Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marisol Clark-Ibanez, California State University, San Marcos

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #37987Board 289: Fab Friday and Its Impact on Computer Science Majors’Motivation and Career ReadinessMarisol Clark-Ibanez, California State University, San Marcos ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Fab Friday and Its Impact on Computer Science Majors’ Motivation and Career Readiness1. IntroductionThis paper is about a program created to improve the academic success and workforce readinessfor low income, high academic potential Computer Science (CS) majors. It was funded by theScholarships for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (SSTEM) program of theNational

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Richter, Technische Universitat Berlin; Sven Grottke, Technische Universitat Berlin

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

lectures,seminar talks to be prepared and held by the students, and a programming part.The design goal of this course has been to provide all the necessary theoretical knowledge tounderstand the concepts behind image compression technologies, such as JPEG2000. We arealso aiming at simulating the work-flow as found within an IT company as realistically aspossible, preparing electrical engineers and computer scientists as well as possible for theirprofessional life. This training does not only include the technical, but also the social skillsrequired to successfully complete larger projects.The subject of image compression offers the advantage of requiring a solid knowledge on termsof information science such as entropy, distortion, quantization

Conference Session

Engagement in Practice: Engaging the Community through Educational Outreach

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Jordan-Bloch, Clayman Institute for Gender Research at Stanford University; Shoshanah Cohen, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

science bachelors programs and in the workplace also reportwidespread isolation, which makes them more likely to leave the field, decreasing the number of rolemodels and further reinforcing the stereotype of technology as a male field [3]. 2There are few pathways into engineering and an alarming rate of departure from the field, leaving girlssystematically left out of the very careers that are their shaping their future.Project Design and ExecutionOur project—Seeds of Change—takes an interdisciplinary approach to STEM education, infusingstudents’ technical training with leadership training through a lens of gender inequality – bringingtogether

Collection

2019 CIEC

Authors

Marylin Dyrud

://www.asce.org/uploadedFiles/About_ASCE/Ethics/Content_Pieces/Code-of-Ethics-July-2017.pdf17. Vanderbilt University. (2018). Teaching sustainability. Retrieved from https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub- pages/teaching-sustainability/18. Smith, C. M. (2005, April). Origin and uses of primum non nocere—Above all, do no harm! Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 45(4), 371-377.19. Katz, E. (2006). Death by design: Science, technology, and engineering in Nazi Germany. New York: Pearson Longman.20. Werhane, P. H., and Moriarty, B. (2009). Moral imagination and management decision making. Retrieved from http://www.corporate-ethics.org/pdf/moral_imagination.pdf21. Bayles, M. D. (1989). Professional ethics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.22

Conference Session

Division Experimentation and Lab-Oriented Studies - Pedagogy of Lab Courses

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Francis (Mac) Haas, Rowan University; Nicholas William Dow; Tom Merrill, Rowan University; Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

and research purposes. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Cannons to spark thermal-fluid canonsAbstractHands-on projects are launch pads for sparking student interest. Specifically, design-build-test(DBT) projects can be effective tools for boosting students’ confidence in their ability to applytheoretical knowledge to practical engineering. Recognizing the need for relating the theoreticalaspects of thermodynamics to its application, an air cannon design-build-test project wasenvisioned and implemented.Air cannons can be simple and inexpensive to construct, while offering a robust platform toexplore thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics concepts. At the same

Conference Session

Computers in Education 7 - Modulus 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ahmed Ashraf Butt, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Saira Anwar, University of Florida; Muhsin Menekse, Purdue University at West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #32635Work in Progress: STEM Students’ Experiences with Educational Technol-ogyToolsMr. Ahmed Ashraf Butt, Purdue University at West Lafayette Ahmed Ashraf Butt is a doctoral student at the School of Engineering Education, Purdue University. He is currently working as a research assistant on the CourseMIRROR project funded by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES). He is interested in designing educational tools and exploring their impact on enhancing students’ learning experiences. Before Purdue University, Ahmed has worked as a lecturer for two years at the University of Lahore, Pakistan. Additionally, he

