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Displaying results 2641 - 2670 of 11664 in total
Conference Session
ASEE Multimedia Session
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Sylvia Alexander
throughout the university, together with a supportive environment for new software businesses. Such businesses can attract funding and other forms of business support;· NIKEL (Northern Ireland Knowledge Engineering Laboratory), a research and technology transfer organisation hosted by the Faculty helping companies in Northern Ireland and beyond gain competitive advantage through the application of advanced software technology; Page 7.689.3Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright ã 2002, American Society for Engineering Education· Jigsaw, a
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Darrin S. Muggli, Benedictine College; Brian Tande, University of North Dakota
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees
, report thatboth faculty and students are satisfied with their online education experiences, and thatconstructivists approaches to education are effective online.This new model will be a major step toward using distance engineering education to achieve thevision of Bourne et al.4, “…many of the issues raised because of tradition can be solved throughcollaboration among institutions to create a strong national shared engineering curriculumenabled by online methods…(online education) may well play a remarkable role in bringingtogether the work of colleges and universities across the United States (and eventually across theworld). Such collaboration will ultimately provide more choice and diversity of opportunity tolearners with lower costs. For
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 5B: Work-In-Progress: 5 Minute Postcard Session II
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Wayne Freeman P.E., Northwestern University; Ken Gentry, Northwestern University; Jenna Elyse Goldberg
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
 upperclass student talk about the stress they felt (and feel) during Midterms allows new students to understand that they are not alone in feeling anxious during exam times. Peer Advisers contact McCormick Advisers if they are concerned about a student missing FYE sessions, or exhibiting behavior that may require help or intrusive advising.  McCormick Advisers understand the curricular requirements for all McCormick majors. Students that are trying to decide between two or more majors have an adviser that can help guide them towards study plans that allow them to keep their options open while they decide between majors. Advisers are also sending students to faculty in departments to discuss majors.  McCormick Advisers are also aware of resources and
Conference Session
Measuring Success of Graduate Program Components
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lokesh Padhye, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gretchen Goldman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Nadia Szeinbaum, Georgia Institute of Technology; Scott Rogers, Georgia Institute of Technology; Recep Goktas, Georgia Institute of Technology; Zohre Kurt, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
three out of four respondents said they registered for the Fall 2007seminar course and the majority of those respondents attended the seminar always or often.Responses to question 13 revealed significant concerns regarding the seminar course’seffectiveness in helping students in their research, in improving student oral presentation skillsand in improving critical thinking skills. There was a difference between student subgroupsrecognized in these responses by conducting MVA. Overall, first-year students thought theseminar course was more helpful in improving the above skills mentioned than the rest of thestudents. The majority of respondents were also unsatisfied with the effectiveness of the seminarcourse in helping them interact with faculty
Conference Session
AI and Tools for Transdisciplinary Work
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elana Goldenkoff, University of Michigan; Erin A. Cech, University of Michigan
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)
master’s students at a large public university about their educationalexperiences and understanding of engineers’ professional responsibilities, including those relatedspecifically to AI technologies. This paper asks, (1) do engineering master’s students seepotential dangers of AI related to how the technologies are developed, used, or possiblymisused? (2) Do they feel equipped to handle the challenges of these technologies and respondethically when faced with difficult situations? (3) Do they hold their engineering educatorsaccountable for training them in ethical concerns around AI?We find that although some engineering master’s students see exciting possibilities of AI, mostare deeply concerned about the ethical and public welfare issues that
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Johanna Bodenhamer, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Corinne C. Renguette, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Robert Weissbach, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)
institutional contexts for WATTSimplementation. Next steps include piloting this approach in the classroom to provide a more engagingiterative revision process and comparing the number and types of revisions completed in the writing. I. INTRODUCTION Writing Assignment Tutor Training in STEM (WATTS) is an interdisciplinary collaborative approachto improving student technical writing. In this approach, STEM faculty work with writing centers andgeneralist peer tutors to provide just-in-time assignment-specific feedback to students. The STEMinstructor and writing center supervisor work together to provide a one-hour tutor-training that highlightsassignment examples, a glossary of terms, areas of concern
