Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University; Richard Glenn Watson

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

programs.Thus, the challenge is to retain the large number of students entering engineering program whileremoving the students who have no interest in being retained. Enrollment management activitiesmust address these issues while addressing the pressure to grow the institution populationwithout compromising engineering program quality.To manage growth in the engineering college, an enrollment management system wasimplemented in 2012 and employs program admission requirements and student performance aswell as performance metrics. The enrollment management plan was developed by a committeeof faculty and staff advisors in the college of engineering. The plan addressed the increase innew admits to the college as well as strategies to remove non-completers

Conference Session

Innovations in Computer Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph P Hoffbeck, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

systems design, Obeidat, Fadi; Alkhasawneh, Ruba; Tucker, Jerry; Klenke, Robert, ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, June 20, 2010 - June 23, 2010.6. The CPLD Provides a Third Option in the Introductory Circuits Course, Hill, Jonathan; Yu, Ying, ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings, June 10 - 13, 2012.7. Developing Undergraduate FPGA Curriculum using Altium Software and Hardware, Mayer, Erik A., Computers in Education Journal, v 23, n 1, p 35-42, January-March 2013.8. FPGArcade: Motivating the study of digital hardware, Neebel, Danial J.; Burek, Nicholas J.; Griebel, Thomas, ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, June 10 - 13, 2012.9. ARM/FPGA/I2C sensor network development and teaching platform

Conference Session

Capstone Design and Innovations in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara E. Marino, Loyola Marymount University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

experience in working with off-the-shelf parts and systems. Acapstone project may require integration with a solar panel, motion sensor, or electronic keypad.But nowhere in the curriculum are students taught how to research parts, read data sheets, andverify operations, all necessary considerations before the design can progress.To address these challenges, a series of open-ended laboratory experiences were designed forfirst-semester seniors. These experiences were designed to be completed in two weeks (includingsix hours of lab time). With only a basic understanding of the functionality, and perhaps adatasheet, the students spend the first week tinkering with a part or system that they have notused before. They must learn how it responds to various

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thiruparan Balachandran, Middle Tennessee State University; Saleh M. Sbenaty, Middle Tennessee State University; Jeffrey Walck, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Middle Tennessee State Univer- sity. He received the B.S. degree in E.E. from Damascus University and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in E.E. from Tennessee Technological University. He is actively engaged in curriculum development for technological education. He has authored and co-authored several industry-based case studies. He is also conducting research in the area of mass spectrometry, power electronics, lasers, instrumentation, digital forensics, and microcontroller applications.Dr. Jeffrey Walck, Middle Tennessee State University Jeffrey Walck is a Professor of Biology at Middle Tennessee State University. His research interests focus on the ecology of seed germination and on the conservation biology of the cedar

Conference Session

Research Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynn Albers, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth A Parry, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

for students in grades 3-5. Lynn is passionate about experiential learning and strongly encourages the inclusion of hands-on activities into a curriculum. Her dissertation spans the Colleges of Engineering and Education and quantifies the effects of hands-on activities in an engineering lecture.Elizabeth A Parry, North Carolina State UniversityDr. Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University Dr. Laura Bottomley received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering in 1984 and an M.S. in Electrical Engi- neering in 1985 from Virginia Tech. She received her Ph D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from North Carolina State University in 1992. Dr. Bottomley worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories as a member of technical

Collection

2021 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Salem Othman; Marisha Rawlins; Afsaneh Ghanavati

thestudents, benefitting the current and future students of the course. A survey of over 40 studentswas conducted to confirm the simple and effective nature of the proposed system. Over 75% ofstudents who participated in the survey concurred that the system was easy to use, that it was notdistractive, and that communication with the instructor could be strengthened whilst using thesystem.2 IntroductionTeaching and learning, which both contribute to student success, are important topics in highereducation. Improving teaching or learning can be done by investigating and implementingexisting tools, or by developing new tools. Some tools are feedback- or evaluation-centered, suchas Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT) [1], holistic student success platforms

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 13: Technological Advancements and Applications