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaitlin Tyler, Granta Education Division; Hannah Melia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Paper ID #26373Learn Materials: Making an Introductory Online Materials ResourceDr. Soma Chakrabati, Granta Design, Ltd. Hannah Melia leads the development of CES EduPack and Granta’s Education Hub at Granta Design. She has a degree in Materials Science and Metallurgy and a Post Graduate Certificate in Design, Manu- facturing and Management from the University of Cambridge. She has worked in the United States and Germany on medical device design and technology transfer. Over the last 10 years she has interacted with academics that use CES EduPack around the world.Dr. Kaitlin Tyler, Granta Education Division Kaitlin is

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Barry David

, conducted during the product-engineering phase are once again employed. Theadvertising director, packaging director and sales manager all use market strategy information intheir work. Students learn first hand the high dollar cost of advertising and packaging as theyprepare ad copy and design an appropriate container for the product.The Finance Department is an area most students shy away from, usually due to lack ofunderstanding. Those involved in this department quickly learn the necessity of keepingaccurate financial records and reporting. The purchasing director has the job of securingmaterials at the “right price, quality, quantity and time”. Problems acquiring materials hasfrequently been the bane of class companies. The finance director

Conference Session

Computer Based Grading and Learning Styles

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith Alan Hekman, California Baptist University; Mark T Gordon, California Baptist University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

not copy the solution directly. Students could then instantly see thescore that they would receive on their assignment as well as graphical and textual feedback fortheir mistakes. This allowed them to correct their work prior to submitting the drawing to theonline course management system.The instructor would then download the students’ drawings to his own computer. A script filewas constructed to convert the students AutoCAD DWG files to the ASCII DXF file format. Theinstructor could then grade all of the DXF files for one answer key in a batch format. Theprogram would store the results in a file that could be uploaded into the course managementsystem.After the first semester of using the program, students were asked if they used the program

Collection

2023 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Carson Emeigh; Austin Griswold; Rumayel H. Pallock; Jaideep Sahni; Morgan Schake; Udochukwu Anuta; Jessica Deters; Sangjin Ryu

traditional lecture-basedteaching, which mainly focuses on theoretical aspects of the technology and lacks hands-onexperiences, would not keep students motivated, meet their needs, or lead to enhanced learning.Pedagogical research in engineering education supports this project-based, student-centeredapproach to teaching [12]. Student-centered approaches have consistently been found to be equallyor more effective than traditional approaches, improving learning outcomes and key competencieslike teamwork, critical thinking, and problem solving [12,13]. More specifically, project-basedlearning has been shown to lead to higher student motivation and better understanding of how toapply learning to realistic problems [14]. Therefore, the instructor designed

Conference Session

Teaching the Business Side of Construction

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suat Gunhan, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Challenges!” Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Construction Culture, Innovation, and Management (CCIM), M. Dulaimi, ed., Dubai, UAE. 6. Rubin, D. K., Powers, M. B., Tulacz, G., Winston, S., & Krizan, W. G. (2002). Leaders Come in all Shapes and Sizes But the Great Ones Focus on People. ENR: Engineering News-Record, 249(23), 34. Page 26.413.8    7. Nitsch, J. and Valence, P., F. (2009). “Business Development During Project Execution.” Marketing Handbook for the Design and

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Raghu Korrapati; Nikunja Swain; Mrutyunjaya Swain; James A. Anderson

to satisfy the TAC of ABET 2000accreditation criteria and other accreditation needs to maintain accreditation of their programs. Thispaper discusses the hardware/software used in each group of the Computer Based Virtual EngineeringLaboratory (CBVEL), and its application to design Virtual Instruments (VI) modules for the analysis ofLinear, Time-Invariant (LTI) control systems.I. IntroductionThe fields of engineering, science, and technology at present are very dynamic, due to recent advancesin computer and other technologies. These advances resulted in a number of computer programs thatsolve traditional as well as novel problems. These programs, using the computer’s increasedcomputational capabilities, are key to the explosion and

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session - Online and Remote Learning Communities