Conference Session
Curriculum Development and Delivery Modes in Nuclear Engineering
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sheldon Landsberger, University of Texas-Austin; Janet Ellzey, University of Texas-Austin; Brad Hull, University of Texas-Austin; Jessica Rosinski, University of Texas-Austin; James Wright, University of Texas-Permian Basin
Tagged Divisions
Nuclear and Radiological
mechanical engineering program, as well as all requirements mandated byTexas legislation and UTPB. Page 12.513.2IntroductionAs concerns over energy reliability and availability continue to grow in today’s economy,the energy industry presents many opportunities for young engineers. The University ofTexas of the Permian Basin (UTPB) has decided to construct a Mechanical Engineeringcurriculum that will focus on many different issues facing the energy industry today andin the future. UTPB is planning to get a contract for a nuclear reactor, which will be thecornerstone of the department and provide research opportunities to faculty and students.Although nuclear
Conference Session
ABET Accreditation, Assessment, and Program Improvement in ECE
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Diana G. de la Rosa-Pohl, University of Houston
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
not a problem unique to the electrical engineeringdiscipline. In a recent survey of U.S. employers spanning a large number of fields, it was foundthat school training did not always match the most pressing needs of the workplace. From 4-yearcolleges, 17.4% of respondents rated the preparation level of new entrants as deficient [2].However, with the recent concern of a lack of sufficient engineers to provide the United Stateswith the innovation and scientific knowledge that will allow it to keep its current globaleconomic position [3], this matter takes on even greater importance in the electrical engineeringfield. Although there is little in the current research which addresses these issues in theelectrical engineering discipline
Conference Session
Technological Literacy I
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Paul Predecki; Albert Rosa; George Edwards
such topics as “What should US policy be towards: Electricity”,“Petroleum”, “Automobiles”, “Global Warming”, “Mass Transit”, “The Internet”, or “NuclearEnergy”. Each group is required to produce a learned, 20-page, single-space, coherent policypaper that considers the scientific, technological, social, political, economic, legal, safety,environmental and ethical aspects of the issue. Each group must orally defend their position vis-à-vis other positions arrived at by other groups in a press conference type setting. Invited lecturesby local and national experts, as well as, other experts from across the faculty add realism to thecourse since they often express contradictory views. Enrollment is usually capped at about 90students and the course
Conference Session
Engineering and Society
Collection
2022 ASEE Zone IV Conference
Authors
Rebekah Oulton P.E., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Amro El Badawy, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Tagged Topics
Conference Submission
) papersincluded the term “social justice,” compared to 49 in 2015 [8]. Although mentioned, socialjustice was not the primary focus of the majority of these articles. Bielefeldt interviewed 1,268faculty who embed ethics and societal impact issues in their classes and found that 27% of thesurveyed faculty integrate social justice/poverty topics into their teaching [8]. The facultyinterviewed believed that teaching social justice topics was insufficient in their programs,although no broad consensus exists on what level would be sufficient.In general, the literature demonstrate that two primary approaches have been used to integratesocial justice into the engineering curricula: one approach dedicates a single course that focuseson teaching engineering ethics
Collection
2005 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Beverlee Kissick; Saeed Khan
several years we have been concerned with understanding diversity, teachingdiversity and developing and assessing diversity skills1. Even those who understand thegreat benefits of diversity and passionately promote it will accede to the difficulty ofmoving forward with diversity issues. The complexities of diversity become apparentthrough the differences among people.An individual’s growth is linked to the growth of the society to which she or he belongs.If you were born and educated in America, there is no doubt that you will have spentsome time reading Ralph Waldo Emerson. In remembering and recently reading some ofEmerson’s works, we were struck with the idea that Emerson’s words and philosophycould be effective in helping our students
Conference Session
Track 5: Technical Session 2: Adoption of an Advocates and Allies Program to a Predominantly STEM Campus
Collection
2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Adrienne Robyn Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Sonia Goltz, Michigan Tech; andrew storer, Michigan Technological University; Patricia Sotirin, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Topics
CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity
), indicated that substantial barriers to equity still remained. The barriersincluded, but were not limited to, gender and race/ethnicity differences in salary, promotionrates, job satisfaction, and turnover.Our Program: Rationale and ComponentsPlans to address these issues earned an ADVANCE grant that included three initiatives designedto change culture and systems at Michigan Tech by strategically adapting programs from otherinstitutions aimed to increase professional development infrastructure through formalmentoring communities, support for department chair education, and broad engagement andeducation of faculty, including an initiative to establish an allyship program. The Advocates andAllies program developed by North Dakota State University was
