Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard D. Christie; Peter M. Trinidad

current are used to convey behavioral aspects of circuit operation. The result is aninteractive computer program—CktViz—intended to lower the cognitive barrier tocomprehension of circuit operation by graphically representing voltage and currentrelationships. A small scale educational assessment has been performed using students taking anintroductory circuits course as subjects. The results show that CktViz has a positive andsignificant effect on students' qualitative understanding of circuit behavior.1. Motivation A major challenge in teaching circuit theory is that many of the students have no intuitiveunderstanding of the behavior of electrical circuits. While they have actual, hands-on experiencewith, for example, the mechanical properties

Collection

2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Brian Krug, Grand Valley State University

alone.Point 2: Master’s topicA nice feature in many engineering curriculums is a general engineering course where studentscan experience different engineering fields in their first year of study. Many students think theylike the idea of engineering, but don’t really know what an engineer does or what the differentdisciplines are. Many can identify Computer and Mechanical engineering don’t know aboutchemical, aerospace, industrial or Product Design and Manufacturing engineering. After thesecond year of study, students must commit to an area of engineering they prefer. Even afterthis, students change their mind as they learn more about each program.In the 3rd or 4th year, as graduation gets closer, is a student ready to select an area to master?What is

Conference Session

Lighting the Fire: REU

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

George F. List; Stacy Eisenman

]. Theoreticalcontributions may be made as part of the experimental research, but the primary focus is onexposing the students to a positive experience and allowing them to apply new knowledge, whilepreparing them for their future. Another program focuses on having students be involved infunded research projects [3]. In this latter case, students work on unanswered questions that arecrucial elements of research investigations currently underway [3]. In several programs, it iscommon for the URP student to have a peer advisor. In some instances, the undergraduate maybe assisting a graduate student on research and the graduate student acts as the advisor [6].The publish materials on assessment and evaluation of URP experiences primarily focus on the

Conference Session

Technical Session 2a

Collection

2017 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Dean Arakaki, Cal Poly State University

Tagged Topics

Pacific Southwest Section

anything) prior to class. The firstday of class includes an introduction to the course syllabus – a detailed schedule of course topics,relevant textbook sections, and homework and exam dates – and expected prerequisitebackground per the Course Catalog. To maximize course retention, students are advised toreview topics before class. However, the only incentive is self-motivation. In the past, the authorhas witnessed only a few diligent students who carefully review material prior to class meetings.The newly-created lecture videos are intended to help prepare students before class. The authoris currently creating an online quiz for each video – administered through Cal Poly’s PolyLearn(Moodle) online system – to test for student comprehension and

Conference Session

Utilizing On-Line Technology in Entrepreneurship Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jay Porter, Texas A&M University; Joseph Morgan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

planning-implementation course sequence, student teams will transform theidea into a fully functional prototype that can be used for test and evaluation, marketing, anddocumentation purposes. Currently, the two-semester sequence focuses on the technical side ofproduct development. To augment the student’s education, each E4 student team will also haveone student member from the Mays Business School who will also have the opportunity toparticipate as an inventor. The engineering students are in charge of the technical aspects of theproduct development, and the business students will prepare preliminary business plans, performmarketing assessments, and create marketing materials for the new company. At the end of thesecond semester, the E4 student

Conference Session

Research Experience in Stormwater Management

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter McDonald, Virginia Tech; Randel L. Dymond, Virginia Tech; Vinod K. Lohani, Virginia Tech; Daniel S. Brogan, Virginia Tech; Richard Lee Clark Jr., Virginia Western Community College

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

into a senior level hydrology course at VT during the Fall2012 and Spring 2014 semesters. Hydrology is an elective course for senior and graduatestudents and is taught once per year in the fall semester with an enrollment between 30 and 70students, approximately 10% of whom are graduate students. The course covers thefundamentals of hydrology including basic issues and mechanisms of precipitation, infiltration,evapotranspiration, runoff, and subsurface flow, and accompanying computational methods.Special emphasis is placed on surface runoff quantity generation, including flood routing andforecasting and urban hydrology issues. LEWAS was used to support the course material as anactive learning experience for the students to grasp hydrologic