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas at El Paso; Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Regina Ruane Ph.D., Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

assigned to our students with thetopics on virtual reality (VR) modeling related to renewable energy, power systems, environment,robotics, or other engineering topics. These projects have become a good example of student-centric green STEM program as well as providing valuable hands-on experience to the students.In addition to providing useful lessons in teamwork and project management, the projects providea working demonstration of a wind and solar energy system. The goals of all the projects are toexplore and enhance student understanding of the green STEM program and how they can betailored for fast graduation of enrolled students. The objectives of the final project in EET 320Renewable Energy Systems include: 1. To design a 3D model of Wind

Conference Session

ERM: Find Out More About Faculty!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Huff, Harding University; Mackenzie Sharbine, Harding University; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia; Nicola Sochacka, University of Georgia; Kyle Shanachilubwa, Harding University; Grant Countess, Harding University

professors expect ofengineering students saying: So they expect you to manage your time well um, expect you to do your work and get it done. Sometimes they give you a lot and they expect because of the caliber of student that they, I guess, become an engineer. It’s not for the fainthearted. They expect you to be able to handle it. Like I said, time management is a huge, huge thing (Rebecca)While time management is a skill, many of the words Rebecca uses to describe expectationswere global traits of the whole person, not a specific set of actions relegated to an engineeringstudent. She even specified that professors expect a certain “caliber” of students within theengineering program. Here, Rebecca seems to suggest that

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cassandra McCall, Utah State University; Stephen Secules, Florida International University; Gabriel Van Dyke, Utah State University; Maimuna Begum Kali, Florida International University; Vanessa Tran, Utah State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Engineering Education. She holds a Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Virginia Tech as well as M.S. and B.S. degrees in civil engineering from the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology.Dr. Stephen Secules, Florida International University Stephen is an Assistant Professor Engineering and Computing Education at Florida International University. He has a prior academic and professional background in engineering, having worked professionally as an acoustical engineer. He has taught a number of courses on design, sociotechnical contexts, education, and learning. He conducts research on equity and culture in engineering education and supports undergraduate and graduate student researchers through the Equity Research

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas M. West; Kimberly D. Douglas

member of the IBM/TQM UniversityPartnership, we have established an effective communication channel with a wide range of practicingengineering professionals. One of the primary objectives developed as a result of these interactions is the increased use of studentteams in both instructional and advisory roles. Both COE and IME have been using students to help evaluateteaching and in the promotion and tenure process for some time. We are now actively initiating a program tohelp in instructional process improvement. Students are serving as facilitators on TQM teams and in the fallterms of 1994 and 1995 senior engineering students were used to assist teams in the Engineering Orientation(ENGR 111) course. At the end of the terms, the student

Conference Session

Assessment in BME Education

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Chad Washington; Alene Harris

teachers in classroom management: An experiment in secondary classrooms.Journal of educational research, 79, 51-58.3. Flanders, N. (1970). Analyzing teaching behavior. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley PublishingCompany.4. Harris, A.H. (1988). Sources of treatment effects in a teacher effectiveness training program. Unpublisheddissertation. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.5. Stallings, J. (1977). Learning to look. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.ALENE H. HARRIS is a Research Asst. Professor of Education in Peabody College of Vanderbilt University. Sheserves as the Director of Education Programs for the VaNTH ERC.CHAD W. WASHINGTON is a graduate student in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at VanderbiltUniversity

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ray Morelock, University of Georgia; Dominik May, University of Wuppertal; Aileen Reid, University of North Carolina, Greensboro; Ayesha Sherita Sherita Boyce; Nicola W. Sochacka, University of Georgia; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia; Chaturved Janaki, University of Georgia

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #39219Board 311: Impacts of the ProQual Institute: Building Communities ofTechnical Stem Faculty for Long-Term Engagement in Educational ResearchDr. John Ray Morelock, University of Georgia Dr. Morelock is an Assistant Professor of Practice with an emphasis on engineering education research, and the Associate Director of Educational Innovation and Impact for UGA’s Engineering Education Trans- formations Institute (EETI). In addition to coordinating EETI’s faculty development programming, Dr. Morelock conducts research on institutional change via faculty development, with an emphasis on innova- tive ways to