Conference Session
WIED: Community
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Canan Bilen-Green, North Dakota State University; Cinzia Cervato, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Adrienne Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Ann Burnett, North Dakota State University; Roger Green, North Dakota State University; Carla Koretsky; David Wahl, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Lori Wingate, Western Michigan University; D. Raj Raman, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Sonia Goltz; Patricia Sotirin
Moines Area Community College, and University of Minnesota-Duluth,each with more than 50 attendees. The attendees included university and college administrators(117), department chairs and heads (184), faculty (270), graduate students (103) andundergraduate students (299).Caucus events support other Partnership programs, CIMC, CI-A&A and CI-DCPD, by offeringprograms that address issues and concerns raised by participants like implicit and explicit genderand racial bias as well as bystander intervention. Although we have no pre-pandemiccomparison, the virtual format of these events, facilitated by the experience in virtualconferencing tools acquired during the pandemic emergency, is making them accessible to abroad audience. To accommodate
Conference Session
Computer Literacy Among Minority Students
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Roli Varma
gone well so far. So, that is what keeps me going."To deal with students who scored lower in mathematics in high school and standard tests, theSchool of Engineering (SOE) at UNM requires students to enroll in remedial math coursesbefore entering the engineering curricula. The basic purpose of these courses is to improvestudents’ mathematical and problem-solving skills. Those teaching these and other coursesshould be trained in new teaching techniques and minority students’ issues. Generally, thefaculty is aware of improving instruction through new approaches like problem-based learning,but comparatively few follow through to implement changes. The faculty needs to devise and usea pedagogy that develops critical thinking, problem-solving
Conference Session
Ethical Cases and Curricula
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth R. Leitch P.E., West Texas A&M University; Rhonda B. Dittfurth, West Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
material in part or in total online for anengineering course. Dr. Leitch experienced eight of thirteen required courses for an MBA degree (2008-2009)online and saw that the same techniques applied there could also be adapted for an engineering ethics course. Theonline offerings in Summer Session I 2011 (engineering ethics and engineering economics) were the first of severalcourses that WTAMU sees filling a need for a student population with a large number of non-traditional andworking students. Many engineering faculty may be leery of online instruction because they have no experiencewith it. With careful planning, online courses offer flexibility to students and a possible new revenue stream inregard to distance learners that may never set foot
Conference Session
Implementing the CE BOK into Courses and Curricula
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Tocco, Lawrence Technological University; Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
familiar with the ASCE BOK Committeeand ABET, encouraged the Department to consider adopting the BOK2. Although it was still indraft form, the BOK2 was scheduled for release later in the year.The Department agreed to conduct an initial review; at that time, however, most faculty membersdid not fully appreciate the amount of time and effort required to fully implement the BOK2.Indeed, the most crucial concern was how the updated program outcomes would affect theABET accreditation visit, tentatively schedule for fall 2010. The concern was three-pronged: thefirst two prongs were generally internal considerations, while the third prong was external to theDepartment
Conference Session
Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE) Technical Session 4
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jerry W. Gravander, Clarkson University
Tagged Divisions
Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE)
paperspresents and analyzes data from a survey regarding faculty and student attitudes toward using AI inengineering education, including concerns about its appropriate uses. Two papers present examples ofthe successful use of AI tools to improve a specific course. The fourth paper gives an overview of acollege-wide effort to re-conceptualize and redesign its engineering curricula so that AI tools areintegrated throughout and students are prepared for the work they will do as engineers aftergraduation. In the final version of this commentary paper, I will add specific details from each of the finalpapers that flesh out the above general descriptions, as well a few highlights from the flurry of recentactivity both in ASEE and in other organizations to
Conference Session
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emad A Mansour, University of South Florida
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)
teaching within thesemester [11].From the instructor's standpoint, student observers offer the benefits of peer evaluation whilebringing a unique learner perspective that faculty may lack [12], [13]. Positioned as observers,students can provide valuable feedback on elements such as classroom climate, pacing, clarity,and engagement techniques [14]. Research suggests that observers’ feedback enhancesinstructors' awareness of their teaching practices and introduces new methodologies forimplementation in the classroom [11], [12]. This process enables faculty members to continuallyenhance their instructional approaches.From the student’s standpoint, several investigations indicated that engaging in the process ofobjectively reviewing classes empowers