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xuesong Li P.E., Washington State University; Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

approaches that have been practiced for 50 years are continued [1, 2]. It isnecessary to find an alternative teaching strategy in engineering courses, particularly forconveying scientific principles to real situations. To assess innovative methods for solving theproblems and limitations of the traditional teaching model in chemical engineering andbiomedical engineering, a half interactive hands-on learning experiment, half lecture-teachingmodel is being explored. In this process, having the aim of a better understanding and absorptionof key principles and difficult concepts in fluid mechanics and neuronal membrane physiology,we are combining multimedia technology with whiteboard and hands-on tabletop units.A Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer course

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Thompson, Rowan University; Prince Atsu, Rowan University; Bob Patterson, Rowan University

success. I split the teaminto two main groups – biochemical and electromechanical – and then divided these groups into what theywould specialize in. As far as scheduling was concerned, I made sure to draft up a syllabus and have atask list prepared for each team every class period. Figure 3. Organization of the Elemeat Clinic.Elemeat is now in its second semester, this semester of which we have gained four new students,rounding us out to sixteen engineering students composed of: eight chemical engineers, five electrical andcomputer engineers, two mechanical engineers, and one entrepreneurial engineer. This variety ofdisciplines enables a well-rounded approach to the creation of Elemeat’s first product, and to

Conference Session

Learning through Instrumentation: Experiences and Applications

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David N. Long, James Madison University; Karim Altaii, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation Division (INST)

Ph.D. in mechanical engineering, and received his doctorate from The City Univer- sity of New York. He is a professor in the College of Integrated Science and Engineering (CISE) at James Madison University. He is a registered Professional Engineer and holds five patents in solar energy applications and irrigation system. He is the director of CISE Energy and Environmental Projects- an international summer program in Costa Rica. He is the Director of the Advanced Thermal-Fluids labora- tory. His primary interests are in renewable energy applications, fluid-thermal sciences, and international education. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Data Acquisition System to Measure

Conference Session

Design Pedagogy

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stanley Shie Ng, Biola University; Ryan Striker P.E., North Dakota State University; Enrique Alvarez Vazquez, North Dakota State University; Ellen M. Swartz, North Dakota State University; Lauren Singelmann, North Dakota State University; Mary Pearson, North Dakota State University; Grace Sangalang Ng, Biola University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, which provided multiple opportunities revise theirpersonal learning.The peer-review process also helped students engage with one another in the course asParticipant C said: “Yes, I'd say one of the big benefits is reviewing other students’ tokens. I think it can be hard in a traditional class. It can be hard to have lecture and then you have to go do your homework. And if you're not seeking out your classmates or creating study groups, then you're kind of left on your own and you’re stranded. But the way that the token review process through MOOCIBL works, we were forced to engage with other students and the way that they saw the material.”Participant C saw the value of how the peer-review process helped

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Dunne, Grand Valley State University; Chirag Parikh, Grand Valley State University; Andrew Sterian, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

the IR range finder and rotating servo along with pre-defined mazeinformation to navigate the robot from the starting point to the finish line.In this paper, we discuss the features of our robot that allow us to introduce controlsystem theory. We then discuss how the material was integrated into a sophomore-leveldigital systems course. Next, we discuss the implementation of PID control for the robots.Finally, we conclude with lessons learned and ideas for an improved learning experience.ApproachIn our sophomore-level Introduction to Digital Systems course, topics progress frombasic digital logic design to introductory microcontroller architecture. In the last portionof the course (weeks 9-14), students learn about embedded programming in C

Conference Session

Active Learning Methods in Action

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ray Morelock, Virginia Tech; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

implementation of user-centered game based learning in higher education: An example from civil engineering. Computers & Education, 49(3), 873-890. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2005.11.026* Fernández-Samacá, L., & Ramírez, J. M. (2011). Learning control concepts in a fun way. The International journal of engineering education, 27(1), 187-199.* Foss, B. A., & Eikaas, T. I. (2006). Game play in engineering education concept and experimental results. International Journal of Engineering Education, 22(5), 1043-1052.* Fuentes, A., & Crown, S. (2007). Improving conceptual learning in mechanics of materials by using web based games and the involvement of students in the game design process. Paper

