41140Designing Course Level-Appropriate Mentoring for Computing StudentsDr. Shamima Mithun, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis Senior Lecturer at Computer Information Technology (CIT) department, IUPUI I received my Ph.D. in Compter Science in 2012.Xiao Luo, Oklahoma State University ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Designing Course Level-appropriate Mentoring for Computing Students Shamima Mithun Xiao Luo Computer and Information Technology Department of Management Science &

Conference Session

Faculty Development Round Table

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oksana Zhirosh, Innopolis University; Joseph Alexander Brown, Innopolis University; David Tickner, Faculty professional development consultant

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Constituent Committee

science with a concentration in software engineering, and M.Sc. in computer science from Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada in 2007 and 2009, respectively. He received the Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Guelph in 2014. He received the 2009 Graduate TA Award from Brock University. He is an ISW Trainer and has facilitated numerous training for Russian educational improvement. He previously worked for Magna International Inc. as a Manufacturing Systems Analyst and as a visiting researcher at ITU Copenhagen. He is currently an Assistant Professor and head of the Artificial Intelli- gence in Games Development Lab at Innopolis University in Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia and an

Conference Session

Student Paper Presentation

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Melvin, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Students Constituent Committee

AC 2010-572: TALES OF A 24TH GRADE NOTHING: A SURVIVOR'S GUIDE TOGRADUATE SCHOOLAdam Melvin, North Carolina State University Adam Melvin is a doctoral student in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at North Carolina State University currently finishing up his dissertation. He recieved an MS in Chemical Engineering from NC State, a BS in Chemical Engineering and a BA in Chemistry from the University of Arizona. Adam has been very active in engineering education while at NC State serving as a TA and an instructor in addition to running informal TA training sessions. Page 15.1163.1

Conference Session

AERO 2: Innovative Pedagogy and Hands-on Learning 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zain Zafar Khan; Zachary Alan Sobelman; Sharanabasaweshwara Asundi, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace Division (AERO)

engaged in several teaching and research activities, largely focused on furthering the Space Systems Engineering Program at ODU. He has engaged in research collaboration with National Aeronautics and Space Administration as a Science Collaborator and a Principal Investigator and has been awarded grants by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and National Science Foundation, among others. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Exploring Additive Manufacturing in a Space Environment - A Capstone Design Project ExperienceAbstractThis paper discusses the experiential learning from engaging in a capstone design project

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 4

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Heather Lai, State University of New York at New Paltz; Anne C Balant, State University of New York at New Paltz

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

years, she has collaboratively developed a number of new and revised courses, including a new System Dynamics Lab. She has also worked with a number of SUNY students to investigate different aspects of 3D printed multi-material structures.Anne C Balant, State University of New York at New Paltz ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Implementation of short-term undergraduate psychoacoustics research involving human subjects.IntroductionThis work discusses the development and implementation of a five -week undergraduatepsychoacoustics research project involving human subjects. It describes the required preparationand scaffolding necessary for undergraduate students with

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Faye R. Jones, Florida State University; Marcia A. Mardis, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Priyanka Prajapati, LPL Financial; Pallavi Ramakanth Kowligi, Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

interests include application of Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning techniques in the field of education. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Facilitating Advanced Manufacturing Technicians’ Readiness in the Rural Economy: A Competency-Based Deductive ApproachAbstractWhile rural manufacturing job availability is growing throughout the country, rural communitiesoften lack skilled workers. Thus, it is imperative for employers to validate needed newprofessional competencies by understanding which skills can be taught on-the-job as well as theknowledge and abilities best gained through classroom learning and experiential

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Caleb James O'Malley, University of Florida; Ashish Aggarwal, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