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bingling Huang, California State University, Fullerton; Chan Lu, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

and evaluating the reasoningcapabilities and constraints of ChatGPT-4.0 within the context of mechanical engineering.3. ChatGPT in Mechanical Engineering LearningChatGPT, developed by OpenAI, represents a sophisticated natural language model known for itsability to engage in interactive conversations and provide intelligent responses [21]. Thisinnovative model operates within a chat-based interface, allowing users to input text-based queriesand receive corresponding text-based responses.In higher education, ChatGPT has emerged as a valuable tool for enhancing mechanicalengineering education in multiple ways, providing support to both students and educators. One ofits key strengths lies in its capacity to illustrate complex concepts

Conference Session

Elements of decision making in engineering economics education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hartanto Wibowo, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Jon Matthews Rouse

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy Division (EED)

coursework,and broadening the students’ perspective.IntroductionAlthough the course title might vary, engineering economics is a common component of manyengineering curricula across the United States. The topics in engineering economics aresometimes combined with topics in professional ethics and licensure in a semester-long courseoffering. In the ABET accreditation criteria, two of the seven student outcomes are related toeconomic issues [1]. Furthermore, for a civil engineering program, the curriculum must includebasic concepts in project management and business [1], and engineering economics is typicallythe first course to introduce the principles of microeconomics to civil engineering students if theyhave not taken an introductory course in

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Ragavanantham Shanmugam, Fairmont State University; Madhan Gopal Perumal, The University of Texas at Dallas; Uma Maheswari Krishnamoorthy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

consumes valuable institutional resources. A structured course pathway significantly reducesthese inefficiencies by ensuring students follow a predefined sequence, eliminating unnecessaryadministrative hurdles and delays. Instead of students struggling with misaligned prerequisites andfaculty dealing with constant course override requests, a structured pathway streamlines academicprogression. It guarantees that students complete foundational courses before advancing,improving efficiency while maintaining academic rigor.Strengthening Academic Rigor and Knowledge RetentionCourses are taken in the correct sequence, ensuring students develop skills progressively withoutgaps in foundational knowledge. This approach fosters discipline-focused learning

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Alva L. Couch

is a regular offering of the instructor andhas been taught by the instructor a total of three times from the same syllabus. Prior to Fall 2009,it had been taught without classroom exercises. A total of 23 students were enrolled, including 6from Computer Engineering and 17 from Computer Science.Cloud Computing (Spring 2010, Tufts Comp150CPA) is an advanced elective in ComputerScience for a mix of seniors, Masters’ students, and professional developers. In this course, thein-class exercises were refined even further than those for fall 2009. In-class exercises arerequired and listed as part of the grade, but are graded mostly on participation with three grades:10/10 for ideal work, 9/10 for minor issues, and 8/10 if there are major

Conference Session

Track 4: Technical Session 1: "It is really isolating, to be honest": A Case Study of a Transwoman in Engineering

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Brandon Bakka, University of Texas at Austin; Jill Castle, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

, and high rates of attrition forthis population, we wanted to better understand the things that contributed to thisclimate for these students to know what things to target for change. The researchquestion guiding this work is: How do interpersonal (relationships with peers,professors, etc.) and environmental factors (i.e. classroom settings, curriculum, etc.)contribute to LGBTQ+ students experiences within engineering ? 6 Data CollectionRecruitment occurred Interviews werevia a survey sent to Potential participants conducted in

Collection

2025 ASEE PSW Conference

Authors

Bailey Anne Wall, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Benjamin J. Hoefer, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Eileen W. Rossman P.E., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

active engagement and critical thinking to develop fundamental understanding whilehelping students relate mechanics principles to broader applications. The ALMs have thepotential to enhance how Dynamics is taught and improve educational outcomes for students.IntroductionEngineering education faces a challenge: effectively delivering foundational engineeringcurriculum while ensuring equitable outcomes for all students. Foundational courses, includingPhysics, Statics, and Dynamics, play crucial roles in building fundamental engineeringknowledge and skills. However, the unfamiliar concepts and intense mathematical demands arespecifically challenging for students, especially those with limited prior knowledge ofmechanics. In these courses, there are