Conference Session
Computers in Education Division (COED) Track 2.A
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Griffin Pitts, University of Florida; Viktoria Medvedeva Marcus, University of Florida; Sanaz Motamedi, University of Florida
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education Division (COED)
information, loss of critical thinking skills, and thepotential development of overreliance. Additional concerns emerged regarding ethical considera-tions such as data privacy, system bias, environmental impact, and preservation of human elementsin education.While student perceptions align with previously discussed benefits of AI in education, they showheightened concerns about distinguishing between human and AI-generated work, alongside ethi-cal issues of data privacy, system bias, and environmental impact. The findings suggest importantconsiderations for implementing AI chatbots in educational settings. To address students’ concernsregarding academic integrity and information reliability, institutions can establish clear policies re-garding AI use
Conference Session
Data Analysis and Assessment
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David B. Knight, Virginia Tech, Department of Engineering Education; Cory Brozina, Virginia Tech; Eric M. Stauffer, Virginia Tech; Chris Frisina, Virginia Tech; Troy D. Abel, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
colleges and universities, and international issues in higher education.Mr. Cory Brozina, Virginia Tech Cory Brozina is a PhD Candidate in Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. He has his B.S. and M.S. in Industrial & Systems Engineering also from Virginia Tech. His research interests are in Learning Analytics, Engineering Education Assessment, and Educational Technology.Eric M Stauffer, Virginia TechChris Frisina, VT PHD Student at VTDr. Troy D Abel, Virginia Tech Dr. Troy Abel received his PhD in Human Computer Interaction and MFA in Graphic Design from Iowa State University. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Visual Communication Design at Virginia Tech and is also the director of the new Eye Tracking
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Lupita D Montoya, University of Colorado, Boulder; Andrea Ferro, Clarkson University; Cesunica E. Ivey, University of California, Berkeley; Shakira Renee Hobbs, University of California Irvine; Maya A Trotz, University of South Florida; Cliff I. Davidson, Syracuse University; Susan J. Masten P.E., Michigan State University; Sheryl H Ehrman, San Jose State University; Chang-yu Wu, University of Florida
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
Engineering News Talented 12 2021 class and a 2022 Women in Science Incentive Prize winner by The Story Exchange.Dr. Shakira Renee Hobbs, University of California Irvine Dr. Hobbs’ scholarship explores system approaches to environmental engineering, community engaged research, and life cycle thinking applied to the food, energy, and water nexus.Dr. Maya A Trotz, University of South Florida Maya A. Trotz is Professor of Civil & Environmental Engineering at the University of South Florida. She holds a BS in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Theater from MIT and MSc and PhD degrees in Civil & Environmental Engineering from Stanford University. Dr. Trotz joined the faculty at the University of South Florida (USF) in
Conference Session
Graduate Student Experiences
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Soumya Keshavamurthy, Mississippi State University; Adrienne Minerick, Mississippi State University; Anurag Srivastava, Mississippi State University; Noel Schulz, Mississippi State University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
challenges faced byinternational students during the journey from the beginning of graduate study to graduation aremaking student life more stressful than is necessary. Due to newly introduced policy issues, rulesand regulations, students are finding their time usurped by government bureaucracy and are thusless focused on research goals and academic study. It is important for faculty mentors to be wellinformed of potential challenges in advance; this will enable them to help new internationalstudents navigate the system and achieve their goals. In this paper, a team of an internationalgraduate student and faculty seek to develop resources for potential faculty mentors and graduatestudents at institutions within North America. The goal will be to a
Conference Session
Engineering Libraries Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Larry Schmidt, University of Wyoming; Joseph H Holles, University of Wyoming
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
data verification, data reuse and duplication of experimental results.Universities are addressing data issues for their campuses in a number of ways. Someuniversities are hiring informatics faculty and other data management professionals to facilitateRDM and big data needs on campus [6].Although this will help with certain research programsat an institutional level, it may not support every RDM need that researchers and students have.In fact, to address this growing demand, articles and books on the topic are being published. InData Management for Libraries, Krier and Strasser provide a guide on how libraries can developa data management consulting service [7]. They also stress building such a service is notsomething librarians can do on their
Conference Session
ET ABET Pilot Visits Using TC2K
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Steve Hefley; James Lookadoo; Randy Winzer