Paper ID #29844Evaluating the Effectiveness of Lab Practice in Context of PriorProgramming Experience in an Introductory Programming CourseCaleb James O’Malley, University of Florida Caleb O’Malley is a third-year undergraduate student of Computer Engineering at the University of Florida. Caleb has been a research assistant with the Computational Reasoning Group at UF for over a year, studying different aspects of computer science education for non-majors.Ashish Aggarwal, University of Florida Ashish Aggarwal is a Lecturer of Computer Science in the Department of Engineering Education at the Herbert Wertheim College of

Conference Session

ERM: Let's Continue the Conversation about Tests! Part 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Jay, University of Oklahoma; Doyle Dodd, University of Oklahoma

Paper ID #36732Efficacy of the Dual-Submission Homework MethodJoshua Jay Graduate student from the University of Oklahoma.Doyle Dodd (Assistant Professor of Practice) Industrial & Systems Engr. Department, University of Oklahoma. Teaching-focused professor, currently teaching CAD, Ergonomics, Intro to ISE, Capstone © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Efficacy of the Dual-Submission Homework Method Joshua Jay Dr. Doyle

Conference Session

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Bring-Your-Own-Experiments 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger A Beardsley PE, Central Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Paper ID #11540BYOE: Using the Biodiesel Process as a Lab Activity to Reinforce ChemistryConceptsMr. Roger A Beardsley PE, Central Washington University Roger Beardsley is an associate professor of Mechanical Engineering Technology at Central Washington University, Ellensburg WA. He teaches classes in Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer, among others. His professional interests include renewable energy, including biofuels. Page 26.318.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanics: Modes and Methods

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip Cornwell, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Ioan Feier; Nicholas J. Marco; Danielle Ozment

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics Division (MECHS)

Paper ID #37050Flipping a Required Mechanics Course with Different InstructorsDr. Phillip Cornwell, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Phillip Cornwell is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the United States Air Force Academy and is an Emeritus Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1989 and his present interests include structural dynamics, struc- tural health monitoring, and undergraduate engineering education. Dr. Cornwell has received an SAE Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award in 1992, and the Dean’s Outstanding Teacher award at

Conference Session

WIED: Partnering with and Supporting the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Maltese, Indiana University-Bloomington; Kelli Paul, Indiana University-Bloomington; Jungsun Kim, Indiana University-Bloomington; Allison Godwin, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Andrew Katz, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Amanda Diekman

Paper ID #37992Collateral Damage: Investigating the Impacts of COVID onSTEM Professionals with Caregiving ResponsibilitiesKelli Paul Dr. Kelli Paul is a postdoctoral researcher at the Center for Research on Learning and Technology at Indiana University where her research focuses on the development of STEM interests, identity, and career aspirations in children and adolescents.Jungsun Kim (Research Scientist)Amanda Diekman (Professor)Allison Godwin (Associate Professor) Allison Godwin, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor of Engineering Education and of Chemical Engineering at Purdue University. She is also the

Conference Session

Construction 2: Teaching Using Projects, Case Studies, and Service Learning

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise Diana Gravitt, Western Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Paper ID #19031Using Debate as an Inductive Learning Technique with Construction CaseStudiesDr. Denise Diana Gravitt, Western Illinois University BS Civil Engineering, Purdue University; MS Engineering (Mechanical Engineering) Purdue University; PhD Technology Management (Construction Management), Indiana State University. Associate Professor of Construction Management at WIU. 10 years industry experience in commercial and industrial/process construction prior to beginning teaching career at Indiana State University in 1999. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Using Debate

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Methods and Learning Models

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ross B Kaplan, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Timothy M Johnson P.E., Wentworth Institute of Technology; Ralf Oliver Schneider, Wentworth Institute of Technology ; Shankar Muthu Krishnan, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Technology (WIT). He joined the faculty at WIT in the Fall of 2010, after several years teaching Industrial Design coursework at the University of Cincinnati and working as the Assistant Director / Senior Researcher at the Live Well Collaborative. His research interests include industrial design research, interdisciplinary product development and design thinking.Shankar M Krishnan, Ph.D., Wentworth Institute of Technology Shankar Krishnan is the Director of Biomedical Engineering and H.C. Lord Chair Professor at the Went- worth Institute of Technology in Boston. After earning Ph.D. from the University of Rhode Island, he has worked for over twenty years in academia, medical device industry and in hospitals, at the