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Shobhit Aggarwal, The Citadel; Gregory J. Mazzaro, The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

2009 to 2013, he worked as an Electronics Engineer for the United States Army Research Laboratory in Adelphi, Maryland. For his technical research, Dr. Mazzaro studies the unintended behaviors of radio frequency electronics illuminated by electromagnetic waves and he develops radars for the remote detection and characterization of those electronics. In the Fall of 2013, Dr. Mazzaro joined the faculty of the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at The Citadel. There, he is the primary instructor for Electromagnetic Fields, Interference Control in Electronics, Antennas & Propagation, and Electrical Laboratory courses. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Alexis P. Nordin, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

to read a lot more when I was younger compared to the amount I due [sic] now. I still enjoy reading, but college consumes a lot of my time that would have previously been used reading. [….] Another thing I could work on is reading more to further develop my vocabulary.” • “To help expand my variety in word usage and sentence structure, the most effective strategy is to read good writing. Reading books or articles by quality writers is the best way to improve writing without much thought. The words and styles they use automatically become incorporated in my writing.”4. A struggle that multiple respondents reported was recognizing hallmarks of formal versus informal tone, such as

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Mohammadjafar Esmaeili; Ali Eydgahi

. 07/10/2010.[2] C. Chatmon, et al. (ed.), “Active learning approaches to teaching [10] P. Pheeney, “Hands on, minds on: Activities to engage our students,” information assurance,” In 2010 Information Security Curriculum Science Scope, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 30-33, 1997. Development, October 2010. [11] M. Esmaeili and A. Eydgahi, “By the Students for the Students: A[3] C. L. Habraken, “Integrating into chemistry teaching today's student's New Paradigm for Better Achieving the Learning Objectives”, visuospatial talents and skills, and the teaching of today's chemistry's Proceeding of ASEE, Atlanta, GA, Jun 23-26, 2013

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Amanda Zielkowski; Melody Baglione; David Wootton

ASEE 2014 Zone I Conference, April 3-5, 2014, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT, USA. Determining System Time Constant Through Experimental and Analytical Techniques Integrating Concepts From Systems Engineering, Feedback Control Systems and Fluid Mechanics Amanda Zielkowski, Melody Baglione, Member, ASEE, and David Wootton The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art New York, NY Abstract—New experimental procedures are being developed learn concepts of incompressible viscous flow, includingto help

Conference Session

Collaborative Learning in Engineering

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keating Dinsmore Ms., University of Michigan; Laura Hirshfield, University of California, Berkeley; Robin Fowler, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

, oftenin first year and senior year curriculum. Such courses allow students to learn engineering designin a motivating context, while providing opportunities for students to develop collaborativeskills. However, not all students have positive experiences in team-based courses. In particular,students who are already marginalized in engineering may encounter dissatisfying or problematicdynamics in team projects, furthering their feelings of otherness, inadequacy, or questioning theirpersistence in the major. In this project, we investigate women’s experiences on such teams,exploring their assumptions about gender and team dynamics through interpretation of atranscript designed to highlight these problematic, team behaviors

Conference Session

Engineering Management Pedagogy: Teaching for Real-World Impact

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Paulus, University of Arkansas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management Division (EMD)

support options. This research provides valuable insights foruniversities seeking to design graduate programs that align with student expectations and careergoals.BackgroundThe University of Arkansas (UARK) has launched an innovative accelerated Master of Science inEngineering Management (MSEM) program tailored for undergraduate students pursuing ABET-accredited degrees. This program enables eligible students to transfer up to twelve departmentallyapproved graduate credit hours of 5000-level courses into their undergraduate curriculum,facilitating a seamless transition to graduate studies. Offered fully online, it caters to graduatingseniors entering the workforce full-time.To ensure alignment with student needs, the authors conducted a

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session: Examining Undergraduate Recruitment & Retention