Conference Session

Social Media and In-class Technology: Creating Active Learning Environments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xin Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Krishna Madhavan, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

design class using open-ended questions and identified aspects of theirexperiences that could lead to improved student retention in engineering13. Using multiple surveyinstruments, Demetry and Groccia evaluated and compared mechanical engineering students’experiences in two introductory materials science classes with one implementing active learningand cooperative learning strategies14. Torres et al. presented students’ experiences of learningrobotics within a virtual environment and remote laboratory, where students knowledge wasassessed via automatic correction tests and students opinions were collected using self-evaluationquestionnaires15. Grimes et al. evaluated civil engineering students’ experiences in a visualclassroom named VisClass

Collection

2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Zahra Zamanipour; Matthew Young; Afsana Ahamed

valid response as they needed to learn about I2Cprotocol out of the course material and the rest could be designed and developed using the coursecontent. Half of the class claimed that they persisted through failures throughout the course ofproject (Q6) and had done try and error to achieve the success. Almost the rest responded with“Often” and one student honestly responded with “Rarely”. Eight out of the fourteen studentsbelieved that the problem was very complex(Q7) and needed to think in all the project phases andthe project was complex for four of them with a level of four out of five. Only one student thoughtit was rarely complex (level of two out of five). The customer needs was examined at the beginningof the project as well as

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED): Assessment, Curriculum & Instructional Design

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawna Fletcher, Texas A&M University; Magdalini Z Lagoudas, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

engages 180+ industry judges with capstone teams representing 1,500+ engineering students. Sheserved as the PI for the Texas A&M I-Corps Site grant which supported 250+ student teams in customerdiscovery. She is a member of the Southwest I-Corps Hub team and a board member of the College IndustryPartnerships Division of ASEE. Magda holds a Diploma and an MS in mechanical Engineering.

Collection

2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Siddharth Alagiri; Sivaganeshwar Subramaniam; Pedro C. P. Cupertino; Daniel I. Chikwendu; Adam C. Lynch

analyzing NASA's structured project processes and theINCOSE Vee Model's systematic development and validation, this study identifies significantoperational and financial optimizations. Leveraging Deloitte's digital transformation model, the © American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conferenceresearch provides insights into cost savings, resource allocation, and revenue generation, offeringa comprehensive framework for sustainable growth and competitive advantage.1.5 Structure The remainder of this study is organized as follows: Section 2.0 discusses the Methodsand Materials, Section 3.0 presents the Results and Analysis, and Section 4.0 covers

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) - Accessibility and Empathy in Engineering Education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aya Mouallem, Stanford University; Trini Rogando, Stanford University; Sean Patrick Dougherty M.S., LightHouse for the Blind and Visually Impaired; Mirelys Mendez Pons, Stanford University; Sheri D. Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

Engineering and the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design, with a minor in Modern Languages and interdisciplinary honors in Education through the Graduate School of Education. She is a research assistant in the Designing Education Lab at Stanford, where her work focuses on accessibility in engineering education for blind and low-vision learners.Dr. Sheri D. Sheppard, Stanford University Sheri D. Sheppard, Ph.D., P.E., is professor emerita of Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University. Besides teaching both undergraduate and graduate design and education related classes at Stanford University, she conducts research on engineering education. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division (COED) Poster Session (Track 1.A)

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marshall Ismail, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Devin Kachadoorian, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Sahil Mirani, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; D. Matthew Boyer, Clemson University; Tim Ransom, Clemson University; Ahmet Can Sabuncu, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

classroom learning as they are incentivized tofind the answer using materials and the structured support provided by technology. Thus, havinga techhat is built off of resources meant to push students to learn actively is beneficial for a classthat requires constant engineering troubleshooting to succeed. In response to these challenges, this study explores the integration of artificialintelligence (AI) as an innovative tool to support laboratory-based mechanical engineeringeducation. Specifically, we developed an AI chatbot designed to provide immediate, on-demandassistance in engineering experimentation classes. These courses instruct students on usingengineering concepts in laboratory experimentation through project experimentation