Conference Session

Undergraduate Space Design and Project Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Kuhlman, West Virginia University; Donald Gray, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

is a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at WVU. He received his Ph.D. degree in 1974 and his M.S. degree in 1969, both from Purdue University, and his B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Tulane University in 1968. His research interests include spray cooling, reduced gravity fluid mechanics and heat transfer, and CO2 migration modeling. He is a course instructor for the WVU Microgravity Research Team project course. Page 13.1414.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 “Microgravity Research Team” (MRT) Project Course

Conference Session

Design, Build, Fly (DBF)/AIAA Student Competition/UA

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence Boyer, Saint Louis University; Christopher Peck, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

practical applications was achieved. In order to make the necessary calculations and understand the processes, knowledge from all prior coursework was combined. This was the first time the members of the group were able to apply learning from the entire spectrum of engineering knowledge to make collaborative, informed decisions. As the project advances, the group becomes more knowledgeable of the aircraft itself and the procedure used in designing it. With this knowledge arises the challenge of presenting and explaining the ideas; which has supplied additional educational value for the group. Understanding the knowledge gained during the design of the project has been a difficult task; however, presenting to peers as well

Conference Session

The ABCs of FBDs

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Eric Davishahl, Whatcom Community College; Todd Haskell; Lee Singleton, Whatcom Community College; Matthew Parsons Fuentes

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

University, a MS in mathematics and PhD in biomedical mathematics from Florida State University. His current interests include 3D-printing, active learning, and infusing more physical activity into mathematics courses. Recent grant positions include principal investigator on the NSF-funded grant ”EAGER: MAKER: Engaging Math Students with 3D-Printing for STEM Success and co-PI on the NSF-funded grant ”Collaborative Research: Improving Representational Competence by Engaging with Physical Modeling in Foundational STEM Courses”.Matthew Parsons Fuentes, American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021Do They Need to See It to Learn It? Spatial Abilities

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Alexander IV, Tuskegee University; Vimal Kumar Viswanathan, Tuskegee University; Shraddha Sangelkar, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Johnathan Moody, Pennsylvania State College, Erie

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

College. She is the senior design co-ordinator for Mechanical Engineering within the School of Engi- neering at Penn State Behrend. She is also involved in the executive committee of Design In Engineering Education Division at ASEE and the Capstone Design Conference.Johnathan Moody, Pennsylvania State College, Erie c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 MAKER: Redesign of a Multipurpose Hardware Tool to Improve its Functionality and MarketabilityAbstractThis paper presents the summary of a maker project that redesigned a multi-purpose utility tool,originally designed for linemen. While the tool had a great potential, its original design was aletdown and the product was a

Conference Session

Emerging Information Technologies

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara E. Brazon, Penn State University; Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

research on the role of the instructor as facilitator who provides tools to effectively assess learning in a technology based curriculumMary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park Mary Lynn Brannon, Instructional Support Specialist at the Leonhard Center for the Enhancement of Engineering Education at the Pennsylvania State University, has a Master of Arts Degree in Education and Human Development specializing in Educational Technology Leadership. Her work focuses on projects that measure and assess student perceptions of learning related to their experiences with engineering course innovations. She is a faculty development consultant with previous experience in instructional design and instructor

Conference Session

First-year Programs: Teams and Teamwork

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Mirna Mattjik, Colorado School of Mines; Megan Sanders, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #29401Work in Progress: A Study on Motivation in Teams Using SelfDetermination TheoryProf. Mirna Mattjik, Colorado School of Mines Mirna Mattjik is a Teaching Associate Professor in the EDS Division, Cornerstone Design@Mines Pro- gram. Mirna is also faculty in the Thorson First Year Honors Program, and part of the inaugural teaching cohort. Mirna’s formal education is in industrial technology, international political economy, project management and leadership. Her active research agenda is about improving teaching and learning for engineers and applied scientists - which interests include but not limited to