Conference Session

Crossing Boundaries - Service Learning and Interdisciplinary Teams

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edwin R. Schmeckpeper, Norwich University; Michael Puddicombe, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Construction Engineering and Management., 135(8), 675–682. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE) 0733-9364 (2009)135:8(675) 2. Dougherty, D. (1992). “Interpretive Barriers to Successful Product Innovation in Large Firms.” Organization Science, May 1992 vol. 3 no. 2 179-202. doi: 10.1287/orsc.3.2.179 3. Sonnenwald, D. and Pierce, L. (2000). “Information behavior in dynamic group work contexts: interwoven situational awareness, dense social networks and contested collaboration in command and control.” Information Processing and Management, 36 (2000) 461-479 4. Puddicombe, M. (1997). “Designers and Contractors: Impediments to Integration.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 123, No. 3, September

Conference Session

DSAI Technical Session 8: Learning Analytics and Data-Driven Instruction

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clara Fang, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (DSAI) Constituent Committee

independently. Thesurvey results indicate that students reported significant improvements in time management,research skills, and self-confidence. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that data-drivenresearch experiences contribute to both academic growth and the development of lifelonglearning skills. In conclusion, this paper provides insights into how undergraduate students atprimarily teaching institutions can benefit from hands-on, innovative data-driven AI researchexperiences. It also offers potential strategies for incorporating these valuable skills into futureundergraduate research opportunities, enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes.INTRODUCTIONData analysis plays a pivotal role in modern engineering systems and processes

Conference Session

Faculty Development: Round Table Discussions

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher A. F. Hass, Rutgers University, New Brunswick; Philip Reid Brown, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Mary Elizabeth Emenike, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Charles Ruggieri, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Corey Ptak, Columbia University in the City of New York; Stacey Blackwell, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Gabriel Lopez Zenarosa, Stony Brook University

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

support faculty career development and education research.Dr. Philip Reid Brown, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Philip Brown is an Associate Teaching Professor in Undergraduate Education at Rutgers School of Engineering. He has a PhD in Engineering Education from Virginia Tech. He teaches, coordinates and develops curricula focused on engineering design, computer programming and data literacy. He also co-coordinates faculty development and peer-support groups based on pedagogical development and peer teaching observations. His research interests include student and faculty motivation, computer programming pedagogy, and faculty pedagogical development.Mary Elizabeth Emenike, Rutgers, The State University of

Collection

2019 CIEC

Authors

Afshin Zahraee; Lakshman Mapa

paper covers only three types of these projects, contracts, or collaborations, discussing theirbenefits to faculty, students, industry, and more importantly, the opportunity these projectsprovide to the college to enhance its laboratories and experiential learning of the students.Long Term, multi-year, CollaborationPurdue University Northwest department of Engineering Technology has had an “ApprenticeshipTraining” contract with BP since 2017. The annual contract has been as low as $38,000 to ashigh as $264,000, depending on training needs of BP of America. The base contract provides BPtraining space for their Machinist Apprenticeship program for up to 40 weeks per year, where thetraining is done by BP employees, using Purdue equipment

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 4: Interdisciplinary Graduate Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Webb, Virginia Tech ; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

theory and facilitating interdisciplinary graduate programs; the identity development and experiences of interdisciplinary engineering graduate students and faculty; and the decision-making processes and factors impacting implementation of interdisciplinary graduate education initiatives. She works as a graduate research assistant for the Virginia Tech Disaster Resilience and Risk Management interdisciplinary graduate program, as well as for the VT Center for Refugee, Migrant, and Displacement Studies.Dr. Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Marie C. Paretti is a Professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she directs the Virginia Tech Engineering Communications Center

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynne A Slivovsky, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Lizabeth L Thompson P.E., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Andrew Danowitz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Bridget Benson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; John Y Oliver, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Nina J. Truch

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Liberal Arts and Engineering Studies, Director of Women’s Engineering Programs, and CENG Interim Associate Dean. Although she has taught over 25 different courses, she currently teaches Financial Decision making, First Year engineering, Senior Project, and Change Management. Her research is in Engineering Education where she has received $11.8 million of funding from NSF as either PI or Co-PI. She researches equitable classroom practices, integrated learning, and institutional change. She spent the 2019-2020 academic year at Cal State LA.Dr. Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Jane Lehr is a Professor in Ethnic Studies and Women’s and Gender Studies and Director of the Office of