Conference Session

Integrating Liberal Education and Engineering

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ravi T. Shankar, Florida Atlantic University; Diana Mitsova, Florida Atlantic University; Alka Sapat, Florida Atlantic University; David J. Terrell, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

assignments will follow t Bloom's taxonomy(Bloom 1956) where each new assignment moves to a higher level with each module. Forexample, Module 1 is descriptive and focuses on knowledge acquisition, Module 2 focuses oncomprehension and understanding of materials to formulate questions, Module 3 moves toapplication, while Modules 4 and 5 will focus on analysis, evaluation, and creation. With eachModule there will be a set of tasks undertaken and an assessment. The final product will be asynthesis of engineering knowledge and social, political, economic, and ethical considerations. Module 1: Introduction. New knowledge/ tasks: The social science professors and the engineering professor will discuss the role of computer technology in community

Conference Session

Principal Skinner's Secrets: Cultivating STEM in Remote Locations, Steamed Hams!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monsuru O Ramoni, Navajo Technical University; Calsey T Nez, Navajo Technical University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

Paper ID #44460Dual-Credit Engineering Program in Native American Serving School District:Best Practices and FindingsDr. Monsuru O Ramoni, Navajo Technical University Monsuru Ramoni is an Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering at Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, NM. He has M.S. degrees in Manufacturing Engineering and Management and Industrial Engineering from the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, and Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, respectively. He received his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from Texas Tech University, Lubbock. His research focuses on additive manufacturing, material

Conference Session

Advancing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katrina Marie Robertson; Hadi Ali, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Jonathan M. Adams, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Prescott; Elizabeth Ashley Rea, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Prescott

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

(propulsion) from Purdue and an undergraduate degree in Mechanical Engineering (design) from the University of Jordan. Dr. Ali taught courses in use-inspired design at ASU and in transforming ideas to innovations at Pur- due. Prior to that, Ali worked at the University of Jordan as a facilitator for curricular change and as a design content instructor at the Department of Mechatronics. He was on the management team of the Amman Design Week in its inaugural year in Jordan, launched by Queen Rania–a pioneering platform that harnessed creativity, revived the conversation about design, and instilled a spirit of collaboration and exchange.Dr. Jonathan M. Adams, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Prescott Jonathan Adams

Conference Session

Mr. Burns' Brainchild: AI in the Springfield STEM Classroom, Release the Hounds!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Geling Xu, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Milan Dahal, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Brian Gravel, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

activities for the upcoming summer workshop. Figure 2 shows teachers contributed a lot of ideas to the curriculum design, every sticky note shows their ideas about the big topic, the materials, how to apply Smart Motors, what kind of sensors we could use, what kind of context we could provide for the activities, and how to lead students to involve in the projects, and so on. The blue, pink, and green sticky notes were contributed by the research team, and all yellow notes were contributed by teachers. Figure 2: Teachers’ ideas in the brainstorming session to collaborate on the curriculum. In the post-interviews, several participants mentioned that they had more confidence in the upcoming summer workshop. This was because they were going

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Mazen I. Hussein, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

Paper ID #45540A Cause-and-Effect Approach to Empowering Engineering StudentsDr. Mazen I. Hussein, Tennessee Technological University Mazen is an Associate Professor in the General and Basic Engineering Department at Regional University. His research interests include: Freight modeling and logistics, facilities planning and material handling, optimization and simulation modeling, production planning and control, reverse logistics and recycling, modern manufacturing systems, microalloying and mechanical behavior, teaching statistics and increasing the data analytics content in engineering curricula, and the impact of the

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kyle D. Feuz, Weber State University; Linda DuHadway, Weber State University; Hugo Edilberto Valle, Weber State University; Richard C. Fry, Weber State University; Kim Marie Murphy, Weber State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division

from every other student in the class. They can choose toshare a section of code that worked particularly well for them or submit code they are strugglingwith and want some help. The students are then required to respond to entries posted by otherstudents. This creates a dialog between students and provides a mechanism for students to seehow other students are coding a solution. The code students submit is from a low-stakesassignment. Students are allowed to see other student’s submissions from the very beginning.They are not required to have completed the assignment or posted their own code to enter thediscussion board. To identify the benefits of this assignment, the comments during one semesterare analyzed and the results tracked over the