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tyler Milburn, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Krista M Kecskemety, The Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

students’ perceptions were examined through causationand thematic coding. Causation coding was used to develop causation maps to trace whatstudents believe affected their major application, and thematic coding used to apply thetheoretical framework and examine how their motivation to persist in engineering may have beenaffected. These themes were examined to help answer the research questions of: What factors dostudents attribute to not getting into their first-choice major, and how do students describe theirnext steps and motivation after not getting into their first-choice major?The results of this study can be used to better understand the experiences students face when theyreach a point at which they may need to redesign their pathway to an

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 4

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farha Jahan, Ohio Northern University; Heath Joseph LeBlanc, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

practical and engaging way to introduce this datastructure, particularly for students with diverse backgrounds and limited mathematicalpreparation. By providing a concrete, visual, and interactive experience, the activity can helpstudents develop a deeper understanding of linked lists.Future research could explore the following: • Investigating the long-term impact of the Play-Doh activity on student learning and retention. • Comparing the effectiveness of the Play-Doh activity to other instructional methods, such as simulations. • Adapting the activity for other data structures and algorithms. • Exploring the use of Play-Doh in online or blended learning environments.By continuing to investigate and refine

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 1

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emre Tokgoz, State University of New York - Farmingdale; Alyssa Xiang

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

anycybersecurity department to be able to design the corresponding curriculum and courseworkofferings. The offering environment/modalities are not always stable and there are certain factorsthat play roles in the decision-making process of cybersecurity programs for such offerings. Giventhe importance of understanding students’ interested student environments, we asked the researchparticipants about their learning environment preference. As shown in Figure 4 below, in-personmeeting is the most popular option due to its 58.33% percentage share while hybrid courseofferings received the second place with 27.08%, and online meeting option received 14.58%. Theonline meeting option is the asynchronous meeting option by the participants. Percentage

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruchi Dilip Kukde, Texas State University; Twyla Hough, Texas State University; Shetay Ashford-Hanserd, Texas State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

, and resources for strategic and productive career and education planning and decision-making.Dr. Shetay Ashford-Hanserd, Texas State University Dr. Shetay Ashford-Hanserd is Chair and Professor in the Department of Organization, Workforce, and Leadership Studies at Texas State University (TXST). Since 2016, she has served as a Principal/Co-Principal Investigator of research programs funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and U.S. Department of Agriculture yielding ˜$3M. She is transforming her research into action as Director of the TXST ACCEYSS Research Lab and Founder/President of the Power 2 Prosper Community Development Corporation, which serves as the fiscal sponsor and backbone organization of the

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND) Technical Session 6

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna-Lena Dicke, University of California, Irvine; Kameryn Denaro; David A. Copp, University of California, Irvine; Analia E. Rao, University of California, Irvine

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

-institutions, graduate with an engineering baccalaureate degree,attend graduate school, and enter the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematicsworkforce. To remedy this situation at one four-year institution, the current project developed aNSF-funded scholarship program to specifically help academically talented low-income studentsfrom diverse backgrounds to successfully transfer to and persist in the engineering program andgraduate with an engineering baccalaureate degree. This program targets a population of oftenhistorically minoritized students who have the ambition to pursue engineering degrees, but oftenlack the resources or exposure to engineering opportunities. One of the aims of the program is toimprove the retention of transfer

Conference Session

MATH - Pedogogical Reflections in Mathematics Education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Juan David Yepes, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics Division (MATH)

approaches. In fact, in mathematics, traditional textbook-style lessons often present conceptsin a highly abstract manner. One area that could greatly benefit from a more intuitiveand visual approach is the mathematical constant e and the function ex . Manystudents struggle to grasp an intuitive understanding of ex , often missing its uniqueand elegant properties—such as the fact that its derivative is also ex (as is its integral,up to a constant)—and its connection to fundamental processes like growth anddecay. The constant e and the function ex frequently appear in both mathematical the-ory and real-world applications, playing a critical role in describing numerous STEM-related phenomena. Developing a deeper, more practical understanding of