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Vikram Cariapa; Joseph Domblesky; James Rice

most far-reaching has been the movement towards integrating a larger practice-basedcomponent within the undergraduate curricula. This response has been triggered in part byindustry criticism that engineering students are entering the workforce with significantcompetency gaps, which has necessitated remedial training on the part of the employer. Whilemuch of the focus has been centered on competency gaps related to design experience, similarconcerns have been identified in graduates with respect to manufacturing related skills1. In Page 6.270.1"Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference &

Conference Session

International Division (INTL) Technical Session #4: Global DEI

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mudasser Fraz Wyne, National University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International Division (INTL)

committees like the College Council, Faculty Hire Committee, Employer Survey DesignCommittee, Master Program Revision Committee, and ABET Accreditation (for BS in ComputerEngineering and BS in Computer Science programs). Since I have been involved with the programand course design for many years, so I was also asked to be part of the design and revision activitiesfor the MS in Computer Science program and the Information System Engineering programs aswell as BSCS Big Data Analytics, Database I, and Database II and MSCS Software Architecture,Software Engineering, Advanced Database Systems, Advanced Database Programming, DatabaseManagement Systems, and Database Management and Security courses. I have extensive program accreditation experience due

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas W. Graver; Leon F. McGinnis; David W. Rosen

technologies that should be incorporated in a modernmanufacturing education experience.THOMAS W. GRAVER is RPMI’s Director of Operations and Assistant Director of the CIMS Program, amultidisciplinary manufacturing education program for graduate students. Prior to coming to Georgia Tech, Graverworked more than 10 years with Cincinnati Milacron. He continues to consult for industry in manufacturingsystems design and in product development. He holds degrees in ME, ISyE, and Management.LEON F. McGINNIS is a Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Director of CIMS, and Associate Page 2.166.4Director of the Manufacturing Research Center

Conference Session

Information and Network Security

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krystal S Corbett, Cyber Innovation Center; Chuck Gardner, New Orleans Military and Maritime Academy; Anthony Joseph Taffaro Jr., New Orleans Military and Maritime Academy; Marvin Nelson, Benton High School

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

experiencing every aspect ofimplementing new material, they can provide a unique perspective to the design andimplementation process. Teachers are a valuable resource to curriculum developers.The CIC in partnership with Louisiana Tech University has developed a range of new curriculafor K-12. The educational programs from NICERC span three states. The demographic makeupof the schools implementing the curriculum is diverse including urban, rural, and suburbanregions. The development model used to design these courses is based on the engineering designprocess5, 6. NICERC Subject Matter Experts, which included engineering and science facultyfrom Louisiana Tech University, designed the two courses with the fundamental content in mind.The design teams for

Conference Session

Military and Veterans Division Technical Session 2: Veteran Identity & Inclusion

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alyson Grace Eggleston, The Citadel; Robert J. Rabb P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Military and Veterans

on a topic relevant to their chosen engineering sub-discipline, written andorganized according to disciplinary convention. To prepare students to organize and execute atechnical document, TWC instructors provide access and training in relevant softwareapplications. These applications include: reference managers; third-party compiled LaTeX,cloud-based collaborative writing tools, and applications designed to improve syntax and clarity.Students also practice delivering verbal briefs. Veteran engineering students often haveexperience delivering presentations and verbal briefs, and are well-positioned to modelpresentation delivery, provide peer student feedback, and help develop a sense of audienceawareness in their non-veteran

Conference Session

Contemporary Issues in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Shah Galib Habib; Arif Sirinterlikci

manufacturing design process. On the contrary, cost is not an issue for academicinstitutions since many software companies have educational programs offering drastic pricereductions.This study presents a general manufacturing process course utilizing manufacturing processsimulation tools as instructional aids. The objective of the course is to accomplish intelligent useof the software tools in learning design of parts, processes or tooling. Basics of numerical analysismethods, upon which the software are based, are also taught in the proposed course. With theassistance of these tools, students can visualize and better study the manufacturing processes.Issues such as cycle time, load and power requirements, material flow, solidification