Conference Session

Preparing Engineering Students for Their Professional Practice

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jia Zhu, Florida International University; Ellen Zerbe, Pennsylvania State University; Monique S. Ross, Florida International University; Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #32698The Stated and Hidden Expectations: Applying Natural Language Process-ingTechniques to Understand Postdoctoral Job PostingsJia Zhu, Florida International University Jia Zhu is a Ph.D. student in the Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Science at Florida International University (FIU). Her research interests include computer science education, educa- tional data mining, and data science, with a focus on broadening participation in computing.Ellen Zerbe, Pennsylvania State University Ellen Zerbe is a graduate student pursuing a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at Pennsylvania State University

Conference Session

K-12 Robotics

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mehmet Ayar, TUBITAK; Bugrahan Yalvac, Texas A&M University; Fatih Ugurdag, Ozyegin University; Alpaslan Sahin, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Thestudents at schools (as mentioned above) are exposed to memorizing knowledge, use thatknowledge to succeed in the university entrance exam and if interested, pursue engineering ascareer due to the perception of engineering in the society. However, the camp participants wereexposed to the Robotics activities through which they had a chance to work with peers, mentorsand faculty, recognize and use mechanical, electronic and electrical materials (e.g., LED, sensor,capacitor, breadboard, AC, DC circuits, DC motor and PIC), and programming to make a robot.These activities were a means to nurture their interest in engineering field other than sparkingtheir interest as we have seen through guidance service at schools. Some participants stated intheir

Conference Session

LEES Session 8: Care and Commitments

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Mallette, Boise State University

other [13, 24]. Wolfe’s textbook includes a site whereinstructors can access videos for class discussion and templates for team documents, such ascharters and task schedules [25]. Other materials available from Carnegie Mellon’s GlobalCommunication Center include support for overcoming bias, managing team projects, and othermaterials to support writing collaboratively [26]. These materials and textbooks recognize theneed to deliberately structure team writing and collaboration to support student experiences andcultivate the development of collaborative skills, particularly with a focus on communicating as ateam.Despite all of these studies on best practices for teamwork, other work has found that facultyoften ignore recommendations for

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 2: Long-Term Institutional Outcome Evaluations and Capstone Innovations

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjeevi Chitikeshi; Shirshak Dhali, Old Dominion University; Vukica Jovanovic, Old Dominion University

Paper ID #36699Integrating PLCs with Robot Motion Control in EngineeringCapstone CoursesSanjeevi ChitikeshiShirshak K. Dhali (Professor)Vukica M. Jovanovic (Interim Chair & Associate Professor) She is a Chair, Batten Endowed Professor, and Associate Professor of Engineering Technology. She holds a Ph.D. from Purdue University in Mechanical Engineering Technology, focus on Digital Manufacturing. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Integrating PLCs with Robot Motion Control in Engineering Capstone

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Byul Hur, Texas A&M University

can betaught and covered in microcontroller application courses. The author created several MicroPython Proceedings of the 2025 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX Copyright © 2025, American Society for Engineering Education 6lesson materials for a microcontroller application course and taught in class. Based on the author’slimited experience, the author found many typical C/C++ based laboratories associated with serialcommunications, motor control, servo control, and so forth could be successfully implemented usingMicro-Python programming.MicroPython programming can

Conference Session

Curriculum and Program Developments, Exchanges, Collaborations, and Partnerships

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eck Doerry, Northern Arizona University; Harvey Charles, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

International

into the program as they begin their freshmanyear. Because six semesters of language coursework are required before going abroad, it iscritical that students not transferring language credits (e.g., via CLEP test) enroll in the languagetraining track in their first semester. Our recruiting goal is to enroll GSEP scholars before theyarrive on campus; GSEP recruiting materials are included in every informational packetdistributed to potential STEM undergraduates by university recruiters, and followed-up withfurther invitations sent to each freshman and to the parents of each freshman newly enrolled in aSTEM degree program. In general, students may enter GSEP at any time in their freshman year,provided they commit (e.g. through summer courses) to