Conference Session

Emerging Technologies and AI Integration in ECE Education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Uysal, University of South Florida; Rifatul Islam, University of South Florida; Paul E Spector, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

effects of in- class interventions on student study habits and, ultimately, their academic performance using action-state orientation surveys as engineering students progress further in their respective curriculum. The paper's major findings included high accuracy models in predicting student performance from action-state surveys and a quantifiable change in their survey responses after the interventions to improve their study habits. In this paper, we explore the differences between higher GPA (3.5 or higher) and lower GPA (3.49 or lower) students when it comes to their study habits using the Shapley method which was originally derived from cooperative game theory to fairly distribute the total gains (or costs) among participants based on their

Conference Session

ECE-Circuit Courses: Instructional Innovations and Student Success

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ilana Ram, Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Yinnon STAV, The Center for Research in Technological and Engineering Education, Ruppin Academic Center; Firas Ramadan; Lisa Bosman, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

-based teaching. Implementing PS-I would requireprofessional development to help instructors design effective problem-solving activities andmanage classroom dynamics. Finally, it is important to keep in mind that PS-I should align withaccreditation requirements (e.g., ABET) and institutional learning outcomes. Ensuringconsistency across courses without disrupting the broader curriculum is a challenge.Second, considerations should be made for the long-term sustainability of implementing PS-I.Demonstrating the effectiveness of PS-I beyond a single course is crucial to gaining widespreadfaculty support. Providing evidence-based best practices and training opportunities canencourage adoption. Also, universities must invest in necessary

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nivedita Kumar, Florida International University; Stephen Secules, Florida International University; Tekla Nicholas, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

gender diversity in computing education, particularly addressing the leaky pipeline issue affecting women’s participation in STEM fields.Dr. Stephen Secules, Florida International University Dr. Stephen Secules is an Assistant Professor in the School of Universal Computing, Construction, and Engineering Education at Florida International University. Secules holds a joint appointment in the STEM Transformation Institute and a secondary appointment in the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. He has bachelor degrees in engineering from Dartmouth College, a master’s in Architectural Acoustics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a PhD in Education (Curriculum and Instruction) from the University of

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Warren Ph.D., Kansas State University; Charles Carlson, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

. Warren was a Principal Member of the Technical Staff at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, NM. He directs the KSU Medical Component Design Laboratory, a facility partially funded by the National Science Foundation that provides resources for the research and development of distributed medical monitoring technologies and learning tools that support biomedical contexts. His research focuses on (1) plug-and-play, point-of-care medical monitoring systems that utilize interoperability standards, (2) wearable sensors and signal processing techniques for the determination of human and animal physiological status, and (3) educational tools and techniques that maximize learning and student interest. Dr. Warren is a

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) - DEI and Design Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Lucian Alexander P.E., Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Michael Preuss, Exquiri Consulting, LLC; David Hicks; Breanna Michelle Weir Bailey P.E., Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Rajashekar Reddy Mogiligidda, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Lihua Zuo, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Mahesh Hosur

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

project teams in planning and development, through external evaluation, and as publication support. Most of his workDr. David Hicks David Hicks is an Associate Professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at Texas A&M University-Kingsville. Before joining TAMU-K he served as Associate Professor and Department Head at Aalborg University in Esbjerg, Denmark. He has also held positions in research labs in the U.S. as well as Europe, and spent time as a researcher in the software industry.Dr. Breanna Michelle Weir Bailey P.E., Texas A&M University, Kingsville I am a licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Texas. I currently serve as the chair for the Department of Civil and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Approaches to Ethics Education (Part 3, Nature and Environment)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology

Roberto have developed anonline simulation of the 1996 event, “Leadership and Team Simulation: Everest.” Students areassigned one of five roles in a commercial venture (leader, physician, environmentalist,marathoner, or photographer) and work their way up the mountain in six days (two real-timehours). The program determines a number of variables, such as weather conditions and physicalhealth, and team members must inter-communicate to provide effective leadership and practicebeneficial group dynamics; each person has different information and different personal goalsbut one primary goal: to summit [48]. According to Roberto, “cognitive biases, team beliefsabout interpersonal risk taking, and system complexity interacted to create a fatal disaster