evaluators spend theirtime alone with display materials. In the new style visits, a spokesperson for the program servesas host for the visit. Hosting duties consist of both guide functions as well as expositorfunctions. From our program's perspective, this is a welcome change. It allows evaluators toquickly focus on any concerns they may have, and it allows a better representation of programcontent. Of course, this format does require an interaction that does not interfere with theevaluator’s review task.From the program’s faculty standpoint, the biggest difference in a TC2K visit is found in thepersonal interviews. Many of the traditional type questions were asked, but also questionsconcerning outcomes and processes are now addressed. This even
Conference Session
Experiential Learning and Globalization in BME
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric M. Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; David W. Gatchell, Illinois Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
is of concern due to the goal of targeting students with the mostto gain from a research experience. The number of students applying without research experiencehas decreased significantly over the 5 years of the program. We believe that either 1) studentsalready involved in undergraduate research are more likely to find out about new research Page 22.251.7opportunities or 2) that students without previous research experience may be hesitant to performtheir initial research experience off-campus. We have focused our advertising efforts on locatingstudents in this population, in part through our relationship with the I-LSAMP and by outreach tothe
Conference Session
College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Waddah Akili, Iowa State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
College Industry Partnerships
, pavement design & materials, and concrete durability. His interests also include: contemporary issues of engineering education in general, and those of the Middle East and the Arab Gulf States in particular. Page 26.1199.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 On the Role of Adjuncts in Engineering Education: Developing Practical Courses and Solving Real World ProblemsAbstract: The paper examines the status quo of adjunct faculty in engineering institutions andargues for the positive contributions adjuncts could make by bringing their practical experienceinto
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Engineering Poster
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Michael Lane; Jim Harden
course evaluations, ethical and contemporary technical issues documentation, and anumber of constituent surveys.Ideally, the infrastructure needed to enable program improvement would support the extractionof pertinent data from a common database, conveniently placed there on time by willingconstituents. What may have been a relatively infrequent compilation of materials under the oldcriteria has been transformed into a process requiring continuous support. The acquisition andmanagement of this data can be a concern for otherwise busy faculty members who may assumea responsible role for shepherding the assessment process. Though assessment events occurregularly, in some cases once or twice a year, they are not always so frequent as to make
Collection
2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Rose-Margaret Itua; Sharnnia Artis
571In February 2012, the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST)issued an undergraduate STEM education report indicating fewer than 40% of students whoenter college intending to major in a STEM field complete a STEM degree. Increasing theretention of STEM majors from 40% to 50% would alone generate three-quarters of the targeted1 million additional STEM degrees over the next decade. With the first two years of collegebeing the most critical years for the recruitment and retention of STEM majors, it is imperativeto focus actions on methods that influence the quality of STEM faculty and adopt teachingmethods supported by evidence derived from experimental learning research.Research has found that high-performing students
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I
Collection
2015 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Maria Nandadevi Cortes-Rodriguez, ​ Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics National Zoological Park
Tagged Topics
Diversity, International Forum
Education,1 and put forth the goal of preparing graduate students toparticipate in both local and global knowledge transfer activities. The reports from theconference discussed a desire to create new pathways for supporting student mobility and globalcareers. One of the main challenges for graduate students will be to integrate ideas andcommunicate their learning with collaborators around the globe. However, the students cannotdo this alone; therefore, there is a need for deans and faculty at institutions to be involved in thisprocess. For example, Lisa Tedesco, Vice Provost for Academic Affairs, Graduate Studies atEmory University, suggested that the role of institutions may be more central in this process,indicating that institutional policies
Conference Session
Curriculum: Ideas/Concepts in Engineering Education
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Mark Henderson; Gerald Gannod; Barbara Gannod
, individualprograms are left to create and follow their own stovepipe process for assessing outcomes andcontinuously improving curriculum. Accreditation activities are often viewed as an end; they arenecessary to ensure that a program is certified as having some level of quality. While ABETidentifies what artifacts must be in place in preparation for evaluator site visits, the means forachieving the end - e.g., specific techniques and processes for collecting and assessing thequality of a program - are left for individual programs to determine. In recent communicationwith the outgoing chair for ABET CAC, it was indicated that approximately 50% of the issues(ranging from deficiencies to concerns) for any given program within the scope of CAC arerelated to