Conference Session

Design of Lab Experiments I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sri Kolla, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

power systems. He is a senior member of IEEE and ISA. Page 12.339.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 CAN-Based Fieldbus ExperimentsAbstractThis paper presents Controller Area Network (CAN) based hardware experiments, andintegration of these experiments in instrumentation and control systems courses laboratories atthe Bowling Green State University (BGSU). A general purpose PIC microcontroller basedCANstart module is first introduced. This board provides communication features for simpledigital inputs such as switches and digital outputs such as LED’s. It also has analog inputs andrelay outputs

Conference Session

Recruitment, Retention, and First-Year Programs in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric A Freudenthal, University of Texas, El Paso; Art Duval, University of Texas, El Paso; Sarah Hug, University of Colorado, Boulder; Alexandria Nicole Ogrey; Kien H. Lim, University of Texas, El Paso; Catherine Tabor, El Paso Independent School District; Rebeca Q. Gonzalez, UTEP-Graduate Student and EPISD-Teacher; Alan Siegel, New York University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Page 22.1159.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Planting the seeds of computational thinking: An introduction to programming suitable for inclusion in STEM curriculaAbstractInadequate math preparation discourages many capable students – especially those from traditionallyunderrepresented groups – from pursuing or succeeding in STEM academic programs. iMPaCT is afamily of ―Media Propelled‖ courses and course enrichment activities that introduce students to―Computational Thinking.‖ iMPaCT integrates exploration of math and programmed computation byengaging students in the design and modification of tiny programs that render raster graphics

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez, University of Kentucky; Carissa B. Schutzman, Ph.D., University of Cincinnati; Keren Mabisi; Apala Biswas, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

of Cincinnati ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Description, assessment, and outcomes of several interventions within a National Science Foundation Research Traineeship (NRT): graduate certificate, field trips, internships and international experiences.1. IntroductionThe University of Kentucky (UK) NRT envisions enhancing graduate education by integratingresearch and professional skill development within a diverse, inclusive, and supportive academy.To this end, this NRT is striving to generate an innovative model for STEM graduate studenttraining by identifying and implementing the most effective tools for the preparation of STEMprofessionals. The general structure of this NRT has

Conference Session

Statics Fanatics 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Papadopoulos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Eric Davishahl, Whatcom Community College; Carisa Ramming, Oklahoma State University; Jean Batista Abreu, Elizabethtown College; William Kitch, Angelo State University

sectors. He has been a full-time faculty member for the past 16 years. He is a registered professional engineering in Colorado, California, and Texas. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comWork in Progress: Context Matters: A Comparative Study of Results of Common Concept Questions in Statics at Several Diverse InstitutionsAbstract. Four institutions collaborated to deploy a set of four common concept questions from the ConceptWarehouse. In responding to the concept questions, student not only directly answered the question but were alsoasked to provide written explanations of their reasoning, ratings of their

Conference Session

Developing Teamwork, Student Attitudes, and Hardware Solutions for Laboratory Courses: Experimentation and Laboratory-oriented Studies Division

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jill Johnson P.E., Pennsylvania State University; Brian Lani, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

was also an instructor in Engineering Science and Mechanical Technology at Jamestown Community College in Jamestown, NY, from 2009 until 2013. Jill started her engineering career as a commissioned Officer in the United States Navy as part of the Nu- clear Propulsion Program. Subsequent to that, she was a Field Engineer for National Fuel Gas Distribution Company.Mr. Brian Lani, Pennsylvania State University American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Development of an Additive Manufacturing Laboratory Course with the Ability to Accommodate Asynchronous StudentsAbstract: This work-in-progress paper discusses the development of a flexible